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Israeli History
1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb6IiSUx pgw 3 British Mandate 1920 4 British Mandate Adjustment Transjordan Seperation-1923 5 Peel Commission Map 1937 6 British Mandate 1920 7 British Mandate Adjustment Transjordan Seperation-1923 8 9 10 • Israel after 1973 (Yom Kippur War) 11 Israel 1982 12 2005 Gaza 2005 West Bank 13 Questions & Issues • What is Zionism? • History of Zionism. • Zionism today • Different Types of Zionism • Pros & Cons of Zionism • Should Israel have been set up as a Jewish State or a Secular State • Would Israel have been created if no Holocaust? 14 Definition • Jewish Nationalism • Land of Israel • Jewish Identity • Opposes Assimilation • Majority in Jewish Nation Israel • Liberation from antisemetic discrimination and persecution that has occurred in diaspora 15 History • 16th Century, Joseph Nasi Portuguese Jews to Tiberias • 17th Century Sabbati Zebi – Declared himself Messiah – Gaza Settlement – Converted to Islam • 1860 Sir Moses Montefiore • 1882-First Aliyah, BILU Group – From Russia – Due to pogroms 16 Initial Reform Jewish Rejection • 1845- Germany-deleted all prayers for a return to Zion • 1869- Philadelphia • 1885- Pittsburgh "we consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community; and we therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning a Jewish state". 17 Theodore Herzl 18 Theodore Herzl 1860-1904 • Born in Pest, Hungary • Atheist, contempt for Judaism • Family moves to Vienna,1878 • Law student then Journalist • Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse 19 "The Traitor" Degradation of Alfred Dreyfus, 5th January 1895. -
Israel and Turkey: from Covert to Overt Relations
Israel and Turkey: From Covert to Overt Relations by Jacob Abadi INTRODUCTION Diplomatic relations between Israel and Turkey have existed since the Jewish state came into being in 1948, however, they have remained covert until recently. Contacts between the two countries have continued despite Turkey's condemnation of Israel in the UN and other official bodies. Frequent statements made by Turkish officials regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Palestinian dilemma give the impression that Turco-Israeli relations have been far more hostile than is actually the case. Such an image is quite misleading, for throughout the years political, commercial, cultural and even military contacts have been maintained between the two countries. The purpose of this article is to show the extent of cooperation between the two countries and to demonstrate how domestic as well as external constraints have affected the diplomatic ties between them. It will be argued that during the first forty years of Israel's existence relations between the two countries remained cordial. Both sides kept a low profile and did not reveal the nature of these ties. It was only toward the end of the 1980s, when the international political climate underwent a major upheaval, that the ties between the two countries became official and overt. Whereas relations with Israel constituted a major problem in Turkish diplomacy, Israeli foreign policy was relatively free from hesitations and constraints. For Israeli foreign policy makers it was always desirable to establish normal relations with Turkey, whose location on the periphery of the Middle East gave it great strategic importance. -
ARAB-ISRAELI ARMISTICE AGREEMENTS Signed at Hôtel Des Roses Rhodes, Greece 1949
ARAB-ISRAELI ARMISTICE AGREEMENTS Signed at Hôtel des Roses Rhodes, Greece 1949 FOREWORD Upon the outset of the 1948 Palestine War, the Arab armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon had volunteered to “save Palestine and the Palestinians” from the European “Jewish gangs” who were intent on taking over the “Promised Land” from them. They were all defeated by these “gangs” between the summer of 1948 and early spring of 1949. Before the much ballyhooed intervention of these Arab countries in Palestine, the Palestinians were already conducting a guerilla warfare against the European Jewish armed immigrants brought by Britain into the country. But the Arab governments bolted their borders and would not allow the Palestinian guerillas to continue to arm themselves, then forbade them from carrying weapons in self-defence because “they”, i.e. the Arab armies, were “much better equipped to protect them”. They were actually all defeated ignominiously one after the other by the “Jewish gangs”, who did their homework appropriately despite their small numbers compared to the manpower and military strength of the regular armies of the Arab countries involved. It is still the case today. Eventually a UN Mediating Mission was formed to call for a truce between the Israelis and the Arab countries under the direction of Dr. Ralph Bunche, a senior UN staff member and formerly with the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (The precursor organization to the CIA). The term ‘mediating’ was found to be a more acceptable term to use to describe the status of the mission to both Arabs and Israelis. -
Israeli Black Flags: Salafist Jihadi Representations in Israel And
Israeli Black Flags: Salast Jihadi Representations in Israel and the Rise of the Islamic State Organization Ariel Koch Over the last two years, the Islamic State organization has become one of the most dangerous elements in the Middle East. Its very existence, essence, and actions a!ect many nations throughout the world; its e!ect is most striking in the Middle East. This terrorist organization, "ying the black "ag as its o#cial banner, represents an extreme branch of orthodox Sunni Islam, challenging all existing orders of governance and seeking to replace them with an Islamic regime that imitates the conduct and way of life typical of the seventh century. This branch of Islam is called Sala$st jihadism, and is currently considered the most radical manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism. It is also thought to be the fastest-growing group within Islam, gathering supporters from all over the world. This essay seeks to shed light on Sala$st jihadism in general and on its Israeli adherents in particular, and to examine the reverberations felt in Israel as a result of the rise of this new power in Iraq and Syria. Keywords: Sala$, Sala$st jihadism, Islamic State, Israeli, Sheikh Nazem Abu Salim, Christians, Jews, global jihad, al-Qaeda, terrorism, Sharia Introduction A survey conducted by the General Security Service (GSS) on the spread of al-Qaeda’s ideology in Israel, indicated that in recent years the number of organizations identified with al-Qaeda and global jihad in the West Bank as well as within Israel had grown. 1 According to another document published by the GSS in 2012, the “growing identification with Salafist Ariel Koch is a researcher of jihadi propaganda in cyberspace and a doctoral student in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies at Bar Ilan University, under the supervision of Professor Michael M. -
In Turkish-Israeli Relations
ISSN: 1304-7310 (Print) 1304-7175 (Online) http://www.uidergisi.com.tr The Decline of the ‘Syrian Effect’ in Turkish-Israeli Relations Murat ÜLGÜL Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of International Relations, Karadeniz Technical University To cite this article: Ülgül, Murat, “The Decline of the ‘Syrian Effect’ in Turkish-Israeli Relations ”, Uluslararasi Iliskiler, Vol. 16, No. 62, 2019, pp. 135-148, DOI: 10.33458/uidergisi.588 957 To link to this article: https://dx.doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.588957 Submitted: 07 February 2018 Last Revision: 09 April 2019 Published Online: 01 June 2019 Printed Version: 01 June 2019 Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği | International Relations Council of Turkey Uluslararası İlişkiler – Journal of International Relations E-mail : [email protected] All rights of this paper are reserved by the International Relations Council of Turkey. With the exception of academic quotations, no part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, sold or transmitted in any form and by any means for public usage without a prior permission from the copyright holder. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the author(s)’s and do not reflect those of the Council , editors of the journal, and other authors. The Decline of the ‘Syrian Effect’ in Turkish-Israeli Relations Murat ÜLGÜL Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of International Relations, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Historically, Syria has played a central role in the formation, development and even deterioration of Turkish-Israeli relations. Given this, it is not surprising that the rapprochement between the two countries started with another development, the bloody civil war, in Syria. -
Peace, Peace, When There Is No Peace (Israel and the Arabs 1948–1961)
Peace, Peace, When There Is No Peace (Israel and the Arabs 1948–1961) N. Israeli (Akiva Orr and Moshé Machover) Translated from Hebrew by Mark Marshall ii Introduction [to the first edition]................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: “Following Clayton’s Participation in the League’s Meetings”................ 1 Chapter 2: Borders and Refugees ................................................................................. 28 Map: How the Palestinian state was divided............................................................ 42 Chapter 3: Israel and the Powers (1948-1955)............................................................. 83 Chapter 4: Israel and Changes in the Arab World ................................................... 141 Chapter 5: Reprisal Actions......................................................................................... 166 Chapter 6: “The Third Kingdom of Israel” (29/11/56 – 7/3/57).............................. 225 Chapter 7: Sinai War: Post-Mortem........................................................................... 303 Chapter 8: After Suez................................................................................................... 394 Chapter 9: How is the Problem to be Solved?............................................................ 420 Appendices (1999) ......................................................................................................... 498 Appendix 1: Haaretz article on the 30th anniversary of “Operation Qadesh” -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Early
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Early Zionist-Kurdish Contacts and the Pursuit of Cooperation: the Antecedents of an Alliance, 1931-1951 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Scott Abramson 2019 © Copyright by Scott Abramson 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Early Zionist-Kurdish Contacts and the Pursuit of Cooperation: the Antecedents of an Alliance, 1931-1951 by Scott Abramson Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles Professor Lev Hakak, Co-Chair Professor Steven Spiegel, Co-Chair This study traces the progress of the contacts between Zionists/Israelis and Kurds—two non-Arab regional minorities intent on self-government and encircled by opponents—in their earliest stage of development. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s, the Political Department of the Jewish Agency (later, the Israeli Foreign Ministry) and several eminent Kurdish leaders maintained contact with a view to cooperation. The strategic calculus behind a Zionist/Israeli-Kurdish partnership was the same that directed Zionist/Israeli relations with all regional minorities: If demographic differences from the region’s Sunni Arab majority had made ii them outliers and political differences with them had made them outcasts, the Zionists/Israelis and the Kurds, together with their common circumstance as minorities, had a common enemy (Arab nationalists) against whom they could make common cause. But in the period under consideration in this work, contact did not lead to cooperation, and none of the feelers, overtures, appeals for support, and proposals for cooperation that passed between the two sides throughout these two decades were crowned with success. -
From Foreign Relations to Foreign Policy
From Foreign Relations to Foreign Policy: Transformation of the Kurdish de Facto State into an Independent Foreign Policy Actor Submitted by Hajar Bashir Kalari Sadoon to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Middle East Politics In June 2017 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. (Signature) 1 Abstract In 1991, following its defeat in the Second Gulf War and as a response to the international humanitarian protectionist umbrella provided to the three Kurdish- population governorates in Northern Iraq, the Government of Iraq (GOI) under Saddam Hussein centrally seceded from the area. The vacuum that ensued was soon filled by the leadership of the Iraqi Kurdistan Front (KNA) and soon a de facto state resurrected from the ashes of destruction besieging Iraqi Kurdistan for many decades. Hence, the precarious existence of what came to be known as the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) in a highly challenging geopolitical environment and the strategic imperative of preserving the de facto independence of the entity forced the Kurdish leadership to give high priority to building foreign relations and pursuit of foreign policy. Foreign policy as a political activity is of paramount importance to all actors including sovereign states to preserve and promote their national interests. -
In Occupied Jerusalem: Theodore “Teddy” Kollek, the Palestinians, and the Organizing Principles of Israeli Municipal Policy, 1967- 1987
‘Adjusting to Powerlessness’ in Occupied Jerusalem: Theodore “Teddy” Kollek, the Palestinians, and the Organizing Principles of Israeli Municipal Policy, 1967- 1987. By Oscar Jarzmik A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Oscar Jarzmik 2016 ii ‘Adjusting to Powerless’ in Occupied Jerusalem: Theodore “Teddy” Kollek, the Palestinians, and the Organizing Principles of Israeli Municipal Policy, 1967-1987. Oscar Jarzmik Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation examines the art of government on the part of the Israeli Municipality in Jerusalem by tracking its rationalization and implementation from the beginning of the occupation in June 1967 until the breakout of the first Palestinian intifada in December 1987. I argue that local policymakers assumed a uniqueness to the history and sociality of Jerusalem and posited a primordial set of political and cultural traditions among Palestinian residents. These preconceptions encouraged them to develop a particular structure for local government and concomitant blueprint for social/administrative relations. Architects of these policies were Mayor Theodore “Teddy” Kollek and an allied group of municipal functionaries who variously identified their policies as “national-pluralist,” “bi-cultural,” and “mosaic” oriented. They believed that an approach towards consolidating -
La Mossa Del Cavallo. Israele E La Strategia Delle Alleanze Periferiche
Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Corso di Laurea magistrale in Studi Internazionali Tesi di Laurea magistrale La mossa del cavallo. Israele e la strategia delle alleanze periferiche Candidato Relatore Leonardo Giovannelli Chiar.mo Prof. Maurizio Vernassa Anno Accademico 2012/2013 Introduzione Le alleanze periferiche 1.0 Il presente lavoro si giustifica in base all'interesse per l'abilissima gestione strategica delle alleanze e/o dei rapporti bilaterali sviluppati e intrattenuti con alcuni dei Paesi vicini da parte del giovane Stato di Israele fin dai primi anni '50. Mi accingo, in particolare, a contestualizzare, descrivere ed analizzare nello specifico attraverso dei case studies la cosiddetta dottrina o strategia delle alleanze periferiche, che ha guidato la visione della politica estera israeliana per lungo tempo. Con questo lavoro cercherò di dimostrare la tesi per cui Israele non ha abbandonato ai giorni nostri tale strategia e che i grandi cambiamenti, che hanno interessato il contesto regionale e internazionale in cui esso si pone e opera in quanto attore statale, sono stati tali da portare non alla scomparsa ma a un necessario adattamento della stessa, con il principale cambiamento consistito nel progressivo avvicendamento dei suoi protagonisti. La dottrina delle alleanze periferiche nacque nel corso degli anni '50, partorita dalla mente di Reuven Shiloah1, primo uomo a capo del Mossad (il famigerato servizio segreto israeliano)2, e messa in pratica da figure chiave di Israele quali David Ben-Gurion3, che fece propria tale dottrina rendendola il cardine dell'azione di politica internazionale dello Stato ebraico almeno per tutto il periodo della Guerra fredda4, Isser Harel, successore di Shiloah alla guida del servizio segreto israeliano dal 1952 al 19635, e Eliyahu Sasson, uno dei maggiori esperti israeliani di politica mediorientale e primo rappresentante di Israele in Turchia dal 1950 al 19526. -
The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Ilan Pappe
PRAISE FOR THE ETHNIC CLEANSING OF PALESTINE ‘Ilan Pappe is Israel’s bravest, most principled, most incisive historian.’ —John Pilger ‘Ilan Pappe has written an extraordinary book of profound relevance to the past, present, and future of Israel/Palestine relations.’ —Richard Falk, Professor of International Law and Practise, Princeton University ‘If there is to be real peace in Palestine/Israel, the moral vigour and intellectual clarity of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine will have been a major contributor to it.’ —Ahdaf Soueif, author of The Map of Love ‘This is an extraordinary book – a dazzling feat of scholarly synthesis and Biblical moral clarity and humaneness.’ —Walid Khalidi, Former Senior Research Fellow, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University ‘Fresh insights into a world historic tragedy, related by a historian of genius.’ —George Galloway MP ‘Groundbreaking research into a well-kept Israeli secret. A classic of historical scholarship on a taboo subject by one of Israel’s foremost New Historians.’ —Ghada Karmi, author of In Search of Fatima ‘Ilan Pappe is out to fight against Zionism, whose power of deletion has driven a whole nation not only out of its homeland but out of historic memory as well. A detailed, documented record of the true history of that crime, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine puts an end to the Palestinian “Nakbah” and the Israeli “War of Independence” by so compellingly shifting both paradigms.’ —Anton Shammas, Professor of Modern Middle Eastern Literature, University of Michigan ‘An instant classic. Finally we have the authoritative account of an historic event, which continues to shape our world today, and drives the conflict in the Middle East. -
CIE 2014 700,000 Palestinian Arabs Became Refugees from Different Parts of Palestine, Settling in Arab States and Migrating Elsewhere
Israeli-Egyptian General Armistice Agreement, Excerpts (24 February 1949) United States. Department of State. "General Foreign Policy Series 117." American Foreign Policy 1950-1955. Department of State Publication 6446. vol 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1957. Print. Israel’s War of Independence ended with the signing of separate armistice agreements between the newly established Jewish state and four Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria). However, peace treaties were not signed between Israel and her Arab neighbors, or with the Palestinian Arabs. No international borders were fixed or recognized between Arab States and Israel. On January 12, 1949, on the Island of Rhodes, Egyptian-Israeli Figure 1 The Israeli negotiating team—(right to left) Reuven Shiloah, Walter armistice talks commenced in the Eytan, Yigal Yadin, Moshe Sasson, and Shabtai Rosenne-- posing outside the plane that bore them to Rhodes for the 1949 armistice meetings. (CZA Photos) format of proximity talks with Ralph Bunche, the mediator, shuttling messages between floors of the Hotel Roses. These were not official face-to-face talks, but some took place informally. Egyptian-Israeli talks resulted in a signed armistice agreement on February 24, 1949. Similar armistice agreements were signed by Israel with Lebanon on March 23, with Jordan on April 3, and Syria on July 20. Several individual groups of Palestinians met with Israelis to discuss political and economic matters, particularly the release of back assets to Palestinian depositors (a quiet event completed in 1950 and 1951). While Israel achieved official international legitimacy when it was recognized by the United Nations in May 1949, Arab states continued to oppose all recognition of Israel.