Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 2 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2004/mwp002.htm

Outdoor recreation activities in nature protection areas – situation in Germany

Stefan Türk, Edwin Jakob, Alexander Krämer & Ralf Roth

Institut für Natursport und Ökologie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Germany [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes significantly used for sports activities. Therefore two different types of landscape analysis were chosen: First the monitoring of selected sports activities in landscapes with special equipment respectively high frequented by sportsmen (top-spot method) and second the recording of the real utilisation of near-natural landscapes (area method). The results of the scientific analytics were combined with sociological knowl- edge to describe the development of outdoor recreation in different sport activities (e.g.: canoeing, , paragliding or ). Considering these results the possibilities and the limits of modern concepts of guidance are discussed. Convenience offers, the use of police law or the establishment of a new outdoor culture (depending on Scandinavian standards) will attach great importance to minimize stress and interference in natural landscapes. It is shown that the changes in outdoor activities offer the possibility for a sustainable use of the German countryside for recreation as well as for environment.

The Significance of Outdoor Sporting even booming. Other sports, like for example, Activities continue to be popular. Apart from the sportsmen and women, who are traditionally organised in clubs, Fun, self-realisation, independence, spontaneity, and there is a significant number of people who pursue individuality combined with nature experience are the new outdoor trend sports. the key characteristics of modern sports. Most of the It is very difficult to estimate the number of outdoor activities satisfy these current demands of people who pursue these sports though, as their society. The growing popularity is reflected by the popularity is often short-lived. It is easier to make number of members in sport clubs which offer out- assumptions with respect to the development capac- door sporting activities. ity (Table 1). In Germany sports such as climbing, horseback riding and scuba diving are increasing and golf is

Table 1. extension, stage and prospect of development of new outdoor activities.

Extension Stage of development Sport Prospect of development (in relation to other activities) (Lamprecht & Stamm 1998)

canyoning low, only commercial saturation continuity, no further increase carving very high diffusion/saturation no public relevance ice climbing very low innovation no public relevance, kitesurfing medium innovation/diffusion well, replace surfing mountainbiking extremly high saturation no further increase, small decline nordic-walking low innovation booming, well increase snowshoeing low diffusion slow increase snowboarding very high saturation consistent high wakeboarding medium diffusion limited by sport facilities Whitewater-rodeo low diffusion Small public relevance

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Methodology Land Use Analysis Spatial Requirements The land use analysis of outdoor sporting activities Outdoor activities and all the new trends have spatial was done in four steps: requirements and affect nature and the landscape as much as the constantly changing behaviour of the 1. Analysis of the activity areas and opportunities by user groups. Possible consequences are: using existing data and collecting new data. – the development of new areas, Among other reasons outdoor activities distin- – different intensity of utilisation in areas already guish themselves from other sporting activities used for sporting activities because they do not depend on special facilities. – longer duration of activities The natural landscape serve as a sporting facility. – added up effects of multiple use, which exceed As a result, the utilised river, rock or the ground the overall effects of single utilisation itself, as well as the provided infrastructure (paths – leaving traditional sport areas or clearings) represent opportunities for sporting – making other or less use of previously utilised activities. Increasingly, such opportunities are areas created for the purpose of outdoor sporting activi- – shorter duration of activities ties. To evaluate the possible effects of selected 2. Analysis of existing spatial data relevant to nature sporting activities, which depend on certain land- protection and landscape management. scape structures, areas all over Germany were ana- Protected areas, biotopes, habitats and the overall lysed. Detailed spatial analyses are based on case scenery are important to nature protection and studies, adopting two different approaches: landscape management. Conservation targets The first approach looked at the land use of differ- regulate which forms of utilisation are permitted ent selected sports in areas that are particularly or prohibited. suitable and therefore frequently used (the so-called 3. Analysis of the actual land use through sporting ‘top spot’ approach). ‘Top spots’ are those areas, activities. which offer good or excellent conditions for one or Land use can generally be described with the help several related outdoor activities. In Germany there of information about place and time. This is also are top spots for almost all of the outdoor sporting true for the use of nature and the landscape, activities. although the essential information is the kind of The second approach examines the utilisation of utilisation. The spatial analysis is based on sur- nature and the landscape in selected outdoor sporting veys and mapping. The following factors are areas and regions (the so-called ‘model area included: approach’). – used area This double approach made it possible to describe – spatial extent of utilisation the complex land use patterns, especially regarding – time and duration multiple use, in a relatively easy way. The model – intensity of utilisation areas and top spots were selected according to the – peak times following criteria: 4. Combining all geometric and factual data by – quantity and extent of different outdoor activities employing Geographic Information Systems – which sports were pursued (GIS). – availability of geographic data, as well as To illustrate, link up and evaluate all the collected information on nature protection and the sporting spatial data GIS ArcView 3.2 and ArcMap 8.1 by activities ESRI are applied. Official topographic maps with – familiarity with the area of the people collecting the scales of 1:50.000 and 1:25.000, as well as the data digital orthophotos und digital terrain models form In the regions Obere Rur and Siegaue, both in the the basis. The data is available from the respective federal state North Rhine–Westphalia, canoeing was State Surveying Offices or the Federal Office of examined, to analyse climbing the red sand stone Nature Protection. rocks of the Rureifel, North Rhine-Westphalia were looked at (Stumpf 2002). Studies on paragliding were undertaken in Oberallgäu, Bavaria (Olbrich 2002). Results Water bodies in the Cologne area are top spots for The research project analysed the outdoor activities scuba diving (Hoffmann 2001) and the island canoeing, climbing, paragliding, scuba diving and Norderney, Lower Saxony is most suited for surfing surfing, as well as , and snow (Lutz 2002). Hiking, mountain biking and snow sports. For each sporting activity some of the results, sports were analysed in the low mountain ranges which are relevant to future land use development, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg and Sauerland, are presented in the following. North Rhine-Westphalia (Roth & Krämer 2000, Roth A detailed presentation of all the results found for et al. 2001). each sport, as well as an in depth description of the

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specific demands placed on the landscape would go is very likely that smaller rocks are increasingly used beyond the scope of this article. The complete results for climbing activities as well. are published in the research report (Roth et al. Many climbers spend the larger part of their vaca- 2004). tions climbing and are very mobile. Often, they visit climbing areas abroad. Southern France, north Italy, Kayaking and Canoeing Switzerland and Sardinia are especially popular. Observations indicate an increase of canoeing, espe- Even journeys to far away places are fairly common cially on weekends, and a big demand for high (Thailand, USA). quality services and attractive offers. Canoeing is easy to learn and canoes can be rented even without Paragliding prior experience. Furthermore canoeing is supported The development of new materials (e.g. improved by politics (cf. Ministerium für Wirtschaft des canopies) enable more paragliders to stay in the air Landes Brandenburg 2001). for longer and use the thermals more efficiently. Nevertheless, the targets of the tourist sector do Even if the conditions are not optimal, altitudes not comply with the efforts of nature protection to above launch levels are easily gained. At the same reduce the number of people using inland waters. As time, the number of trips to launching points per day canoeing makes use of valuable ecosystems, plan- and therefore the number of take-offs and landings is ning, management and environmental education must decreasing. ensure a sustainable development of the canoeing Based on intensive exchange of information with sector. An example of this is the LEADER II project numerous experienced paragliders and own observa- ‘ecologically friendly canoeing’, funded by the Euro- tions it can be concluded that there is a tendency pean Union. towards growing utilisation of sites in low mountain Continuously growing interest in canoeing will ranges. The excellent performance of modern cano- lead to a more intensive utilisation of designated pies makes it possible to start on less steep slopes. In waters (cf. Strojec 2002). Depending on the season, low mountain ranges the thermal conditions are par- there will be intense concentrations of visitors along tially good, in some regions (e.g. Mosel valley) even these waters. Simultaneously, individualists will try excellent. Nowadays, under the right conditions the to avoid crowded areas and make use of waters in use of an efficient canopy makes it possible to launch East Germany or neighbouring countries (France, from almost any hill. This may lessen the impacts on Scandinavia). the Alps since long flights are also possible outside Canoe rodeo has developed as a new type of of alpine areas. It remains to bee seen if the increased activity. Mostly young paddlers spend a lot of their choice of paragliding areas leads to higher numbers leisure time practising this sport along designated of paragliders. So far, there are no indicators for such stretches of water. If this reduces the amount of water a development. stretches available to common canoeing is unknown. Altogether, it can be assumed that more time will be Scuba Diving spent on canoeing. In proportion to the total number of scuba divers, only a small number of the German divers also go Climbing diving within Germany. Nevertheless, there is great Indoor climbing is booming in Germany. There is a interest in scuba diving and every year many people new type of climber who solely does indoor climbing take up diving, especially during vacations. and does not consider climbing as an outdoor activ- Potential impacts on the environment, particularly ity. The number of rock climbers also increases, but caused by beginners, are therefore exported to other only moderately when compared with indoor climb- regions of the world. In Germany scuba diving is ers. pursued all year around. Only very few people dive Due to the better training conditions indoors the under ice though. Diving at night is common and performance has improved significantly. Moreover, enables divers to observe nocturnal fish. An impact climbers achieve better performance levels within assessment is needed to determine what effects the shorter periods of time. At the same time, perform- increased diving activities have. Different cases may ance becomes more important. As a result climbers have to be looked at individually. make use of designated climbing areas or difficult climbing routes more frequently. The development of Surfing new routes is desired, but in most northern and cen- In Germany the wind surfing boom is over and the tral German climbing areas it is prohibited to develop number of wind surfers is currently declining. In new climbing routes. contrast, kite surfing is becoming more popular. As The majority of climbers prefer secure climbing kite surfing does not require strong winds it may routes. Secure climbing facilities attract more people prove to be an attractive alternative to windsurfing in than other climbing areas. Simultaneously, boulder- the future. But, kite surfing will hardly become as ing developed as a sport in its own right. Therefore, it popular as wind surfing used to be, because it involves bigger risks (cf. Kirsch 2002).

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Another obstacle to a wider spread of kite surfing (GPS) opens up new possibilities of orientating is that it requires a lot of space due to the difficult themselves without using a map. At the moment, the steering and the long flying lines. For these reasons failure of the system inside forests and in narrow this sport is prohibited on many small or medium valleys still hinders the wider use of this technology. sized inland waters. Best conditions for this sport are Once GPS can be successfully applied though, digitised found along the north German Baltic sea coast. It is routes could provide additional information to maps very likely that kite surfers will look for new suitable and route descriptions and contribute to visitor flow beaches that they can make use of. management. Mountain bikers are a suitable target Depending on the length of the flying lines, a kite group for this as they are open to new technology. can be up to 50m high in the sky. Therefore, kites are Traditional events organised for mountain bikers much higher than the dunes or dykes. It has not been (marathon, down hill or cross country races) will analysed yet what impacts this may have on e.g. the rather decrease in Germany. Many of the larger beach bird populations. events will concentrate less on competitions, but offer more opportunities for everybody to participate Hiking (cf. Jakob et al. 2001). Traditionally, enjoying nature and a feeling of well- So called bike parks, also known as fun parks or being are of importance to hikers. Diverse paths bike courses, represent a relatively new development along ridges and at high altitudes are preferred, in Germany. Generally, various disciplines are whereas hiking through dense forests is not very offered on several tracks in designated areas (e.g. ski popular. German hikers generally expect perfect slopes with lifts). Additional services such as equip- signposting and path networks, guiding them through ment rental, courses and special events complete the the landscape. Moreover, hikers prefer natural paths offered services. and oppose paved roads (Naturpark Südschwarzwald In many German forests hunters are particularly 2003a). opposed to permanent mountain bike path networks As a result of the recent health and fitness boom, similar to the hiking path system, because they fear nature based endurance sports such as hiking are restrictions on hunting, especially with regard to hoofed rediscovered. The feeling of well-being achieved game in the forest. In this context the German hunting through the relaxing and health supporting aspects of rights and the custom of leasing hunting grounds must hiking, as well as nature experience play a crucial be pointed out. Contracts issuing permissions or the role. Apart from traditional hiking, new variations, reduction of the lease value are chiefly discussed in the like Nordic walking for instance, are developed and red deer preserves of the low mountain ranges. marketed. Furthermore, there are attempts to market hiking as a year around sporting activity as winter- Snow Sports time hiking, Nordic wintertime walking or snowshoe The guarantee of snow in skiing resorts is not only a walking (Naturpark Südschwarzwald 2003b, c). key issue of discussions about the future of snow sports Consequently, the aim is to develop well organised in Germany, but also in other countries. In order to services of high quality that are offered throughout the compensate for the lack of snow, many areas have year. Due to the landscape dynamics, hiking path net- invested in snow machines. But it must be kept in mind work must be modernised continuously. In the coming that these machines are only profitable and ecologically years the amount of hiking paths will rather be reduced acceptable under specific conditions. According to and only in a few cases new paths will be constructed. legal regulations, impact assessment must ensure that A hiking path system which complies with the needs certain requirements are met, before a snow machine of nature protection is an important tool of visitor flow can be utilised. The decrease of the number of winter management, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. sport areas will lead to a concentration of snow sports in areas which can guarantee snow with the aid of snow Mountain Biking machines and offer other services of high quality (cf. Mountain biking offers good possibilities to extend Scheiber & Klenkhart 2000). services and address a new target group, particularly The visitor demands placed upon alpine skiing in low mountain ranges. Individual regions increas- areas have changed with overall societal change. So ingly advertise their mountain bike path networks. called mountain worlds, which extend over vast Guided tours are offered as part of a package, skiing areas, are popular. Therefore, suitable areas including accommodation and other services. Land offer extensive services aimed at the various target use planning, which considers the requirements of groups. Visitors can choose from the variety of ser- sporting activities as much as the demands of nature vices according to their own preferences, without protection, may help to avoid conflicts. At the same, having to organise anything themselves. Nowadays, management measures may make the area more events, fun parks and service centres are part of the attractive as more services are offered (cf. Naturpark basic facilities skiing resorts offer (cf. Roth 2002). Südschwarzwald 2003d). Another recent development as a result of the lack For those mountain bikers who are interested in of snow is indoor skiing and snowboarding. In Ger- modern technologies, the Global Positioning System many altogether three indoor skiing facilities are

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already in use and more facilities are planned. The the landscape. Table 2 presents a possible subdivi- market economy promotes snow sports in order to sion with examples. attract more people. Nearby skiing areas in low mountain ranges, which can guarantee snow, are sup- Table 2. Outdoor activities according to the type of posed to serve as training areas, waking the skiers’ land use. interest, so that they will then proceed to spend their sport type of utilisation winter holidays in the Alps (cf. Türk 2004). activitites, using directly the natural resources hunting removal of game, wildlife management Outdoor Activities and Land Use fishing removal of fish, stocking up Sports and nature protection look at land use from gathering removal of berries or mushrooms clearly distinct perspectives. Whereas environmen- activities interfere natural landscape by constructions talists rather look at the potential and actual protection skiing pists, lifts or artificial snowmakers categories of an area, outdoor sporting activities evalu- golf golf course ate that same area according to its suitability for the activities using the existing infrastructure in landscape various activities and recreation. Different subjective canoeing utilisation of existing watercourse perceptions of the same area could not be more distinct. hiking utilisation of existing paths and trails But from a neutral point of view, there is one mountainbiking utilisation of existing paths and streets major commonality: often the same parameters are used to analyse the qualities of a biotope and a sport This subdivision does not provide very much area. For example, in Germany the biotype or geo- information about the environmental impacts of each type ‘inland rock formation’ is a habitat of indicator activity. To do an impact assessment it is necessary species such as the eagle owl (Bubo bubo). At the to look at each case individually and analyse the same time, these rocks are important vertical climb- removal of animals or plants with respect to sustain- ing routes. Consequently, the overlapping interests ability, the extent of interference, as well as the continuously cause conflicts degree of disturbance. Additionally, it must be borne in mind that the Land Use intensity of utilisation greatly depends on the type of Outdoor activities is only one of many land uses. activity and the environmental behaviour of the visitors. Therefore, impact assessment of outdoor sports must take into consideration other utilisations and the gen- Development through outdoor activities eral conditions of nature and the landscape. Outdoor Many outdoor activities require specific landscape activities concentrate on water (2% of the total structures. Frequently, alterations of certain land- national area), forests (29%) and extensively used scape elements are necessary. Typical examples are agricultural area (cf. Bundesamt für Naturschutz boathouses, landing stages, lifts, as well as car parks 2002). The larger part of German territory is not suit- and access roads. Generally, such developments are able for these activities. only possible if those sports are of economic impor- Increasing sealed surface because of settlements, tance. Often they induce further development. industrial constructions and traffic infrastructure have In Germany the cultural landscape usually offers an impact on almost all types of biotopes. This habi- sufficient infrastructure, which was originally devel- tat loss is one of the major causes for endangering oped for other purposes, but can also be used for out- many animal and plant species. According to the door activities. This form of development grants Federal Office for Nature Protection (Bundesamt für sportsmen and women access to close to nature land- Naturschutz 2002), 33% of all biotope types are scapes, which they would not have otherwise. An highly endangered, another 15% are in danger of example for this is the utilisation of forest roads and extinction. The effects of the different causes, which paths for hiking or mountain biking. In theory both do not lead to complete destruction of an area, activities could do without these roads, but in prac- depend on how sensitive each biotope is. tice they depend on such an infrastructure. On top of that, even in well developed cultural landscapes there Outdoor Activities is room for further development, if it suits the inter- To evaluate the land use of outdoor sporting activi- ests of sport tourism (construction of special paths, ties different categories must be formed, according to widening of paths etc.). the used area, the preferred time of the year or A categorisation of outdoor activities according to equipment. As a result, different terms will be used, their degree of influence on further development e.g. snow sport, summer sport, mountain sport, water seems to be difficult. Sporting activities undergo sport, flying sport and so on. For each utilised area a changes. Moreover, for one and the same activity the systematic categorisation of the outdoor sporting existing structures may be sufficient or require fur- activities should be developed, taking into account ther development, depending on the demands of the the joint requirements of various sports. people. The current situation is illustrated graphically It can be useful in many ways to subdivide activi- in Figure 1. In this context it is to be noted that not ties according to the type of utilisation of nature and every development for sporting purposes leads to the

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• skiing

• climbing • sailing • hiking • rowing • • mountainbiking

Impact of area development development of area Impact • surfing • horse riding • canyoning • paragliding • whitewater kayaking • nordic skiing

Original landscape Sport facilities Sport areas / stadias

Figure 1. Correlation between the impact of area development and the use of sport facilities by outdoor activities.

construction of extensive facilities. Many develop- time. Consequently, outdoor activities will largely ments proceed very slowly, e.g. through repeated use continue to be pursued in protected areas. of a certain path, a place for swimming or a slope. Nature protection laws require that sports make Changes can only be noticed after observations over use of the landscape in a sustainable manner and a long time. respect the intrinsic value of nature. Especially in Only very few sporting activities do not require priority nature protection areas sporting activities any development of the landscape. These sports do must not interfere with the conservation targets, not alter the used landscape. Therefore, they could be requiring very strict regulations. Spatial and temporal considered to be the ‘true’ nature sports. Originally, restriction of use must be accepted and the maximum white water rafting, for instance, was a sport that capacity must not be exceeded. In exceptional cases a made us of undeveloped landscapes. In Germany, total prohibition of sports must be accepted, if suitable areas for these types of sport are almost sporting activities are absolutely not compatible with impossible to find though. The few areas that would conservation targets (cf. DAV 2003). Furthermore, be adequate are mostly rare areas of very high eco- nature protection and sports must cooperate to ensure logical value. This leads to an almost schizophrenic that voluntary agreements are kept. situation, as outdoor activities which require the least The incorporation of sports into the nature protec- space are criticised most. tion legislation and the associated duty of providing for recreation require that the management of pro- Provisions for and through Sports tected areas takes into account the needs of outdoor Areas suitable for outdoor activities are often areas of sporting activities and recreation. In Germany new high ecological value. They serve as habitats for spe- management approaches must be developed to avoid cialised animal species and are sites of diverse plant future conflicts and to solve existing problems. associations. Factors that promote human health, Integrative models for the combination of nature such as clean air or relaxing nature experience, are protection interests and recreation provisions, as we also evident. Exercise in these surroundings contrib- know them from the USA for example, do not exist yet. utes to healthiness for different physiological and The development of a Sport Area Management System psychological reasons. (Krämer et al. 2004, Krämer in prep.) as part of the There is a demand for enjoying nature and active sport tourism concept for the Southern Black Forest as well as restful recreation. Also, the duties of the Nature Park is a promising step forward, however. legislature regarding provisions for recreation, also in If instead of modern management repeated calls terms of outdoor sporting activities, are clearly for the banning of outdoor sporting activities in order defined (cf. Federal Law of Nature Protection). But, to provide sites for nature conservation purposes (e.g. in Germany there are not enough areas to meet the national parks, biosphere reserves, nature protection demands of sporting activities in natural landscape areas or FFH areas) were to be acted upon, it would and to ban sports from protected areas at the same mean the end of numerous outdoor activities in Ger-

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many, or a catastrophe for the remaining sites, which Naturpark Südschwarzwald (ed.) 2003b. Winterwandern- would not be able to withstand the resulting over Handbuch. 27 p. utilisation without being subject to grave damage. Naturpark Südschwarzwald (ed.) 2003c. Nordic-Walking- The concentration of activities on a small remainder Handbuch. 25 p. Naturpark Südschwarzwald (ed.) 2003d. Mountainbike- of sites would result in a loss of the quality of recrea- Handbuch. 89 p. tion. The great demand for suitable facilities also Olbrich, J. 2002. Raumnutzung des Gleitschirmfliegens am means increases in the numbers travelling abroad, as Beispiel Oberallgäu. Unveröffentl. Staatsexamensarbeit is already happening in the case of certain sporting an der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln. 81 p. activities (climbing, whitewater kayaking, alpine Roth, R. 2002. Bergerlebnis, Spielwiese für Trends. DSV snow sports). Many of the consequences are already Aktiv 07–08/2002: 1. known. Ultimately the problems described are not Roth, R. & Krämer, A. 2000. Sporttourismuskonzeption für solved, merely shifted. den Naturpark Südschwarzwald. Projekt- und For- schungsberichte des Institutes für Natursport und Ökologie der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln. Band References 2. 258 p. Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2002. Daten zur Natur. 284 p. Roth, R., Türk, S., Armbruster, F., Polenz, R., Velten, A. & DAV (eds.) 2003. Klettern und Naturschutz in Nordrhein- Schrahe, C. 2001. Masterplan Wintersportarena Sauer- Westfalen. 42 p. land und Siegerland-Wittgenstein. Stufe I: Räumliche Hoffmann, U. (ed.) 2001. Training und Natur – Entwicklungskonzeption und Marktanalyse. Projekt- Sporttauchen für Fortgeschrittene. Divemaster Work- und Forschungsberichte des Institutes für Natursport shop Band 4. 165 p. und Ökologie der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln. Jakob, E., Türk, S. & Roth, R. 2001. Ökologisch bewußte Band 6. 288 p. Durchführung von Großveranstaltungen. Texte des Roth, R., Türk, S., Kretschmer, H. & Schrahe, C. 2002. Umweltbundesamtes 21/02. 79 p. Masterplan Wintersportarena Sauerland und Sieger- Kirsch, R. 2002. Entwicklungslinien und Trendpotentiale land-Wittgenstein. Stufe II: Zukunftsfähige Entwick- ausgewählter Natur- und Outdoorsportarten. Unveröf- lungskonzeption für den Schneesport in NRW. Projekt- fentl. Diplomarbeit an der Deutschen Sporthochschule und Forschungsberichte des Institutes für Natursport Köln. 111 p. und Ökologie der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln. Krämer, A., Roth, R., Schmidt, A. & Türk, S. 2004. Band 9. 118 p. Evaluation of the success of visitor flow management Roth, R., Jakob, E. & Krämer, A. 2004. Neue Entwicklun- in the southern black forest nature park. In this gen im Natursport. Konfliktpotentiale und Lösungs- proceedings. möglichkeiten. Schriftenreihe Natursport und Ökolo- Krämer, A. In preparation. Sport Use Management System. gie. Band 15. 104 p. Dissertation Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln. Scheiber, P. & Klenkhart, C. 2000. Skigebeitsverbindungen. Lambrecht, M. & Stamm, H.P. 1998. Vom Sportstätten und Bäderanlagen. sb 6/2000: 521–523. avantgardistischen Lebensstil zur Massenfreizeit. Eine Strojec, R. 2002. Fließgewässerschutz und Wassersport in Analyse des Entwicklungsmusters von Trendsportarten. Hessen. Available from: http://www.bund-hessen.de/ Sportwissenschaft 28(3–4): 370–387. projekte/gewaesserschutz. [Cited 15 Feb 2003]. Lutz, S. 2002. Landschaftsnutzung ausgewählter Natur- Stumpf, B. 2002. Nutzung der Rureifel durch Wanderer sportevents und- veranstaltungen. Unveröffentl. Diplom- und Kletterer – unter Berücksichtigung von Raum- und arbeit an der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln. 100 p. Zeitaspekten. Unveröffentl. Diplomarbeit an der Deut- Ministerium für Wirtschaft des Landes Brandenburg 2001. schen Sporthochschule Köln. 148 p. Handlungsempfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung des Türk, S. 2004. Skihallen. Hoffnungsträger für den Alpinen Kanutourismus im Land Brandenburg. Referat für Tou- Schneesport? Schriftenreihe Natursport und Ökologie. rismus. 24 p. 41p. In press. Naturpark Südschwarzwald (ed.) 2003a. Wander-Hand- buch. 72 p.

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