Biodiversity Assessment of the Rilhena Estate, Kahawatte Plantations PLC, Pelmadulla

August 2011

IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country Programme Survey team

Mr. Sampath de A. Goonatilake Dr. Devaka Weerakoon Mr. Sarath Ekanayake Mr. Chandana Asela

Coordinated by

Mr. Shamen Vidanage Mr. Bandula Withanachchi

Photos Sampath de A Goonatilake © IUCN Sri Lanka

Contents

Acknowledgements ------iii 1. Introduction ------1 2. Objectives ------2 3. Methodology ------3 3.1 Site Description ------3 3.2 Assessment Method------3 3.2.1 Overall methodological approach ------3 3.2.2 Selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency------4 3.2.3 Methodology adopted for the Floral Survey ------4 3.2.4 Methodology adopted for the Faunal Survey------4 3.2.5 Species identification, classification and nomenclature ------5 4. Results ------6 4.1 The Habitats ------6 4.2 The Species ------9 4.2.1 Flora------9 4.2.2 Fauna ------9 4.3 Community based forest uses------11 4.4 Threats to the biodiversity ------11 5. Recommendations ------12 5.1 Establishment of environment management committee ------12 5.2 Environmental education and awareness ------12 5.3 Greening of routine processes ------12 5.4 Ecotourism------12 5.5 Species management ------12 5.6 Habitat management ------13 5.7 Soil and water conservation ------13 5.8 Eco friendly community based small industries ------13 5.9 Campaigning, publicity, rapport building and branding------13 6. References ------14

Map 1: Rilhena estate and its divisions ------3

Table 1: Summary of faunal sampling techniques ------5 Table 2: Some key references used for species identification and Nomenclature ------5 Table 3: Total number of species recorded within the Rilhena Estate ------10

Appendix 1: Sampling sites and the Habitats ------16 Appendix 2: Floral checklist with respect to their Habitats------18 Appendix 3: Faunal checklist with respect to their Habitats ------37 Appendix 4: Implementation plan------65 Appendix 5: List of Butterfly host plants for butterfly gardens ------67 Appendix 6: Photo catalog of the Rilhena estate------70

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Mr. Roshan Rajadurai (Director/CEO), Mr. Viren Ruberu (Director, Kahawatta Plantations Ltd.,) and Mr. Asanaka Abeyakoon (Environment Manager, Dilmah Conservation) for their kind cooperation and support extended to this study. We would also like to thank Mr. Uditha Tennekoon, Estate Manager Rilhena Estate and his Assistant Managers for providing the necessary logistical support during the field study. We are very thankful to Mr Kalum Manamendra-arachchi for his help in identification of amphibian species. Finally we are very grateful to the field staff of Rilhena estate for the support extended during our field study.

iii

1. Introduction

At least two-thirds of the terrestrial environment of the planet earth consists of managed ecosystems such as agricultural systems, plantation forests and human settlements (McNeely, 1995, Bambaradeniya et al., 2003). Therefore, the value of such managed ecosystems for conservation of biodiversity cannot be overlooked. However, the habitat quality and subsequently the richness and abundance of naturally occurring species in such managed ecosystems can be further improved through planned management. This will not only help biodiversity conservation but also improve the productivity of these ecosystems through stabilizing natural processes such as nutrient recycling, pollination, soil conservation and regulation of pest populations. Further, emerging new economic initiatives such as carbon trading, obtaining high end markets and ecotourism has paved the way to accrue higher economic benefits through sustainable agro-ecological practices. Therefore, in recent decades, there has been a major paradigm shift around the world, from the extractive industrial model towards ecology-based approaches variously called eco-agriculture or agroecology (Earles 2005, Scherr & Shames 2006).

During the British period large extents of land in the wet zone of Sri Lanka were converted into mono- crop plantations. This trend continued even after independence. As a consequence nearly 95% of the rain forests in Sri Lanka were converted to for agricultural purposes over the last two centuries. At present almost two thirds of the land in Sri Lanka can be classified as managed ecosystems (Maddumabandara, 2000). Many of these plantations at present share boundaries with natural forests and also carry patches of natural habitats within their estates. These natural habitats at times can function as crucial refuges for the local biodiversity or critical corridors for movement between fragmented habitat patches. Therefore, adopting sustainable management approaches to conserve these natural habitat patches as well as minimize the impacts on natural forest habitats present in the boundaries of the large estate plantations have become one of the priority areas in the overall biodiversity conservation strategy of Sri Lanka.

In support of this national strategic goal, the Dilmah estates under the MJF Group, has launched an initiative to further improve the sustainability of biological resources within and bordering the estates managed by the group through integration of biodiversity conservation principles into the management system of their estates. The first step of such an initiative is to develop a detailed inventory of the biological resources present within and immediately adjacent to their estates. To carry out this activity MJF group has forged a partnership with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), global authority on biodiversity conservation. Under this programme IUCN will conduct rapid biodiversity appraisals of the estates managed by the MJF group to inventorize their biological resources, to identify priority conservation actions and to provide recommendations for sustainable agro-ecological practices within these estates.

In this phase, appropriate methodologies were field tested in Rilhena estate, a priority estate identified by the Dilmah Group. Based on the experience gained from the initial biodiversity assessment and its findings, IUCN will replicate these approaches in other estates identified by the Dlmah Group to provide technical support to complete the biological resource inventories of the remaining estates.

2. Objectives

The present study was carried out to;

1. Document the status of the biodiversity existing within the Rilhena estate using rapid assessment methods. 2. Assess the past and ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives implemented by the estate. 3. Identify the potential for building relationships with biodiversity and livelihoods of local communities.

To achieve above outputs following activities were carried out within the five divisions of the Rilhena estate.

 A rapid scientific assessment of biodiversity to document habitat types, higher plants, birds, mammals, fish and selected invertebrate indicator groups (butterflies, dragonflies) within the estate.

 Rapid evaluation of past and current environment and biodiversity conservation initiatives implemented by the estate.

 Analysis of data gathered, and preparation of a report with specific alternatives and recommendations.

3. Methodology

3.1 Site Description: The Rilhena estate is located between Ratnapura and Pelmadulla towns in the Sabaragamuwa province. The estate comprise of five divisions. Of these divisions, Rilhena, Pālugampola and Bōpitiya divisions are situated in the foot hills of the Kiribathgala Mountain. Many of the streams that originate from the Kiribathgala mountain range flows through the estate. The remaining two divisions, Denavaka and Hedgefield are situated far from the above cluster. The Hedgefield division is located adjacent to the Tanki kele forest reserve.

The five divisions that belong to the Rilhena estate are 1. Rilhena division - 217.5 ha 2. Pālugampola division - 112.3 ha 3. Bōpitiya division - 95.5 ha 4. Denavaka division - 213.1 ha 5. Hedgefield division - 137.1 ha

Map 1: Rilhena estate and its divisinos

3.2 Assessment Method

3.2.1 Overall methodological approach A literature survey on past work related to biological resources available in the project area was conducted and specific information gaps were identified. Then a field survey was carried out to obtain further information on identified knowledge gaps pertaining to biological resources of the Rilhena 3

estate. During the field survey, standard biodiversity sampling methods were used to document the biological resources (habitats, flora, and fauna) present in the five divisions of the Rilhena estate. The sampling methods were designed to capture maximum amount of information on the biological resources present in the project area. Further, aspects such as availability of financial resources, and the time period were also taken into consideration, when selecting the survey techniques.

3.2.2 Selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency Sampling sites were selected based on a rapid reconnaissance survey of the five divisions of the estate taking into consideration criteria such as accessibility, habitat quality and extent and spatial distribution within the five divisions (Appendix 1). In order to determine the spatial variation and distribution of biodiversity, both aquatic and terrestrial habitats were surveyed during the five day sampling. Nocturnal visits were also carried out at selected sampling sites which have high quality natural habitat patches.

3.2.3 Methodology adopted for the floral survey Sampling methods were designed to record key plant group characteristics in different floral communities (flowering plants and some common lower plants) within the site. Species diversity and abundance (higher plants) parameters of diverse vegetation types in the project area were studied using standard scientific techniques, with appropriate modifications to suit the field conditions. Distinct vegetation types were identified according to the vegetation structure and composition. For the listing of plants plots of 50mx5m, were laid in different vegetation types.

3.2.4 Methodology adopted for the faunal survey All groups of vertebrates (Freshwater fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals) and selected invertebrate species (Butterflies & Dragonflies) were identified and documented. Standard scientific sampling techniques were used to survey the different groups of fauna in the project area (Table 1). Sampling of fauna was done in parallel to the floral transects. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was used to record faunal species. Both direct and indirect observations (animal signs such as pellets, tracks and food remains) were made within transects. In addition, information collected from plantation workers and surrounding villagers on fauna present in the area through direct interviews were also recorded and verified through field guides (Table 2) and photographs.

All efforts were made to document the animals without causing them harm. Following techniques were used to study the different faunal groups present in the project area.

 Butterflies and dragonflies – 5m x 100m belt transect  Fishes – Cast netting, river bank observations, examine of fish catch by local fishermen

 Amphibians and reptiles – 5m x 100 m belt transect,

 Birds –20m circular spot counting along the 100 m transects with 60m intervals  Mammals – 5m x 100m belt transects.

In addition to the above techniques opportunistic observations were also used for the purpose of compiling the faunal inventory for the site. Further, Night observations along the road net work were carried out to record the nocturnal species (Herpetofauna, birds, and mammals).

Table 1: Summary of faunal sampling techniques Group/ Taxa Method Technique Fish Direct Cast-netting , stream bank observation Amphibians Direct Transects, Visual Encounter Survey Reptiles Direct Transects, Visual Encounter Survey Birds Direct and indirect Terrestrial habitats: Line transects (Visual & auditory observations) Mammals Direct and indirect Transects (tracks, fecal matter, feeding signs, carnivore scat analysis calls etc.); Butterflies Direct Transects, Visual Encounter Survey Of Dragonflies Direct Transects, Visual Encounter Survey

3.2.5 Species identification, classification and nomenclature Identification of fauna and flora: Identification of plants and animals were based on latest standard published field guides and keys available in Sri Lanka. In addition, the specimens deposited in the National Herbarium and the National Museum were also referred for the purpose of authentication of species for those identity could not be ascertained using standard guides or keys. The Key references that were used for the identification of flora and fauna are listed in Table 2. Nomenclature of the species present was based on Bambaradeniya (2006). The conservation status of the species was determined according to the latest IUCN lists of threatened fauna and flora.

Table 2: Some key references used for species identification and Nomenclature Group Source Flora Dassanayake, M. D. & Fossberg, F. R. (eds) (1980 – 1991), Dassanayake, M. D., Fossberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. (eds) (1994 - 1995), Dassanayake, M. D., Fossberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. (eds) (1995 - 1996), Vlas J & Jde Vlas (2008), Flora nomenclature Senaratna LK (2000) Fauna nomenclature Bambaradeniya (2006) Freshwater Fish Pethiyagoda, R. (1991), Goonatialake deA (2007) Amphibians Manamendraarachchi K and R Pethiyagoda (2006), De Silva (2009) Reptiles Somaweera, R (2006), Somaweera R & N Somaweera (2009) Birds Harrison J (1999), Kotagama S & G Ratnavira (2010), Warakagoda D & U Hettige (2008) Mammals Phillips, WWA (1935), Wijeyratne, GdeS (2008) Butterflies D’ Abrera (1998) Dragonflies Fonseka T. de (2000), Bedjanic M, Conniff K & GdeS Wijeyratne (2007) Invasive species Marambe et al, 2010 Threatened species IUCN Sri Lanka & MENR, 2007, IUCN (2008)

4. Results

4.1 The Habitats

Rilhena estate is located in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. The rainfall in this region shows a distinctly seasonal pattern with two rainfall peaks in the year, from May to September (south western monsoon) and December to February (northeast monsoon). There are also two distinct inter monsoon periods. During these inter monsoon periods, namely, March to April and October to November, the rains are received mainly due to convectional activity. The mean annual rainfall recorded at Ratnapura, the nearest weather station to the estate, is 3870 mm during the period 1976-1995. Similarly, the mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures recorded for this period are 31.8 °C and 22.4 °C respectively. The mean annual sunshine duration in the wet zone ranges from 4.9 to 6.4 hours per day depending on the location. The area comes under the Ratnapura Physiographic region and is classified as having ‘Undulating to rolling surface with isolated hillocks and low ridges’. Ratnapura physiographic region is located in the lower most peneplain where the elevation ranges from 30 m – 300 m above the mean sea level. The major soil group in the area is identified as ‘Malaboda- Pallegoda-Dodangoda-Homagama complex’ the bench mark soil of the wet zone (Mapa et al, 1999).

According to Gunatilleke & Gunatilleke (1990), the Rilhena estate falls within the bio-region 4, where the natural climax vegetation is tropical lowland wet evergreen forest. The climax forests of this bioregion are dominated by Dipterocarp species, among which endemism reaches 90 percent, and some species are very rare and shows highly restricted distribution patterns. These forests also show considerable micro-climatic differences within a relatively small spatial area. At present these forests are highly fragmented and many of them are remain as small isolated patched extending over a few hundred hectares. At present, 93 percent of endemics in the rain forests of this bioregion are either Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare according to the IUCN Red Data Book criteria. This is mainly due to the high human population pressure on the limited land resources of this region and consequent loss of forest habitats, and overexploitation of forest resources.

The Rilhena complex of estate lands are dominated by plantation crops such as tea and rubber. The Rilhena estate complex in addition to these plantation crops posses several near natural habitat areas representative of the locality. Therefore the Rilhena estate can be described as a complex of mosaic of vegetation types comprising of natural, semi-natural and highly anthropogenic systems. The key vegetation types and plant species identified in these habitats are described below.

Rubber plantation: Monoculture mature rubber trees (Hevea brasiliansis) growing up to 15m-20m forms the single continuous canopy. Trees are spaced mostly 10mx10m and stem diameter varies depending on the age. The common size classes encountered range between 30cm-40cm. Light penetration through the canopy is mostly 25%-35% as per visual estimates. In most areas, under growth is dominated by the cover crop Pureria phaseoloides. This is a leguminous climber adapted as a nitrogen supplying crop and it additionally provides a good ground cover preventing soil erosion. Weedy species and rain forest species have invaded poorly managed parts of the rubber plantation.

Rubber plantation - semi wild: In certain locations, where rubber plantation is poorly managed, wild plant species have invaded the cropping area. In such areas the intensity of invasion of wild plants appears to be proportional to the duration of negligence. In this a habitat poorly defined stratification, rubber dominated canopy layer (10m-20m), a shrub layer (2m-5m) and a ground layer comprising of herbaceous species (below 1m), was observed. Pioneer tree species such as Alstonia macrophylla, 6

Macaranga spp., Albizzia spp. and Mallotus tetracoccus are the other tree species that makes up the canopy layer. Common shrubs species such as Chromolaena odorata, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Ficus exasperate, Gliricidia sepium and Osbeckia octandra was observed in the shrub layer. The ground herbaceous was occupied by grasses, broad leaf weeds, seedlings and saplings such as Ageratum conyzoides, Asplinium sp., Axonopus affinis, Bidens pilosa, Blechnum orientale, Clidemia hirta, Cyrtococcum trigonum, Swietenia macrophylla and Macaranga indica.

Tea plantation: The tea planted areas have a simple structure comprising of tea bushes (Camelia sinensis) that grow up to 1m height and occupies about 60% of land cover. The rest of the area is mostly covered with small herbaceous weedy species, such as Ageratum conyzoides, Axonopus affinis, Clidemia hirta, Cyrtococcum trigonum, Desmodium heterophyllum, Diodia ocimifolia and Eleutheranthera raderalis that generally grows up to up to about 30 cm height,. Taller weed plants like Chromolaena odorata and Stachytarpheta indica are not uncommon in this habitat. Scattered shade tree species like Gliricidia sepium and Grevillea robusta (5m-20m) occur in the tea landscape. Presence of weedy plants in unoccupied areas of tea lands prevents soil erosion and contributes to water conservation in these steep landscapes.

Tea plantation - semi wild: In some sections of the estate tea is poorly managed or neglected due to labour shortages for maintenance. Such areas have been invaded by many weedy and pioneer trees/ shrub species such as Mallotus tetracoccus, Albizia falcataria, Aleurites moluccana, Alstonia macrophylla, Breynia retusa, Lantana camara and Macaranga peltata of varying heights (2m-8m), replacing the tea plants. Further, tea bushes also grow above the normal height of 1m. In this habitat, tea and other plant species occur approximately in equal ratios.

Tea dominated mixed agro forest: Some patches of tea land contains a discontinuous canopy cover (10m-20) formed by various trees species such as Albizia falcataria, Alstonia macrophylla, Eucalyptus spp., Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata. These trees, either planted or naturally regenerated, have been allowed to grow among the tea. These plots can be termed as multi use areas where they provide firewood and timber for the use of estate operations, shade for tea, enrichment of the soil and protection against soil erosion.

Forests – less disturbed: A good patch of isolated natural forest with relatively little disturbance was found in the Denavaka and Hedgefield divisions. These forested areas act as a biodiversity repositories as well as watershed protection areas. Many species of natural forest plants representative of lowland rain forests were found in this habitat. The habitat has a complex vertical structure comprising of a canopy (up to 28m), sub canopy (up to 20m), shrub layer (up to 10m) and ground layer comprising of herbs (up to 1m). Some common plant species observed in the Canopy layer includes Shorea sp., Shorea affinis, Shorea megistophylla; sub canopy - Bridelia retusa, Vitex altissima, Pometia pinnata and Semecarpus parvifolia; shrubs - Symplocos cochinchinenis, Apama siliquosa, Macaranga indica, Breynia vitis-idea, Leea indica, Ficus parasitica and Psychotria gardneri; herbs - Angiopteris erecta, Begonia cordifolia Carex indica, Ophiorrhiza mungos and Strobilanthes asperrima; Lianas- Coscinium fenestratum and Calamus thweitesii . Lianas, form a network spreading over the different strata. Certain economically important species such as Coscinium fenestratum, Calamus spp., and Vite altissima seems to be more or less exploited by people in the area.

Forests – secondary: This includes long abandoned tea areas (approximately 10-15 years) together with heavily disturbed forest areas that have reached a state of semi-natural forest with a clear stratification comprising of a canopy (25m), sub canopy, shrub and herb layers. But the species

composition differs from natural forests. Common species found in this habitat includes, Symplocos cochinchinenis, Albizia falcataria, Alstonia macrophylla, Mallotus tetracoccus, Lantana camara, Acacia caesia, Macaranga peltata, Caryota urens, Sauropus androgynus and Chromolaena odorata. These forests are transitional habitats that will develop into rainforests if left undisturbed.

Forested wetlands (Deniya): The low lying areas in the hilly landscape, that has a high water table, have not been cultivated with tea or rubber. These patches have developed into forests with plants that can tolerate high moisture conditions. Regular disturbance by man has arrested their further development into thick forests. This habitat has a clear vertical stratification comprising of a canopy (12m-15m), sub canopy (7m-9m) and shrub/herb layer (1m-3m). Aquatic or semi-aquatic shrubs and herbs are abundant in this habitat. In this habitat Albizia falcataria and Alstonia macrophylla are the common plants species encountered in the canopy layer. The sub canopy comprise of species such as Dillenia suffruticosa, Macaranga peltata, Mallotus tetracoccus, Pagiantha dichotoma, Symplocos cochinchinenis and Syzygium caryophyllatum. The canopy cover is poor and almost 75% remains as open spaces. The ground layer is well developed due to availability of light and moisture. Excessive growth of water loving weeds such as Alocasia macrorrhiza, Blechnum orientale, Chamaecrista kleinii, Clidemia hirta, Commelina bhenghalensis, Cyperus irria, Fuirena capitata, Lindernia pusilla, Ludwigia peruviana, Lygodium microphyllum, Panicum repens and Scoparia dulcis can be found at the ground layer.

Stream side habitat: The stream side habitats that mostly resemble riverine forests are found along the banks of streams on hilly landscapes within the estate. The distribution of this vegetation type is limited to a strip of about 10m-15m on either side of the stream banks. Vegetation reaches about 25m-30m in height with a closed canopy. The sub-canopy (20m) and shrub/herb (1m-2m) layers can also be distinguished in this habitat. These forest strips are home to many natural rainforest plant species. The common species occupying the Canopy layer includes Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, Horsfieldia iriyaghedhi, Myristica dactyloides, Shorea affinis and Shorea megistophylla. The sub canopy comprise of species such as Mesua ferrea, Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, Gyrinops walla, Litsea gardneri, Semecarpus gardneri, Artocarpus nobilis, Syzygium makul and Syzygium neesianum. The shrub layer contains Humboldtia laurifolia, Leea indica, Lijndenia capitellatum and Memecylon royenii while the ground layer is dominated by herbs scuh as Ophiorrhiza mungos, Strobilanthes spp., and Piper spp. Riverine forests form the interphase between stream and other terrestrial habitats. It is the frontline defense against stream bank erosion due to water currents. Further well developed riverine forests provide a good habitat for birds, bats, reptiles and amphibians.

Eucaluptus plantations: A monoculture of Eucalyptus timber plantations, with equal aged trees growing up to 25m-30m were also observed scattered among the estate. Although trees are densely planted, light penetration through the canopy is significantly high (approximately 60% -70%) due to the low foliage density of Eucalyptus trees. The ground is covered with weedy species (below 1.5m) such as Ageratum conyzoides, Axonopus affinis, Bidens pilosa, Blechnum orientale, Brucea javanica, Chromolaena odorata, Clerodendron infortunatum, Clidemia hirta, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Desmodium heterophyllum, Eleutheranthera raderalis, Elusine indica and Emilia eserta that can survive along highly competitive Eucalyptus. Abundance of low diameter stems (15cm-25cm) in densely planted Eucalyptus sites is indicative of absence of thinning practice. This habitat displayed very low species diversity.

Horticultural crop lands: The vegetation found immediately around estate bungalows are primarily horticultural crop lands dominated by ornamental species. They are the results of long term tendering and

are dominated by multipurpose tree species. The multilayer structure is more or less similar to a natural forest. Best developed multi-storey horticultural crop lands can be located around the Manager’s bungalow. However, the composition of home gardens varies in relation to site specific practices. Generally, this habitat comprise of several plant layers such as canopy (20m), sub canopy (10m) and shrub/ herb layer (2m). Species such as Alstonia macrophylla, Gliricidia sepium, Ageratum conyzoides, Eleutheranthera raderalis, Stachytarpheta indica, Mikania cordata, Synedrella nodiflora, Allamanda cathertica, Caryota urens, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Musa paradisica, Psidium guajava, Areca catechu, Swietenia macrophylla, Bougainvillea sp., Plumaria rubra, Anthurium andrianum, Cocos nucifera, Coffea Arabica, Hibiscus rosasinensis and Persea americana are frequently found in such landscaped areas. In this habitat presence of continuous canopy allow very little light to reach the ground layer. Often the structure changes rapidly due to practices such as weeding, pruning, fencing and digging. These horticultural crop lands are also important faunal habitat providing animals with feeding and nesting sites. It provides fruits, nuts, yams, flowers, vegetables, firewood, timber etc. throughout the year. This helps reducing the pressure on forests.

Cinnamon plantation: Small patches of poorly managed cinnamon were observed in association with tea lands in some of the divisions. Here closely grown cinnamon plants (2m-4m) occupy 70% of the land area. The rest is occupied by weedy herbaceous plants (25cm-100cm) such as Ageratum conyzoides, Mikania cordata, Oplisminus composites, Sida acuta, Urena lobata, Paspalum conjugatum, Kyllinga nemoralis, Chromolaena odorata, Elusine indica, Lygodium flexosum and Scoparia dulcis.

Gothamala crop lands: Some of the abandoned tea areas on steep lands have been converted into Gothamala (Tripsacum laxum) cover crop areas in order to protect these lands from excessive soil erosion as well as to season the soil for next round of tea planting. In such areas almost 95% of the land area is covered with Gothamala grass, which makes it difficult for other plant species to invade and establish in these areas. Rocky habitat: Several rock outcrops were observed scattered within the estate. Only a few species of plants such as Drynaria quarcifolia, Peperomia pellucid, Drymoglossum heterophyllum and Fagrea obovata are adapted for growing on such areas. These sites cannot support large plants due to its weakly developed soil layer. Such isolated rocky areas are important habitats for cave dwelling faunal species such as bats.

4.2 The Species

4.2.1 Flora: According to the results of the preliminary floristic survey a total of 498 species belonging to 112 plant families have been recorded within Rilhena estate (Appendix 2). Among them 44 species are endemic to Sri Lanka and 6 are listed as threatened species. Further, 8 species of invasive plant were also recorded during the field survey. Since the land area is mostly covered with anthropogenic habitats, a large number of weedy and exotic species were also observed.

4.2.2 Fauna: Total number of 215 faunal species including 36 endemics and six proposed endemics were recorded during the survey (Appendix 3). The faunal assemblage included 16 species that are listed as nationally threatened (4 - Endangered species and 12 Vulnerable species). A further 27 species are listed as nationally Near Threatened (NT) (IUCN SL and MENR, 2007).

Table 3. Total number of species recorded within the Rilhena Estate Rilhena estate Divisions Species status

Animal Group Total Endemic Rilhena Pāthakada Bōpitiya Pālugampola Hedgefield Denavaka CR EN VU NT Dragonflies 14 4 10 4 4 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 Butterflies 54 3 36 21 14 26 28 26 0 0 1 6 Fishes 12 6 6 4 5 8 5 0 0 0 2 3 Amphibians 12 7 2 2 2 1 4 6 0 2 1 2 Reptiles 18 5 3 8 2 7 10 3 0 0 2 1 Birds 75 8+6** 45 27 23 40 49 52 0 0 1 11 Mammals 30 4 16 17 13 16 17 17 0 2 5 4 Total 215 36+6** 118 83 63 106 118 106 0 4 12 27 ** proposed endemics

Dragonflies: Total number of 14 species of dragonflies and damselflies were recorded. This included four species that are endemic to Sri Lanka. Two species belonging to genera Drepanosticta and Platysticta could not be identified to species level with the help of the existing field guides (Bedjanic et al., 2007). Rilhena and Pālugampola divisions have high quality aquatic habitats (stream vegetations) suitable for dragonflies and damselflies. Thus the highest number of species, respectively 10 and eight were recorded in these two divisions.

Butterflies: Total numbers of 54 butterfly species including three endemics were recorded within the estate and among them Blue Oakleaf (Kallima philarchus) was identified as a Nationally Vulnerable (VU) species. Another six species recorded at the site are listed as nationally Near Threatened (NT) species (IUCN SL & MENR, 2007). The highest numbers of butterfly species were recorded within the Rilhena (36) and Hedgefield (28) divisions.

Freshwater Fishes: Total of 12 freshwater fish species including six endemic species were recorded within the stream net work located inside the estate. Among them Puntius cumingii and Puntius pleurotaenia are listed as a nationally Vulnerable (VU) species. A further three species are listed as a nationally Near Threatened (NT) species (IUCN SL & MENR, 2007). Maximum number of fish species was recorded from streams located within Pālugampola (8) and Rilhena (6) divisions.

Amphibians: Total number of 12 amphibian species including seven endemic species were recorded. Highest numbers of amphibians were recorded within the Denavaka division (6) within the remaining natural forest patches. The amphibians observed included Pseudophilautus alto, and Pseudophilautus folicola listed as nationally endangered (EN) and Pseudophilautus sordidus and Hylarana aurantiaca listed as national Vulnerable (VU) species (IUCN SL & MENR, 2007). However, the amphibian diversity is likely to be much more than the recorded species judging by the habitat diversity within the estate.

Reptiles: Altogether 18 species of reptiles including 4 endemic species were recorded. This included Eutropis floweri listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU) and Otocryptis wiegmanni listed as nationally Near Threatened (NT) species (IUCN SL and MENR, 2007). The highest reptile diversity was recorded in the Bōpitiya and Hedgefield divisions.

Birds: A total number of 75 bird species including eight endemic species and six species proposed endemic species ere recorded at the Rilhena estate. This included Yellow-crowned Woodpecker (Dendrocopos mahrattensis) a nationally Vulnerable (VU) species (IUCN SL & MENR, 2007). The highest bird diversity as recorded in the Denavaka and Hedgefield divisions.

4.3 Community based forest uses

Based on the interview surveys the use of forest products by the local communities was ascertained. They depend on natural resources within the estate to obtain herbs for medicinal purposes, vegetables and mushrooms (Beru leaf flush, kebella) for consumption, collection of Rattan and firewood for household use.

4.4 Threats to the biodiversity

Habitat loss due to clearance of stream banks and encroachment of villages to water sheds areas have been identified as the main threats to the biological resources within the estate. In addition, soil erosion, destructive Rattan collections, hunting that takes place in the remote areas of the divisions and illegal gem mining were identified as the other major threats to the biological resources of the estate.

5 Recommendations

Suggestions for improving the environmental outlook of Rilhena estate

Plantation management practices undoubtedly influence environmental processes of the landscape. Hence it is crucial to adopt suitable, site specific management systems drawing on detailed knowledge of the ecosystem. Understanding the processes and properties that affect ecosystem integrity allows the development of management systems adapted to each site, in a way that can ensure long term productivity in the managed areas. In this context it is very important to address ecological, economic and social sustainability of the estate. Based on the observations made during the field investigation the following actions can be recommended for the consideration of the management, which will enhance the sustainability and productivity of the Rilhena estate. Detail implementation plan is given in the appendix 4.

5.1 Establishment of environment management committee

Organizational problems are the major hindrance to implementation of an enviornemental management plan. Therefore establishment of a task team that takes into consideration every aspect of estate environment will help facilitate efficient enviornemental management within the estate. The committee can use the Rilhena environmental management plan as a guiding document.

5.2 Environmental education and awareness

Lack of awareness among the work force within the estate in all strata ranging from the top, middle to lower layers is an essential pre requisite for building support for the environmental program. Having an enlightened village community in the vicinity will be an added benefit. Therefore periodic awareness programmes aimed at specific identified enviornemental issues will help build commitment among the staff and the adjoining village communities to reduce negative enviornemental practices.

5.3 Greening of routine processes

Use of CFL bulbs, non toxic paints, nature friendly pesticides, recyclable material/energy, locally produced raw material will help reduce the carbon foot print of the estate while making the estate more enviornemental friendly. Therefore, a separate energy audit is recommended with the aim of greening the day to day processes of the estate. This will have dual benefits to the estate as on one hand it will reduce the cost of operation while at the same time enhance the outlook of the estate as a nature friendly operation.

5.4 Ecotourism

The current interest in eco tourism should be used as a positive contribution to biodiversity management, community based income generation and effective use of estate resources. Both Denavaka and Hedgefield divisions has excellent potential to develop such ecotourism ventures.

5.5 Species management

Attention should be paid to minimize the presence of problem species, especially invasive plants and animals. Concurrently, attempts should be made to re-establish selected key natural plants and 12

animal species in available forests and under exploited areas to attract more species to these habitats. Further, a re-plantation programme to augment highly exploited species such as cane, weniwel, goraka and native bamboos can be undertaken with the involvement of local communities.

5.6 Habitat management

Even though only a small proportion of the land area within the Rilhena estate exists as semi-natural or natural habitats these all habitat patches function as important refuges for local biodiversity including several threatened and endemic species. Therefore, proper management of these small habitat patches locate within the estate is critical for the hydrological stability, maintenance of the quality and integrity of the soil and sustaining the biodiversity within the estate. Since the local communities depend on these habitat patches for many extractive and non extractive uses they too will benefit from proper management of these habitat patches. Finally, the estate can use these areas to promote research, education and recreation as well as to use these positive contributions to the environment in their product marketing.

5.7 Soil and water conservation

Certain parts of the estate were found to be highly prone to excessive soil erosion. Establishment of stable vegetation cover in steep lands, ravines, barren lands and unoccupied spaces will minimize soil erosion. Further, all remaining degraded forests need to be restored into effective water shed areas which will improve the quality as well as availability of water within the estate. In addition, erosion prone sites need to be stabilized with stone walls, gully plugs, hedge rows etc.

5.8 Eco friendly community based small industries

There are ample opportunities in the estate to promote eco friendly small industries such as,  Micro hydropower generation to meet the local energy demand  Bottling of drinking water  Commercial scale Anthuriam cultivation under rubber tree shade  Use of rubber seed oil for making low cost laundry soap and liquid soap as a cottage industry  Community based bee keeping in rubber lands  Kithul tapping  Establishment of medicinal gardens  Compost making  Promoting community based handicraft as a cottage industry using locally available material such as rubber seeds, bamboo seeds, pus seeds, pruned tea wood and uprooted tea roots  Organic farming  Establishment of fruit orchards in underutilized land plots

5.9 Campaigning, publicity, rapport building and branding

It is critical that the good environmental work carried out by the estate has outcomes related to public image, institutional links, obtaining premium prices for products, social acceptance and community support. Suitable print, electronic and verbal media can be used in this regard.

6 References

1. Bambaradeniya, CNB, Edirisinghe, JP, de Silva, DN, Gunatilleke, CVS, Ranawana, KB & Wijekoon, S (2003) Biodiversity associated with an irrigated rice agro-ecosystem in Sri Lanka. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2. Bambaradeniya, CNB (Editor), 2006. Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. viii + 308pp 3. Bedjanic M, Conniff K and GdeS Wijeyratne (2007) Dragonflies of Sri Lanka. Jetwing Eco Holidays. 242pp 4. D’ Abreira B (1998). The Butterflies of Ceylon. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, 221 pp 5. Dassanayake MD and FR Fosberg (eds) (1980 - 1991) Revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vols. I-VII. Amerind Publ., New Delhi. 6. Dassanayake MD and WD Clayton (eds) (1996 - 1999). Revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vols. X - XIII. Amerind Publ., New Delhi.

7. Dassanayake MD, Fosberg FR and WD Clayton (eds) (1994 - 1995) Revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Vols. VIII - IX. Amerind Publ., New Delhi. 8. De Silva (2009) Amphibians of Sri Lanka: A photographic Guide to Common frogs, Toads and Caecilians. Published by Author, Kandy. 168pp 9. Earles, R (2005) Sustainable Agriculture: An Introduction Publication of ATTRA, the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. USA. 10. Fonseka, Tde (2000) The Dragonflies of Sri Lanka. WHT publications (privet) Limited. Sri Lanka. 303pp 11. Goonatilake deA (2007) Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. 134pp 12. Harrison J (1999) A field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press. New York. 219pp 13. IUCN Sri Lanka & MENR (2007) The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 148pp 14. IUCN (2008) The list of threatened species. WWW.IUCN.redlist.org 15. Kotagama S and G Ratnavira (2010) An Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Field Ornithology Group. University of Colombo Sri Lanka. 356 pp 16. Madduma Bandara, CM (2000) Land Resources: Conditions and Trends. In: Natural Resources of Sri Lanka 2000. National Science Foundation, Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp 306 17. Manamendra-Arachchi K and R Pethiyagoda (2006) Sri Lankave Ubayajeeveen. (Sinhala text), The Wildlife heritage trust of Sri Lanka. 440pp

18. Marambe B, Silva P, Wijesundara S and N Atapattu (2010) Invasive Alien Species, Strengthening Capacity to Control Introduction and Spread in Sri Lanka. Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. 191pp

19. McNeely, JA (1995) How traditional agro-ecosystems can contribute to conserving biodiversity. In: Halladay, P. & D.A. Gilmour (Eds.) Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas. The role of traditional agro-ecosystems. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, pp 20-40. 20. Pethiyagoda R (1991). Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, 362 pp 21. Phillips WWA (1935). Manual of the Mammals of Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, Dulau and Company, London. 371pp 22. Senarathna LK (2001) A Checklist of the flowering Plant of Sri Lanka.Pub.No.22 MAB Checklist and Handbook series National Science Foundation. Colombo. Sri Lanka. 451pp 23. Scherr, SJ & Shames, S (2006). Agriculture: a threat or promise for biodiversity conservation. Arborvitæ. The IUCN/WWF Forest Conservation Newsletter. 24. Somaweera R & N Somaweera (2009) Lizards of Sri Lanka, A colour Guide with Field Keys. Chimaria Buchhandelsgesellschaft mbH. 303pp 25. Somaweera R (2006) Sri Lankave Sarpayin. (Sinhala text). WHT publications (privet) Limited Sri Lanka. 297pp 26. Warakagoda D & U Hettige (2008) Birds of Sri Lanka, Vocalization and Image Guide. Pitta Products. CD-ROM 27. Wijeyratne GdeS (2008) A photographic Guide to Mammals of Sri Lanka. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. London. 128pp

Appendix 1: Sampling sites and its habitat

SAMPLING Division HABITAT TYPES CODE GPS Coordinates Lat/Long SITES 1 Forested wetlands (Deniya) FW 06° 38.754ŃL/80° 29.304ÉL 2 Rubber plantation RU 06° 38.883ŃL/80° 29.178ÉL 3 Rubber plantation RU 06° 38.958ŃL/80° 29.011ÉL 4 Rocky habitat RH 06° 39.052ŃL/80° 29.056ÉL 5 Tea plantation TE 06° 38.852ŃL/80° 28.910ÉL 6 Stream side habitat SS 06° 38.975ŃL/80° 28.878ÉL 7 Tea plantation TE 06° 39.063ŃL/80° 28.840ÉL 8 Stream side habitat SS 06° 39.059ŃL/80° 28.822ÉL lugampola division

9 ā Stream side habitat SS 06° 39.032ŃL/80° 28.752ÉL P 10 Rubber plantation RU 06° 38.478ŃL/80° 29.600ÉL 11 Forested wetlands (Deniya) FW 06° 38.861ŃL/80° 29.468ÉL 12 Cinnamon plantation CP 06° 38.718ŃL/80° 29.595ÉL 13 Mixed agroforest - tea dominant MA 06° 40.705ŃL/80° 26.436ÉL 14 Tea plantation TE 06° 40.551ŃL/80° 26.484ÉL 15 Stream side habitat SS 06° 40.524ŃL/80° 26.429ÉL 16 Tea plantation TE 06° 40.254ŃL/80° 26.561ÉL 17 Gothamala crop lands GC 06° 40.308ŃL/80° 26.594ÉL 18 Rubber plantation RU 06° 40.346ŃL/80° 26.700ÉL 19 Forests - less disturbed FL 06° 40.341ŃL/80° 26.640ÉL

20 division Hedge-field Eucaluptus plantation EP 06° 40.478ŃL/80° 26.725ÉL 21 Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 40.685ŃL/80° 26.781ÉL 22 Rubber plantation - semi wild RW 06° 40.525ŃL/80° 26.894ÉL 23 Forests - secondary FS 06° 39.010ŃL/80° 31.187ÉL 24 Tea plantation - semi wild TW 06° 39.007ŃL/80° 31.061ÉL 25 Stream side habitat SS 06° 39.176ŃL/80° 30.821ÉL 26 Rubber plantation RU 06° 39.299ŃL/80° 30.706ÉL 27 Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 38.866ŃL/80° 31.141ÉL 28 Forests - less disturbed FL 06° 39.332ŃL/80° 31.312ÉL 29 Rubber plantation RU 06° 39.145ŃL/80° 31.745ÉL

30 division Denavaka Rubber plantation RU 06° 38.841ŃL/80° 31.381ÉL 31 Tea plantation TE 06° 38.909ŃL/80° 30.945ÉL 32 Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 38.753ŃL/80° 31.077ÉL

36 Rubber plantation RU 06° 38.705ŃL/80° 30.792ÉL 37 Tea plantation TE 06° 37.500ŃL/80° 30.831ÉL 38 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.584ŃL/80° 30.771ÉL 39 Tea plantation TE 06° 37.763ŃL/80° 30.433ÉL 40 Tea plantation - semi wild TW 06° 37.693ŃL/80° 30.226ÉL 41 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.086ŃL/80° 31.641ÉL pitiya division pitiya ō

42 B Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.183ŃL/80° 31.595ÉL 43 Tea plantation TE 06° 37.128ŃL/80° 31.821ÉL 44 Rubber plantation RU 06° 36.660ŃL/80° 31.952ÉL 45 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.344ŃL/80° 30.977ÉL 46 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.133ŃL/80° 30.886ÉL 47 Tea plantation TE 06° 37.258ŃL/80° 31.222ÉL 48 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.216ŃL/80° 31.272ÉL 49 Rubber plantation RU 06° 37.454ŃL/80° 31.101ÉL 50 Stream side habitat SS 06° 37.613ŃL/80° 31.311ÉL

33 Rilhena division Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 38.618ŃL/80° 31.229ÉL 34 Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 37.952ŃL/80° 31.445ÉL 35 Horticultural crop lands HC 06° 37.799ŃL/80° 31.282ÉL

Appendix 2 : Flora checklist of the Rilhena Estate

Acacia caesia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Acalypa wilkesiana x x x x x x x Acranthera ceylanica x x x Acronychia pedunculata x Adenanthera bicolor x x Adenanthera pavonina x x x

Aerve lanata x Ageratum conyzoides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Agrostistachys coriacea x Albizia chinensis x x Albizia falcataria x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Aleurites moluccana x x x x x x x Allamanda cathertica x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Allophylus cobbe x Alocasia macrorrhiza x x x x x Alpinia purpurata x x x x Alstonia macrophylla x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Alstonia scholaris x x x x x x x x x x x x Alternanthera dentata x x x x x x Amaranthus spinosus x Amaranthus tricolor x Amorphophallu s paeoniifolius x x Amphelocissus indica x x x Anacardium occidentale x

Species Pālugampola Hedgefield Bōpitiya Denavaka Pāthakada Rilhena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Anamirta cocculus x x x x x x x Angiopteris erecta x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Angiopteris evecta x Angiopteris fraxinea x x Anona squamosa x x Anthurium andrianum x x x Antidesma pyrifolium x Antidesma walkeri x Apama siliquosa x x x x x Aporosa lanceolata x

Areca catechu x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Areca concinna x x Argyreia thweitesi x Argyria populifolia x x Aristolochia indica x x x x x Aristolochia ringens x x Artabotrys zeylanicus x x Artocarpus altilis x x x x Artocarpus gomezianus x x x x Artocarpus heterophyllus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Artocarpus nobilis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Asparagus falcatus x

Asplinium sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Axonopus affinis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Azadirachta indica x x Bambusa vulgaris x x x x Barringtonia acutangula x

Basella alba x x x

Bauhinia sp. x Bauhnia variegata x x x Begonia cordifolia x Bhesa ceylanica x

Bidens pilosa x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Biophytum reinwardtii x x x x x x x Blechnum orientale x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Blumea lacera x x x x x x x x x x x x x Boerhavia diffusa x x x x x x x x x x x x

Bombax ceiba x Bothriochloa pertusa x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Bougainvillea sp. x x x x

Breynia retusa x x x x x x x x x x x x x Breynia rhamnoides x Breynia vitis- idea x x x x x

Bridelia moonii x

Bridelia retusa x x x x x x x x Brucea javanica x Bulbostylis barbata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Bulbostylis perbularia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Caeselpinia pulcherrima x x x x

Calamus sp1 x x x Calamus thweitesii x x x Callindra calothyrsus x x x x Calpurnia aurea x x x x x x x Camellia sinensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Canarium zeylanicum x x x 20

Carex indica x

Carex sp. x

Carica papaya x x x x

Caryota urens x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Cassia hirsuta x x x x x x x x x x Cassia spectabilis x x Casuarina equisetifolia x Ceiba pentandra x x x x x x x Centella asiatica x x x x x x x Chamaecrista kleinii x x x x Chromolaena odorata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Chrysophyllum cainito x Chrysopogon aciculatus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Chukrasia tabularis x x x Cinnamomum dubium x Cinnamomum verum x x x x x x Cirtococcum oxyphyllum x Cissus lonchiphylla x Cissus trilobata x x

Citrus cinensis x x Citrus reticulata x x x x Cleome burmania x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cleome rutidosperma x x x x x x x x x x x Cleome viscosa x x x x x x x x

Clerodendron x x x x x x x x x 21

Clerodendron paniculatum x x x x Clerodendron sp. x Clerodendrum infortunatum x x x x x x x x x x x Clerodendrum viscosum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Clidemia hirta x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Clitoria ternatea x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Cocos nucifera x x x x x x x x x x Codiaeum variegatum x x x x x x x

Coffea arabica x x x x x x Coix lacryma- jobi x Colocasia antiquorum x Colocasia esculenta x x Commelina appendiculata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Commelina bhenghalensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Commelina ensifolia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Commelina kurzii x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Commelina sp. x Connarus championii x Connarus monocarpus x Conyza bonariensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Conyza leucantha x x x x x x Cordiaeum variegatum x x

Cordyline sp. x Coscinium fenestratum x x x x x Costus speciosus x x x x x x x x Crassocephalu m crepidioides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Crateva x 22

Crinum defixum x Crossandra infundibuliformi s x x x x x Crotalaria albida x x x x x x x x x x x Crotalaria pallida x x x x x x x x Croton aromaticus x x x x Croton bonplandianus x x x

Croton hirtus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Croton laccifer x Cucurbita mixima x Curcuma zedoaria x Cyathea hookeri x x x Cyathocalyx zeylanicus x x Cyclea burmanni x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cymbopogon nardus x Cynotis axillaris x x x x x x x x Cynotis cristata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cyperus difformis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Cyperus irria x x x x x x x x x x x Cyperus procerus x x x x x x x x x x x Cyperus rotundus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cyperus tenuculmis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cyperus vaginatum x x x x x x Cyrtococcum trigonum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo x x x Dedropthoe falcata x x

Delonix regia x x x 23

Species Pālugampola Hedgefield Bōpitiya Denavaka Pāthakada Rilhena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Dendrobium macrostachyu m x x Dendropthoe lonchiphyllus x Desmodium gangeticum x x x x x x x x x x x Desmodium heterophyllum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Desmodium hetrocarpus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Desmodium triflorum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Desmos zeylanica x Dianella ensifolia x x Dichranopteris linearis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Dicranopteris linearis x x x x x x Digitaria adscendens x

Digitaria ciliaris x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Digitaria longiflora x x x x x Digitaria setigera x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Dillenia suffruticosa x x x x x x x x x Dimeria gracilis x x x x x Diodia ocimifolia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Dioscorea alata x Dioscorea esculenta x x Dioscorea pentaphylla x x Dipterocarpus zeylanicus x x x x x x x x x x x

Dracaena sp. x Drymoglossum heterophyllum x x x x x x x x Drymoglossum piloselloides x x x x x x x x x x x Drynaria quarcifolia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Duranta repens x x x x x x Durio zibethinus x x 24

Species Pālugampola Hedgefield Bōpitiya Denavaka Pāthakada Rilhena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Ecbolium ligustrinum x x x x x Echinocloa colona x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Echinocloa crusgali x x x x x x x x x x x x Elaegnus latifolia x Elaeocarpus serratus x x x x x x x Elatostemna surculosum x x x x x x x x x x x x Eleocharis dulcis x Eleutheranther a raderalis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Elusine indica x x x x x x x x x x

Emilia eserta x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Emilia sonchifoila x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Entada zeylanica x x x Episcia reptans x x x x Eragrostis atrovirens x x x x Eragrostis tenuifolia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Eragrostis uniloides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Erigeron sumatrense x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Eriochloa procera x x x x x Eryngium foetidum x x x x x x x x x x x Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus pilularis x x Eucalyptus torelliana x x x x Euphorbia heterophylla x

Euphorbia hirta x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Exallage auricularia x x x x x x x Fagrea obovata x x Ficus benghalensis x

Ficus hispida x x x x x x x x x x x

Ficus laevis x x

Ficus nervosa x x Ficus parasitica x x x x x

Ficus pumila x

Ficus religiosa x x x x x x x x x

Ficus tinctoria x

Ficus tsjahela x x x x x x Filicium decipiens x x Fimbristylis miliaceae x x x x x Flacourtia inermis x x Freycinetia walkeri x x x x x x x x Fuirena capitata x x x x x Galinsoga parvifolia x x x x x x x x Garcinia mangostana x Garcinia quaesita x x x Gliricidia sepium x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Glochidion moonii x x Glochidion zeylanicum x x Goniothalamus gardneri x Goniothalamus sp. x Gouania microcarpa x Grevillea robusta x x x x x x Grewelia robusta x x x x x Gynura crepidioides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 26

Gyrinops walla x Hedyotis auricularia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Hedyotis fruticosa x x x x Hevea brasiliensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Heydiotis neesiana x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Hibiscus furcatus x x x x x Hibiscus lobatus x x Hibiscus rosasinensis x x x x x Hippocratea indica x Hiptage benghalensis x x Homalium ceylanicum x

Hopea jucunda x Horsfieldia iriyagheghi x x x Humboldtia laurifolia x x x x x x x

Hyptis capitata x x x x x x x Impatiens repens x Impatiens wallerana x x x Ipomoea batatus x Ipomoea cairica x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Ipomoea indica x x x x x x x x x x x Ipomoea obscure x x x x x x x x x x x Isachne globosa x x x x x Isachne kunthiana x x x x x Ischaemum indicum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ischeamum muticum x x x x x

Ixora coccinea x x x x Jasminum flexile x x x Jasminum grandiflorum x x

Jasminum sp. x Justicia procumbens x Kalanchoe pinnata x Kopsia fruticosa x x x x Kurrimia ceylanica x x x Kyllinga brevifolia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Kyllinga bulbosa x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Kyllinga nemoralis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Lagerstroemia pecioa x x Lantana camara x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Lasia spinosa x

Lasianthes sp. x Laurembergia coccinea x x

Leea indica x x x x x x x x Leptochloa panicea x x x x

Leucas biflora x x x x x x x x x Leucas zeylanica x Lijndenia capitellatum x Lindernia pusilla x x x x x x x x x x

Lindsaea sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Litsea gardneri x x x x x x x Litsea longifolia x x x x Litsea quinqueflora x x Ludvigia peruviana x x x x x x x x 28

Species Pālugampola Hedgefield Bōpitiya Denavaka Pāthakada Rilhena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Ludwigia deccurence x x Ludwigia hysosopofolia x Ludwigia peruviana x x x Lycopersion esculentum x x Lycopodium cernuum x x x x Lycopodium squarrosum x Lygodium flexosum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Lygodium microphyllum x x x x x x x Macaranga indica x x x Macaranga peltata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Madhuca longifolia x Maesa perrottetiana x

Mallotus albus x Mallotus rhamnifolius x Mallotus tetracoccus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Mangifera indica x x x x x x x x x x x Mangifera zeylanica x x Manihot esculenta x x x x Manihot glaziovii x x x Melastoma malabthricum x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Melia dubia x x x x x Memecylon rostratum x Memecylon royenii x

Mesua ferrea x Mesua nagassarium x x x Michelia champaca x x Microcos paniculata x x

Mimosa pudica x x x x x x x x x x Mitracarpus hirtus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Mitracarpus villosus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Monstera sp. x x x x Murdannia nudiflora x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Musa paradisica x x x x x x x x Mussaenda frondosa x x x x x Myristica ceylanica x Myristica dactyloides x x x x x x Neoachmandr a deltoides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Neolitsea cassia x x Nephelium lappaceum x x x Nephrolepis auriculata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Nephrolepis biserrata x x x x x Nephrolepis hirsutula x Nephrolepis sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Nothopegia beddomei x Nyctanthus arbor-tristis x x x x x Ochlandra stridula x x x Oldenlandia corymbosa x Ophiorrhiza mungos x Oplisminus compositus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Osbeckia aspera x Osbeckia octandra x x x x x

Osmelia sp. x Oxalis corniculata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Oxalis latifolius x x x x x Pagiantha dichotoma x x x x x x x Panicum colonum x x x x x x x x x Panicum maximum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Panicum notatum x x x x Panicum repens x x x x x x x x x x x x x Paspalidium flavidum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Paspalum conjugatum x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Paspalum distichum x x x x x x x x x x x x x Paspalum longifolium x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Paspalum sanguinella x x x Passiflora edulis x Passiflora foetida x x x x x x x Pennesetum polystachyon x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Pentas lanceolata x x x x Peperomia pellucida x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x peperomia small x Periscaria capitata x x Periscaria runnuncinatum x x x x x x x x x Persea americana x x Persea macrantha x Persicaria barbata x x x x x x x x x Persicaria chinensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Phoenicanthus obliqua x Phyllanthus niriuri x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Phyllanthus reticulatus x x x x

Pinus caribaea x x x

Piper longum x

Piper nigrum x x x Piper zeylanicum x x x

Plumaria rubra x x x x x Podadenia thweitesii x Polygonum nepalense x x x x x x x x x x x Polygonum punctatum x x x Polyscias balfouriana x x x x x x Pometia pinnata x x x x x Pongamia pinnata x x

Pothos hookeri x x x x x x x x x x x Pseuderanthe mum carrutterssii x x x Psidium guajava x x x x x x Psidium littorale x Psophocarpus tetragonolobus x x Psychotria gardneri x Pteridium aquilinum x x x x x x x Pureria phaseoloides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Pyrrosia sp. x x x

Rhamnus sp. x Rhipsalis baccifera x Rhynchelytrum repens x x x x x Richardia brasiliensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Richardia scabra x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Sauropus androgynus x x x x x x x x x Schefflera emarginata x x x x x Schefflera stellata x x x x x x x x 32

Scoparia dulcis x x x x x

Scoparia dulcis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Scutellaria violacea x

Selaginella sp. x Semecarpus gardneri x x x x Semecarpus nigro-viridis x Semecarpus parvifolia x Semecarpus subpeltata x Semecarpus walkeri x

Senna alata x x Senna didymobotrya x x x x x Senna occidentalis x x x x x Sesbania grandiflora x Setaria barbata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Shorea affinis x Shorea megistophylla x

Shorea sp. x

Sida acuta x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Sida glutinosa x Smilax zeylanica x x x x Solanum indicum x Solanum melongena x Sonchus oleraceus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Sonchus whitianus x x 33

Species Pālugampola Hedgefield Bōpitiya Denavaka Pāthakada Rilhena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Sonchus wightianus x x x x x x x x Spathodea campanulata x x x x x x Spathyphyllum cannifolium x x Spermacoce articularis x x x x x x x x Spermacoce assurgens x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Spermacoce latifolium x x x Spermacoce ocymoides x x x Spilanthus iabadicensis x x x x x Sporobolus fertilis x x x x x Stachytarpheta dichotoma x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Stachytarpheta indica x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Stachytarpheta jamaicensis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Strobilanthes asperrima x Strobilanthes sp1 x Strobilanthes sp2 x Strobilanthes sp3 x Strobilanthes sp4 x Strobilanthes sp5 x

Strychnos sp. x Swietenia macrophylla x x x x x x x x x x x x x Symplocos cochinchinenis x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Synedrella nodiflora x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Syngonium podophyllum x x x x x Syzygium aromaticum x x Syzygium caryophyllatum x x x x x x Syzygium lanceolatum x Syzygium makul x

Tagetes erecta x x x Tamarindus indica x x

Tecoma stans x x x x Terminalia bellirica x Terminalia catappa x x x Tetracera akara x Tetracera sarmentosa x x x Thottea siliquosa x Thunbergia fragrance x x

Tinopspora sp. x Tithonia diversifolia x x x x Toddalia asiatica x x x x x Torenia cyanea x Trdescantia spathacea x x x Trema orientalis x x x x x x x x x x x x Tridax procumbens x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tripsacum laxum x x x x x x x x x x Triumfetta rhomboides x x x Turpinia malabarica x Turpinia malabarica x x Uncaria thwaitesii x x x x

Urena lobata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Urena sinuata x x Vataria copallifera x x Vernonia cinerea x x x x x x x Vetiveria zizanioides x x x x x

Vigna hosei x x x x x

Vitex altissima x x x x x x x x x Waltheria indica x x x x Wedelia trilobata x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Wendlandia bicuspidata x Wormia triquetra x x x x Xanthosoma sp. x Xylopia championii x Xylopia parvifolia x Youngia japonica x x x Zingiber zylindricum x x Zizyphus oenoplia x x Zyzyphus nepeca x x

Appendix 3: Faunal checklist with respect to their habitats

(legends used in the table: SpS- Species status; CoS-Conservation status; END- Endemic; PEND- Proposed endemic; IND- Indigenous; EXO- Exotic; DOM: Domestic; BrR- Breeding residence)

Dragonflies

Palugampola Hedgefield Pathakada Scientific Name English Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 36 37 38 39 40 Family - Calopterygidae Black-tipped 1 Vestails apicalis flashwing IND 1 1 Family - Euphaeidae Shining 2 Euphaea splendens Gossamerwing END 1 1 1 1 Family - Platycnemididae 3 Copera marginipes Yellow Featherleg IND 1 Family - Platystictidae 4 Drepanosticta sp. hadwdamsel END 5 Platysticta sp. Forest Damsel END Family - Protoneuridae Stripe-headed 6 Prodasineura sita Threadtail END 1 1 1 Family - Libellulidae 7 Orthetrum luzonicum Marsh Skimmer IND 1 1 1 8 Orthetrum pruinosum Pink Skimmer IND 1 1 1 9 Orthetrum sabina Green Skimmer IND 1 1 1 1 10 Diplacodes trivialis Blue Percher IND 11 Trithemis aurora Crimson Dropwing IND 1 12 Trithemis festiva Indigo Dropwing IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Pantala flavescens Wandering Glider IND 14 Tramea limbata Sociable Glider IND

Dragonflies cont…

Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Scientific Name English Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Calopterygidae 1 Vestails apicalis Black-tipped flashwing IND 1 1 Family - Euphaeidae Shining 2 Euphaea splendens Gossamerwing END 1 1 1 1 Family - Platycnemididae 3 Copera marginipes Yellow Featherleg IND Family - Platystictidae 4 Drepanosticta sp. hadwdamsel END 5 Platysticta sp. Forest Damsel END 1 1 Family - Protoneuridae Stripe-headed 6 Prodasineura sita Threadtail END 1 Family - Libellulidae 7 Orthetrum luzonicum Marsh Skimmer IND 1 8 Orthetrum pruinosum Pink Skimmer IND 9 Orthetrum sabina Green Skimmer IND 1 10 Diplacodes trivialis Blue Percher IND 1 1 11 Trithemis aurora Crimson Dropwing IND 12 Trithemis festiva Indigo Dropwing IND 1 1 13 Pantala flavescens Wandering Glider IND 1 1 1 14 Tramea limbata Sociable Glider IND 1

Butterflies

Palugampola Hedgefield Pathakada Scientific English Sinhala Co 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 Name Name Name SpS S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 Family - Papilionidae Troides Common Maha kurulu 1 darsius birdwing piya papiliya END NT 1 Pachliopta Crimson Maha rosa 2 hector rose papilia IND Pachliopta aristolochia Common Podu rosa 3 e rose papilia IND 1 1 1 Banded Monara 4 Papilio crino peacock papilia IND 1 1 Papilio Maha kela 5 helenus Red helen papilia IND NT 1 1 Papilio Common 6 polytes mormon Kalu papilia IND 1 1 1 1 Papilio Blue 7 polymnestor mormon Maha nilaya IND 1 1 1 1 Graphium 8 sarpedon Blue bottle Nil papilia IND 1 1 1 Graphium Common 9 doson jay podu papilia IND 1 Graphium agamemno Green jay / 10 n Tailed jay Kola papilia IND 1 1 1 Family - Pieridae Leptosia Kalu-thith 11 nina Psyche sudda IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Delias Podu Maha- 12 eucharis Jezebel sudda IND 1 1 Hebomoia Great Yoda 13 glaucippe orange tip sudana IND 1 Catopsilia Mottled Thith-piya 14 pyranthe emigrant piyasariya IND Catopsilia Lemon Kaha 15 pomona emigrant piyasariya IND 1 1 Common Eurema grass Maha 16 hecabe yellow kahakolaya IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Nymphalidae Tirumala Podu nil- 17 limniace Blue tiger kotithiya IND 1 39

Parantica Glassy Suduwan 18 aglea tiger nil-kotithiya IND 1 1 1 1 1 Danaus Common Iri Koti- 19 genutia tiger thambiliya IND Euploea Common Podu kaka- 20 core crow kotithiyaya IND 1 1 Ruthu Ariadne Angled pathan- 21 ariadne castor sariya IND 1 1 Phalantha Podu thith- 22 phantha Leopard thambiliya IND 1 1 Vindula Yoda 23 erota Cruiser thambiliya IND NT 1 Dumburuwa Junonia Lemon n 24 lemonias pansy alankarikya IND Junonia Chocolate Podu 25 iphita soldier alankarikya IND 1 1 1 Hypolimnas Great Maha 26 bolina eggfly alankarikya IND Kallima Blue Nil kela- 27 philarchus oakleaf kolaya END VU Common Gomara 28 Neptis hylas sailor selaruwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Moduza Command Maha 29 procris er selaruwa IND NT 1 1 Parthenos Yoda kela 30 sylvia Clipper selaruwa IND NT 1 1 1 1 Euthalia 31 aconthea Baron Achchilaya IND Rohana Black Kalu 32 parisatis prince kumaraya IND NT 1 Thambily Acraea Tawny panduru- 33 violae costor boraluwa IND 1 Common Melanitis evening Podu 34 leda brown dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 Dark Melanitis evening Anduru 35 phedima brown dumburuwa IND 1 1 Medus Maha-iri Orsotriaena Brown panduru- 36 medus /Nigger dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mycalesis Common Podu 37 perseus bushbrown panduru- IND 1 1 1 1 1

dumburuwa Visithuru Nissanga Gladeye panduru- 38 patnia bushbrown dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 Ypthima White four- Podu heen- 39 ceylonica ring dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elymnias hypermnest Common Podu thal- 40 ra palmfly dumburuwa IND 1 Family - Riodinidae Kela Abisara Rathambala 41 echerius Plum Judy ya IND 1 Family - Lycaenidae Caleta Angled Gomara 42 decidia Pierrot Mal-nilaya IND 1 1 1 Castalius Common Podu Mal- 43 rosimon Pierrot nilaya IND 1 1 1 Chilades Plains Lanka Panu- 44 pandava Cupid nilaya IND 1 Jamides Common Podu Seru- 45 celeno Cerulean nilaya IND 1 Prosotas Common Podu Nil- 46 nora Lineblue iriya IND 1 1 1 Spalgis Wanduru 47 epeus Apefly nilaya IND Rathu Talicada Red Panduru- 48 nyseus pierrot nilaya IND Lesser Podu Grass Thruna- 49 Zizina otis Blue nilaya IND 1 Family - Hesperiidae Ampittia Bush 50 dioscorides Hopper IND 1 1 1 Iambrix Chestnut 51 salsala Bob IND 1 1 1 Large Pelopidas Branded 52 thrax Swift IND 1 1 1 Spialia Indian 53 galba skipper IND 1 1 Caprona Golden 54 ransonnettii Angle IND

Butterflies cont …

Sinhala Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Scientific Name English Name Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Papilionidae Common Maha kurulu 1 Troides darsius birdwing piya papiliya END NT 1 Maha rosa 2 Pachliopta hector Crimson rose papilia IND 1 1 Pachliopta Podu rosa 3 aristolochiae Common rose papilia IND 1 1 1 Monara 4 Papilio crino Banded peacock papilia IND Maha kela 5 Papilio helenus Red helen papilia IND NT Common 6 Papilio polytes mormon Kalu papilia IND 1 1 1 7 Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon Maha nilaya IND 1 1 1 1 Graphium 8 sarpedon Blue bottle Nil papilia IND 1 1 9 Graphium doson Common jay podu papilia IND Graphium Green jay / 10 agamemnon Tailed jay Kola papilia IND Family - Pieridae Kalu-thith 11 Leptosia nina Psyche sudda IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Podu Maha- 12 Delias eucharis Jezebel sudda IND 1 1 Great orange 13 Hebomoia glaucippe tip Yoda sudana IND Mottled Thith-piya 14 Catopsilia pyranthe emigrant piyasariya IND 1 Lemon Kaha 15 Catopsilia pomona emigrant piyasariya IND 1 Common grass Maha 16 Eurema hecabe yellow kahakolaya IND 1 1 1 Family - Nymphalidae Podu nil- 17 Tirumala limniace Blue tiger kotithiya IND Suduwan nil- 18 Parantica aglea Glassy tiger kotithiya IND 1 1 1 Iri Koti- 19 Danaus genutia Common tiger thambiliya IND 1

Podu kaka- 20 Euploea core Common crow kotithiyaya IND 1 Ruthu pathan- 21 Ariadne ariadne Angled castor sariya IND 1 Podu thith- 22 Phalantha phantha Leopard thambiliya IND 1 1 Yoda 23 Vindula erota Cruiser thambiliya IND NT Dumburuwan 24 Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy alankarikya IND 1 Chocolate Podu 25 Junonia iphita soldier alankarikya IND 1 Maha 26 Hypolimnas bolina Great eggfly alankarikya IND 1 1 Nil kela- 27 Kallima philarchus Blue oakleaf kolaya END VU 1 Gomara 28 Neptis hylas Common sailor selaruwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maha 29 Moduza procris Commander selaruwa IND NT 1 Yoda kela 30 Parthenos sylvia Clipper selaruwa IND NT 1 1 1 1 1 31 Euthalia aconthea Baron Achchilaya IND 1 1 Kalu 32 Rohana parisatis Black prince kumaraya IND NT 1 1 1 Thambily panduru- 33 Acraea violae Tawny costor boraluwa IND Common Podu 34 Melanitis leda evening brown dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 Dark evening Anduru 35 Melanitis phedima brown dumburuwa IND Maha-iri Medus Brown panduru- 36 Orsotriaena medus /Nigger dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 Podu Common panduru- 37 Mycalesis perseus bushbrown dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 Visithuru Gladeye panduru- 38 Nissanga patnia bushbrown dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 Podu heen- 39 Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring dumburuwa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elymnias Common Podu thal- 40 hypermnestra palmfly dumburuwa IND Family - Riodinidae 43

Kela 41 Abisara echerius Plum Judy Rathambalaya IND 1 1 1 Family - Lycaenidae Gomara Mal- 42 Caleta decidia Angled Pierrot nilaya IND 1 Common Podu Mal- 43 Castalius rosimon Pierrot nilaya IND 1 1 1 1 Lanka Panu- 44 Chilades pandava Plains Cupid nilaya IND 1 1 Common Podu Seru- 45 Jamides celeno Cerulean nilaya IND 1 Common 46 Prosotas nora Lineblue Podu Nil-iriya IND 1 1 1 1 1 Wanduru 47 Spalgis epeus Apefly nilaya IND 1 Rathu Panduru- 48 Talicada nyseus Red pierrot nilaya IND 1 Lesser Grass Podu Thruna- 49 Zizina otis Blue nilaya IND Family - Hesperiidae 50 Ampittia dioscorides Bush Hopper IND 51 Iambrix salsala Chestnut Bob IND 1 1 1 Large Branded 52 Pelopidas thrax Swift IND 1 1 1 1 53 Spialia galba Indian skipper IND 1 1 54 Caprona ransonnettii Golden Angle IND 1

Freshwater Fish

Scientific English Sinhala Palugampola Hedgefield Pathakada Name Name Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 36 37 38 39 40 Family - Cyprinidae Devario Dankola 1 malabaricus Giant Danio Sayala IND 1 1 Garra Stone Gal 2 ceylonensis sucker panderuwa END 1 1 1 1 1 Puntius Redside 3 bimaculatus barb Ipili Kadaya IND 1 1 1 Puntius Cuming's Kaha varal 4 cumingii barb Depulliya END VU 1 Puntius Black lined Heeta 5 pleurotaenia barb Massa END VU 1 1 Puntius Bandi 6 vittatus Silver barb Titteya IND 1 Rasbora Carverii Caveri 7 microcephalus Rasbora Randiya IND 1 1 Family - Balitoridae Banded Schistura mountain Puwak 8 notostigma loach Badilla END NT 1 1 1 Family - Aplocheilidae Aplocheilus Uda 9 dayi Day's killifish handeya END NT 1 Family - Belontiidae Belontia 10 signata Combtail Thalkossa END NT 1 1 Family - Osphronemidae Osphronemus Gaint Seppili/ 11 goramy gourami Thithpili EXO 1 1 Family - Channidae Channa Spotted Mada 12 punctata snakehead Kanaya IND 1

Freshwater fishes cont…

English Sinhala Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Scientific Name Name Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Cyprinidae Dankola 1 Devario malabaricus Giant Danio Sayala IND 1 1 1 Stone Gal 2 Garra ceylonensis sucker panderuwa END 1 1 Redside Ipili 3 Puntius bimaculatus barb Kadaya IND 1 1 1 Cuming's Kaha varal 4 Puntius cumingii barb Depulliya END VU Black lined Heeta 5 Puntius pleurotaenia barb Massa END VU Bandi 6 Puntius vittatus Silver barb Titteya IND Rasbora Carverii Caveri 7 microcephalus Rasbora Randiya IND 1 Family - Balitoridae Banded mountain Puwak 8 Schistura notostigma loach Badilla END NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Aplocheilidae Day's Uda 9 Aplocheilus dayi killifish handeya END NT Family - Belontiidae 10 Belontia signata Combtail Thalkossa END NT Family - Osphronemidae Gaint Seppili/ 11 Osphronemus goramy gourami Thithpili EXO Family - Channidae Spotted Mada 12 Channa punctata snakehead Kanaya IND 1 1

Amphibians

Palugampola division Hedgefield division Pathakada Scientific English Sinhala 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 Name Name Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 0 Family - Bufonidae Duttaphrynus Common Sulaba geai 1 melanostictus house toad gemba IND 1 Family - Nyctibatrachidae Lankanectes Corrugated Vakarali 2 corrugatus water frog madiya END 1 1 Family - Dicroglossidae Euphlyctis Utpatana 3 cyanophlyctis Skipper frog madiya IND 1 1 Euphlyctis Sixtoe green SaEangili 4 hexadactylus frog pala madiya IND Fejervarya Paddy field Sulaba vel 5 shyadrensis frog madiya IND Family - Rhacophoridae Mahaeli Pseudophilautu Horton plains paduru 6 s alto shrub frog mediya END EN 1 Vakutu kola Pseudophilautu Leaf dwelling paduru 7 s folicola shrub frog mediya END EN 1 Sulaba Pseudophilautu Common paduru 8 s popularis shrub frog mediya END Aduru lapavan Pseudophilautu Grubby paduru 9 s sordidus shrub frog mediya END NT Polypedates Hour-glass Pahimbu gas 10 cruciger tree frog madiya END Family - Ranidae Hylarana Small wood Kuda bandi 11 aurantiaca frog madiya IND VU 1 Hylarana Common Sulaba bandi 12 temporalis wood frog madiya END NT 1

Amphibians cont…

Scientific English Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Name Name Sinhala Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Bufonidae Duttaphrynus Common Sulaba geai 1 melanostictus house toad gemba IND 1 1 Family - Nyctibatrachidae Lankanectes Corrugated Vakarali 2 corrugatus water frog madiya END 1 1 Family - Dicroglossidae Euphlyctis Utpatana 3 cyanophlyctis Skipper frog madiya IND Euphlyctis Sixtoe green SaEangili pala 4 hexadactylus frog madiya IND Fejervarya Paddy field Sulaba vel 5 shyadrensis frog madiya IND 1 Family - Rhacophoridae Pseudophilautus Horton plains Mahaeli paduru 6 alto shrub frog mediya END EN 1 1 1 1 Pseudophilautus Leaf dwelling Vakutu kola 7 folicola shrub frog paduru mediya END EN 1 Pseudophilautus Common Sulaba paduru 8 popularis shrub frog mediya END 1 Pseudophilautus Grubby shrub Aduru lapavan 9 sordidus frog paduru mediya END NT 1 Polypedates Hour-glass Pahimbu gas 10 cruciger tree frog madiya END Family - Ranidae Hylarana Small wood Kuda bandi 11 aurantiaca frog madiya IND VU 1 Hylarana Common Sulaba bandi 12 temporalis wood frog madiya END NT

Reptiles Scientific Sinhala Palugampola Hedgefield Pathakada Name English Name Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 36 37 38 39 40 Family - Agamidae 1 Calotes calotes Garden lizard Pala katussa IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 Calotes Common Gara 2 versicolor garden lizard katussa IND 1 1 1 Otocryptis Sri Lankan Gomu 3 wiegmanni kangaroo lizard talikatussa END NT Family - Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Common Sulaba 4 frenatus house-gecko gehuna IND Hemidactylus Spotted 5 parvimaculatus housegecko Pulli gehuna IND Family - Scincidae 6 Eutropis floweri Taylor's skink hikanala END VU 1 Eutropis Bronzegreen Pingu 7 macularia little skink hikanala IND 1 8 Lankascincus Lanka skink lakhiraluva END Family - Varanidae Varanus 9 bengalensis Land monitor Talagoya IND 1 Varanus 10 salvator Water monitor Kabaragoya IND 1 Family - Boidae 11 Python molurus Indian python Pimbura IND 1 1 Family - Colubridae Ahaetulla Green vine 12 nasuta snake Ahaetulla IND 1 13 Ptyas mucosa Rat snake Gerandiya. IND 1 1 1 Family - Natricidae Xenochrophis Checkered 14 asperimus Keelback Diya bariya END Family - Elapidae 15 Naja naja Indian cobra Naya IND 1 1 1 Family - Viperidae 16 Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Tith polonga. IND 1 Hypnale Hump nose Polon 17 hypnale viper thelissa IND 1 1 1 Trimeresurus 18 trigonocephalus Green pit viper Pala polonga END 1 1

Reptiles cont…

Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Agamidae 1 Calotes calotes Garden lizard Pala katussa IND 1 Calotes Common 2 versicolor garden lizard Gara katussa IND Otocryptis Sri Lankan Gomu 3 wiegmanni kangaroo lizard talikatussa END NT 1 Family - Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Common Sulaba 4 frenatus house-gecko gehuna IND 1 1 Hemidactylus Spotted 5 parvimaculatus housegecko Pulli gehuna IND 1 1 Family - Scincidae 6 Eutropis floweri Taylor's skink hikanala END VU Eutropis Bronzegreen Pingu 7 macularia little skink hikanala IND 8 Lankascincus Lanka skink lakhiraluva END 1 Family - Varanidae Varanus 9 bengalensis Land monitor Talagoya IND Varanus 10 salvator Water monitor Kabaragoya IND Family - Boidae 11 Python molurus Indian python Pimbura IND Family - Colubridae Ahaetulla Green vine 12 nasuta snake Ahaetulla IND 13 Ptyas mucosa Rat snake Gerandiya. IND Family - Natricidae Xenochrophis Checkered 14 asperimus Keelback Diya bariya END 1 Family - Elapidae 15 Naja naja Indian cobra Naya IND Family - Viperidae 16 Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Tith polonga. IND Hypnale Humpnose 17 hypnale viper Polon thelissa IND 1 Trimeresurus 18 trigonocephalus Green pit viper Pala polonga END 50

Birds Palugampola Hedgefield Pathakada Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 36 37 38 39 40 Family - Phasianidae Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1 Gallus lafayetii Junglefowl Wali-kukula END 1 1 1 Indian 2 Pavo cristatus Peafowl Monora BrR Family - Turnicidae Barred Bola 3 Turnix suscitator Button-quail Watuuruwa BrR 1 Family - Picidae Brown- capped Bora Esasi Pygmy Gomara- 4 Dendrocopus nanus Woodpecker karela BrR NT 1 1 1 1 1 Yellow- Kaha-silu Dendrocopos crowned Gomara- 5 mahrattensis Woodpecker karela BrR VU 1 Lesser Yellow-naped Heen Kaha- 6 Picus chlorolophus Woodpecker gelasi Karela BrR NT Black- Dinopium rumped 7 benghalense Flameback Rath-karela BrR 1 1 Chrysocolaptes Greater Lepita Maha- 8 lucidus Flameback karela PEND NT Family - Ramphastidae Brown- headed Polos 9 Megalaima zeylanica Barbet Kottoruwa BrR 1 1 1 1 Sri Lanka Yellow- Sri Lanka fronted Ranmhunatha 10 Megalaima flavifrons Barbet Kottoruwa END 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crimson- Megalaima fronted Rathmhunath 11 rubricapilla Barbet Kottoruwa PEND 1 1 1 1 1 1 Megalaima Coppersmith Rathlaye 12 haemacephala Barbet Kottoruwa BrR 1 1 1 1 Family - Bucerotidae Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Alu 13 Ocyceros gingalensis Grey Hornbill Kandaththa END Family - Alcedinidae 51

White- Layasudu throated Madi- 14 Halcyon smyrnensis Kingfisher pilihuduwa BrR 1 1 1 Family - Meropidae Chestnut- Thambala- headed Bee- hisa 15 Merops leschenaulti eater Binguharaya BrR 1 Family - Cuculidae Eudynamys 16 scolopacea Asian Koel Kowula BrR Greater 17 Centropus sinensis Coucal Ati-kukula BrR 1 1 1 Family - Psittacidae Sri Lanka Hanging Sri Lanka 18 Loriculus beryllinus Parakeet Giramaliththa END 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rose-ringed 19 Psittacula krameri Parakeet Rana Girawa BrR Psittacula Plum-headed Pandu 20 cyanocephala Parakeet Girawa BrR Sri Lanka Layard’s Sri Lanka Alu 21 Psittacula calthropae Parakeet Girawa END NT 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Apodidae Indian Indu Upa- 22 Collocalia unicolor Swiftlet thurithaya BrR NT 1 1 1 Asian Palm Asiaa Thal- 23 Cypsiurus balasiensis Swift thurithaya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Hemiprocnidae Crested Silu Ruk- 24 Hemiprocne coronata Treeswift thurithaya BrR 1 1 Family - Strigidae Collard Karapati 25 Otus bakkamoena Scops Owl Kanbassa BrR Ukusu Spot-bellied Bakamoona / 26 Bubo nipalensis Eagle Owl Ulama BrR NT Brown Fish Bora Kewul- 27 Ketupa zeylonensis Owl bakamoona BrR 1 Brown Wood Bora Wana- 28 Strix leptogrammica Owl bakamoona BrR NT Family - Columbidae Podu 29 Columba livia Feral Pigeon Paraviya BrR 30 Streptopelia Spotted Dove Alu Kobeiyya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52

chinensis Emerald Neela- 31 Chalcophaps indica Dove Kobeiyya BrR 1 Pompadour Green- Pompadoru 32 Treron pompadora pigeon Batagoya PEND 1 1 Green Imperial Neela 33 Ducula aenea Pigeon Mahagoya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Accipitridae Crested Serpent Silu 34 Spilornis cheela Eagle Sarapakussa BrR 1 1 35 Accipiter badius Shikra Kurulugoya BrR 36 Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle Kalukussa BrR 1 1 1 Changeable Perali 37 Spizaetus cirrhatus Hawk Eagle Kondakussa BrR 1 Family - Chloropseidae Blue-winged Nilpiya 38 Chloropsis jerdoni Leafbird Kolarisiya BrR 1 Family - Oriolidae Black- hooded 39 Oriolus xanthornus Oriole Kahakurulla BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Dicruidae Dicrurus White-bellied 40 caerulescens Drongo Kawuda BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crested maha silu 41 Dicrurus lophorinus Drongo Kavda PEND 1 Family - Rhipiduridae White- browed Bama-sudu 42 Rhipidura aureola Fantail Pawanpenda BrR 1 Family - Monarchidae Asian Paradise- Asia 43 Terpsiphone paradisi flycathcher Rahanmara BrR Family - Corvidae Large-billed 44 Corvus levaillantii Crow Kalu Kaputa BrR 1 1 1 Family - Campephagidae Black- Kalu-his Coracina headed Kovul- 45 melanoptera Cuckooshrike saratiththa BrR 1 1 53

Pericrocotus Punchi 46 cinnamomeus Small Minivet Miniviththa BrR 1 1 Pericrocotus Scarlet Dilirath 47 flammeus Minivet Miniviththa BrR 1 1 1 1 Large Maha Kovul- 48 Coracina macei Cuckooshrike saratiththa BrR 1 1 Family - Aegithinidae 49 Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Podu Iorawa BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Turdidae Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Spot-winged Thithpiya 50 Zoothera spiloptera Thrush Thirasikaya END NT Family - Muscicapidae Tickell’s Blue Tickel Nil- 51 Cyornis tickelliae Flycatcher masimara BrR 1 1 Oriental Magpie 52 Copsychus saularis Robin Polkichcha BrR 1 1 Indu 53 Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Kalukichcha BrR 1 1 1 Family - Sturnidae Common 54 Acridotheres tristis Myna Mayna BrB 1 1 1 1 1 55 Gracula religiosa Hill Myna Salalihiniya BrR 1 1 1 Family - Paridae Maha 56 Parus major Great Tit Tikiriththa BrR 1 1 1 1 Family - Hirundinidae Nithamba Red-rumped rathu 57 Hirundo daurica Swallow Wahilihiniya PEND NT 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus Black-crested Kalu Hisasi 58 melanicterus Bulbul Kondaya PEND 1 1 Red-vented 59 Pycnonotus cafer Bulbul Kondaya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 White- browed Bamasudu 60 Pycnonotus luteolus Bulbul Kondaya BrR 1 1 1 1 Yellow- browed Bamakaha 61 Iole indica Bulbul Guluguduwa BrR NT 1 Hypsipetes 62 leucocephalus Black Bulbul Kalu-kondaya BrR NT 1 1 54

Family - Cisticolidae 63 Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Alu Priniya BrR 1 1 64 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia Sarala Priniya BrR Family - Zosteropidae Zosterops Oriental Peradigu 65 palpebrosus White-eye Sithasiya BrR 1 1 1 Family - Sylviidae Common 66 Orthotomus sutorius Tailorbird Battichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Timalidae Sri Lanka Brown- Sri Lanka Pellorneum capped Boraga- 67 fuscocapillum Babbler demalichcha END NT 1 1 Sri Lanka Pomatorhinus Scimitar Da- 68 melanurus Babbler demalichcha END NT 1 1 1 Wathanduru Dark-fronted Panduru- 69 Rhopocichla atriceps Babbler demalichcha BrR 1 1 1 Yellow-billed 70 Turdoides affinis Babbler Demalichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Dicaeidae Dicaeum Pale-billed Lathudu 71 erythrorhynchos Flowerpecker Pililichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Nectariniidae Purple- rumped Nithamba 72 Nectarina zeylonica Sunbird Dam Sutikka BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Loten’s Lotenge 73 Nectarina lotenia Sunbird Sutikka BrR 1 1 1 Family - Estrididae White- Nithamba rumped Sudu 74 Lonchura striata Munia Weekurulla BrR 1 1 Scaly- breasted Laya Kayuru 75 Lonchura punctulata Munia Weekurulla BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1

Birds cont…

Denavaka Bopitiya Rilhena Co 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS S 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 Family - Phasianidae Sri Lanka Wali- 1 Gallus lafayetii Sri Lanka Junglefowl kukula END 1 1 1 1 2 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Monora BrR 1 Family - Turnicidae Turnix 3 suscitator Barred Button-quail Bola Watuuruwa BrR Family - Picidae Dendrocopus Brown-capped Bora Esasi 4 nanus Pygmy Woodpecker Gomara-karela BrR NT 1 Dendrocopos Yellow-crowned Kaha-silu 5 mahrattensis Woodpecker Gomara-karela BrR VU Picus Lesser Yellow- Heen Kaha- 6 chlorolophus naped Woodpecker gelasi Karela BrR NT 1 Dinopium Black-rumped 7 benghalense Flameback Rath-karela BrR 1 1 1 Chrysocolaptes Lepita Maha- 8 lucidus Greater Flameback karela PEND NT 1 1 1 1 Family - Ramphastidae Megalaima Brown-headed 9 zeylanica Barbet Polos Kottoruwa BrR 1 1 1 1 1 Sri Lanka Megalaima Sri Lanka Yellow- Ranmhunatha 10 flavifrons fronted Barbet Kottoruwa END 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Megalaima Crimson-fronted Rathmhunath 11 rubricapilla Barbet Kottoruwa PEND 1 1 1 Megalaima Rathlaye 12 haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Kottoruwa BrR 1 Family - Bucerotidae Ocyceros Sri Lanka Grey Sri Lanka Alu 13 gingalensis Hornbill Kandaththa END 1 1 1 Family - Alcedinidae Halcyon White-throated Layasudu Madi- 14 smyrnensis Kingfisher pilihuduwa BrR 1 1 1 1 Family - Meropidae Merops Chestnut-headed Thambala-hisa 15 leschenaulti Bee-eater Binguharaya BrR Family - Cuculidae 56

Eudynamys 16 scolopacea Asian Koel Kowula BrR 1 Centropus 17 sinensis Greater Coucal Ati-kukula BrR 1 1 Family - Psittacidae Loriculus Sri Lanka Hanging Sri Lanka 18 beryllinus Parakeet Giramaliththa END 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Psittacula Rose-ringed 19 krameri Parakeet Rana Girawa BrR 1 Psittacula Plum-headed 20 cyanocephala Parakeet Pandu Girawa BrR 1 1 Psittacula Sri Lanka Layard’s Sri Lanka Alu 21 calthropae Parakeet Girawa END NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Apodidae Collocalia Indu Upa- 22 unicolor Indian Swiftlet thurithaya BrR NT Cypsiurus Asiaa Thal- 23 balasiensis Asian Palm Swift thurithaya BrR 1 Family - Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne Silu Ruk- 24 coronata Crested Treeswift thurithaya BrR Family - Strigidae Otus Karapati 25 bakkamoena Collard Scops Owl Kanbassa BrR 1 Ukusu Spot-bellied Eagle Bakamoona / 26 Bubo nipalensis Owl Ulama BrR NT 1 Ketupa Bora Kewul- 27 zeylonensis Brown Fish Owl bakamoona BrR 1 1 Strix Bora Wana- 28 leptogrammica Brown Wood Owl bakamoona BrR NT 1 Family - Columbidae 29 Columba livia Feral Pigeon Podu Paraviya BrR 1 Streptopelia 30 chinensis Spotted Dove Alu Kobeiyya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chalcophaps 31 indica Emerald Dove Neela-Kobeiyya BrR 1 1 Treron Pompadour Green- Pompadoru 32 pompadora pigeon Batagoya PEND 1 1 1 1 Green Imperial 33 Ducula aenea Pigeon Neela Mahagoya BrR 1 Family - Accipitridae Crested Serpent Silu 34 Spilornis cheela Eagle Sarapakussa BrR 1 1 1 1 1

35 Accipiter badius Shikra Kurulugoya BrR 1 Ictinaetus 36 malayensis Black Eagle Kalukussa BrR 1 1 Spizaetus Changeable Hawk Perali 37 cirrhatus Eagle Kondakussa BrR Family - Chloropseidae Chloropsis Blue-winged 38 jerdoni Leafbird Nilpiya Kolarisiya BrR 1 1 Family - Oriolidae Oriolus 39 xanthornus Black-hooded Oriole Kahakurulla BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Dicruidae Dicrurus White-bellied 40 caerulescens Drongo Kawuda BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dicrurus 41 lophorinus Crested Drongo maha silu Kavda PEND Family - Rhipiduridae Rhipidura White-browed Bama-sudu 42 aureola Fantail Pawanpenda BrR 1 1 Family - Monarchidae Terpsiphone Asian Paradise- 43 paradisi flycathcher Asia Rahanmara BrR Family - Corvidae Corvus 44 levaillantii Large-billed Crow Kalu Kaputa BrR 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Campephagidae Coracina Black-headed Kalu-his Kovul- 45 melanoptera Cuckooshrike saratiththa BrR 1 1 Pericrocotus Punchi 46 cinnamomeus Small Minivet Miniviththa BrR 1 1 1 1 1 Pericrocotus Dilirath 47 flammeus Scarlet Minivet Miniviththa BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maha Kovul- 48 Coracina macei Large Cuckooshrike saratiththa BrR 1 1 1 Family - Aegithinidae 49 Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Podu Iorawa BrR 1 1 1 Family - Turdidae Sri Lanka Zoothera Sri Lanka Spot- Thithpiya 50 spiloptera winged Thrush Thirasikaya END NT 1 Family - Muscicapidae Cyornis Tickell’s Blue Tickel Nil- 51 tickelliae Flycatcher masimara BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1

Copsychus Oriental Magpie 52 saularis Robin Polkichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Saxicoloides 53 fulicata Indian Robin Indu Kalukichcha BrR 1 1 1 Family - Sturnidae Acridotheres 54 tristis Common Myna Mayna BrB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gracula 55 religiosa Hill Myna Salalihiniya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Paridae 56 Parus major Great Tit Maha Tikiriththa BrR 1 1 1 1 Family - Hirundinidae Red-rumped Nithamba rathu 57 Hirundo daurica Swallow Wahilihiniya PEND NT 1 1 1 1 Family - Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus Kalu Hisasi 58 melanicterus Black-crested Bulbul Kondaya PEND 1 1 1 Pycnonotus 59 cafer Red-vented Bulbul Kondaya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pycnonotus Bamasudu 60 luteolus White-browed Bulbul Kondaya BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yellow-browed Bamakaha 61 Iole indica Bulbul Guluguduwa BrR NT Hypsipetes 62 leucocephalus Black Bulbul Kalu-kondaya BrR NT 1 1 1 Family - Cisticolidae 63 Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Alu Priniya BrR 1 1 1 64 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia Sarala Priniya BrR 1 1 Family - Zosteropidae Zosterops Peradigu 65 palpebrosus Oriental White-eye Sithasiya BrR 1 1 Family - Sylviidae Orthotomus 66 sutorius Common Tailorbird Battichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Timalidae Sri Lanka Pellorneum Sri Lanka Brown- Boraga- 67 fuscocapillum capped Babbler demalichcha END NT Pomatorhinus Sri Lanka Scimitar 68 melanurus Babbler Da-demalichcha END NT Wathanduru Rhopocichla Dark-fronted Panduru- 69 atriceps Babbler demalichcha BrR 59

Turdoides Yellow-billed 70 affinis Babbler Demalichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Dicaeidae Dicaeum Pale-billed Lathudu 71 erythrorhynchos Flowerpecker Pililichcha BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Nectariniidae Nectarina Purple-rumped Nithamba Dam 72 zeylonica Sunbird Sutikka BrR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nectarina 73 lotenia Loten’s Sunbird Lotenge Sutikka BrR 1 1 1 Family - Estrididae White-rumped Nithamba Sudu 74 Lonchura striata Munia Weekurulla BrR 1 1 Lonchura Scaly-breasted Laya Kayuru 75 punctulata Munia Weekurulla BrR 1 1 1

Mammals

Palugampola division Hedgefield division Pathakada Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS CoS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 36 37 38 39 40 Family - Manidae Manis 1 crassicaudata Pangolin Kaballewa IND NT 1 1 1 Family - Megadermatidae Megaderma Long-eared Kandiga Boru 2 spasma vampire bat Ley-vavula IND NT 1 Family - Pteropodidae Cynopterus Short-nosed 3 sphinx fruit bat Thala-vavula IND Family - Cercopithecidae Sri Lanka toque Sri Lanka 4 Macaca sinica monkey Rilawa END NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sri Lanka Semnopithecus Purple-faced Kalu- 5 vetulus leaf monkey wandura END VU 1 1 1 1 Family - Canidae Nariya / 6 Canis aureus Jackal Hiwala IND 1 7 Canis familiaris Doestic dog Balla DOM Family - Felidae Panthera 8 pardus Leopard Kotiya/ Diviya IND VU 1 Prionailurus Rusty-spotted Kola Diviya / 9 rubiginosus cat Balal Diviya IND EN Prionailurus Handun 10 viverrinus Fishing cat Diviya IND VU Family - Herpestidae Herpestes Brown Bora 11 brachyurus mongoose Mugatiya IND 1 1 1 Herpestes Black-tipped Rath 12 smithii mongoose Mugatiya IND 1 1 1 1 Herpestes Stripe-necked Maha 13 vitticollis mongoose Mugatiya IND 1 1 Family - Mustelidae 14 Lutra lutra Otter Diya-balla IND VU Family - Viverridae Paradoxurus 15 hermaphoditus Palm civet Uguduwa IND 1 1 1 1

Paradoxurus Sri Lanka aureus Golden Wet- Ran 16 zone palm civet Kalawedda END 1 1 1 Viverricula Ring-tailed 17 indica civet Urulewa IND 1 1 1 Family - Bovidae DOM hump- Sinhala 18 Bos indicus backed cattle Elaharaka DOM 1 19 Capra hircus DOM goat Eluva DOM 1 Family - Cervidae 20 Cervus unicolor Sambur Gõna IND 1 Muntiacus Olu Muwa / 21 muntjak Barking deer Weli Muwa IND 1 1 1 1 Family - Suidae 22 Sus scrofa Wild boar Wal Ura IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Tragulidae Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Moschiola pigmy mouse- Kuru 23 kathygre deer Meminna END NT 1 1 1 1 Family - Hystricidae 24 Hystrix indica Porcupine Ittewa IND 1 1 1 1 Family - Muridae Bandicota Malabar 25 indica bandicoot Uru-miya IND Podu Ge 26 Rattus rattus Common rat Miya IND Family - Peromyidae Petaurista Giant flying 27 philippensis squirrel Ma-hambawa IND EN 1 Family - Sciuridae Funambulus 28 palmarum Palm squirrel Leena IND 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ratufa 29 macroura Giant squirrel Dandu-leena IND VU 1 1 1 1 1 Family - Leporidae Black-naped 30 Lepus nigricollis hare Wal Hawa IND 1 1

Mammals cont…

Denavaka division Bopitiya Rilhena Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS CoS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42 43 44 33 34 35 45 46 47 48 49 50 Family - Manidae Manis 1 crassicaudata Pangolin Kaballewa IND NT 1 Family - Megadermatidae Megaderma Long-eared Kandiga Boru 2 spasma vampire bat Ley-vavula IND NT Family - Pteropodidae Cynopterus Short-nosed fruit 3 sphinx bat Thala-vavula IND 1 Family - Cercopithecidae Sri Lanka toque Sri Lanka 4 Macaca sinica monkey Rilawa END NT 1 1 Semnopithecus Purple-faced leaf Sri Lanka Kalu- 5 vetulus monkey wandura END VU 1 1 Family - Canidae 6 Canis aureus Jackal Nariya / Hiwala IND 1 1 7 Canis familiaris Doestic dog Balla DOM 1 1 1 Family - Felidae 8 Panthera pardus Leopard Kotiya/ Diviya IND VU Prionailurus Rusty-spotted Kola Diviya / 9 rubiginosus cat Balal Diviya IND EN 1 Prionailurus 10 viverrinus Fishing cat Handun Diviya IND VU 1 Family - Herpestidae 1 Herpestes Brown 11 brachyurus mongoose Bora Mugatiya IND 1 Black-tipped 12 Herpestes smithii mongoose Rath Mugatiya IND 1 1 Herpestes Stripe-necked 13 vitticollis mongoose Maha Mugatiya IND Family - Mustelidae 14 Lutra lutra Otter Diya-balla IND VU 1 Family - Viverridae Paradoxurus 15 hermaphoditus Palm civet Uguduwa IND 1 1 1 Paradoxurus Golden Wet- Sri Lanka Ran 16 aureus zone palm civet Kalawedda END

17 Viverricula indica Ring-tailed civet Urulewa IND 1 Family - Bovidae DOM hump- Sinhala 18 Bos indicus backed cattle Elaharaka DOM 19 Capra hircus DOM goat Eluva DOM Family - Cervidae 20 Cervus unicolor Sambur Gõna IND Muntiacus Olu Muwa / 21 muntjak Barking deer Weli Muwa IND 1 Family - Suidae 22 Sus scrofa Wild boar Wal Ura IND 1 1 1 1 Family - Tragulidae Moschiola Sri Lanka pigmy Sri Lanka Kuru 23 kathygre mouse-deer Meminna END NT 1 Family - Hystricidae 24 Hystrix indica Porcupine Ittewa IND 1 1 Family - Muridae Malabar 25 Bandicota indica bandicoot Uru-miya IND 1 26 Rattus rattus Common rat Podu Ge Miya IND 1 1 Family - Peromyidae Petaurista Giant flying 27 philippensis squirrel Ma-hambawa IND EN Family - Sciuridae Funambulus 28 palmarum Palm squirrel Leena IND 1 1 1 1 1 29 Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel Dandu-leena IND VU 1 1 1 Family - Leporidae Lepus Black-naped 30 nigricollis hare Wal Hawa IND 1 1

Appendix 4: Implementation plan

Management Strategies Based on the above observations we propose the following set of actions as a way to achieve sustainable management of natural and semi natural habitats within the Rilhena estate. This action plan is to be implemented over a period of five years. The actions are categorized into short, medium and long term, based on the time frames that will be required to successfully complete the activity.

Out of the five divisions in the estate, two divisions (Hedge-field and Denavaka divisions) have a high potential to be developed as an eco-tourism destination whilst protecting its remaining natural environment.

Short term actions: Actions that will be completed within the space of two years Action Item 1: Conduct further assessments to prepare a comprehensive inventory of species and habitats present in the Hedge field division and Denavaka division. Action Item 2: Identify threats to the natural habitats and areas where management actions are required to improve the existing habitat quality and develop a habitat management plan (Rilhena environmental management plan). Action Item 3: Develop a GIS based map of the estate indicating the locations and extents of natural and semi natural habitats as well as other important features such as trails, points of interest etc. and link up this information with Google Earth.

Action Item 4: Based on the map identify the gaps that are needed to be filled to bridge the remaining natural forest areas in both Denavaka and Hedge field divisions with forest reserves in the area and develop a plan to achieve gap filling

Action Item 5: Conduct an awareness campaign among estate staff to create awareness about the conservation plan and their role in the overall management. Action Item 6: Improve the existing Denavaka solid waste management system for plantation workers.

Action Item 7: Map the water shed of the two stream networks, monitor water yields and identify gaps in the watershed area that needs to be improved. Based on these data a plan to enhance the forest cover in the watershed will be developed.

Medium -term Management Strategies Actions that will be completed within the space of two to three years

Action Item 8: Establish a nature trail and nature education programme and the necessary infrastructure to support nature tourism at the site. Preparation of interpretation material such as filed identification guides and leaflets for Denavaka and Hedge field divisions. Action Item 9: Establish three butterfly gardens around three estate bungalows (Rilhena, Denavaka and Hedge field). This can be easily implemented by introducing butterfly larval feeding plants to the gardens 65

of the three bungalows (list of feeding and nectar plants is given in Appendix 5). Action Item 10: Establish a Spice gardens in Palugampola and Rilhena divisions. Action item 11: Establish Eco friendly community based cottage industries using locally available resources (see recommendations for more details) to enhance the socio economic status of estate workers and local communities

Long-term Management Strategies Actions that will be completed within the space of three to five years

Action Item 12: Implement habitat management and gap filling plan for the Rilhena Estate Action Item 13: Establish an eco-tourism base programme in the Hedge field and Denavaka divisions as well as a long term research and monitoring programme in collaboration with relevant government and non government organizations

Appendix 5: List of Butterfly host plants for butterfly gardens

(Sources: 1Woodhouse, L.G.O. 1950 Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon. Ceylon Govt. Press, Colombo; 2d’Abrera, B (1998) The Butterflies of Ceylon. WHT Publications (Private) Ltd. Colombo.; 3 Gamage, R (2007) An illustrated guide to the Butterflies of Sri Lanka. Tharanjee Prints, Maharagama)

Butterfly Host Plant

Scientific Name English Sinhala Tamil

1 Panicum maximum1 Guinea grass Rata-thana

2 Michelia champaca 1, 3 Gini sapu

3 A. muricata 2 Sour sop Katu anoda

4 A.reticulata, 1, 2, 3 Bullock's heart Anoda atta Ramsitha

5 Aberia gardneri1,3 Keta embilla

6 Abrus precatorius 3 Olinda

7 Adenia hondala 1,2,3 Pothu hondala

8 Adenia palmata, 1,2 Passion vine (wild) Hondala, Potu-hondala

9 Aegle marmelos1, 3 Bael Beli Vilvam

10 Aglaia roxburghiana1,2, 3 Puwangu Kanna Kompu, Chokkala

11 Anarcardium occidentale1,2,3 Cashew Cadju Montiri kai, Kaddu montri

12 Annona cherimola, 1 , Cherimoya Sitha

13 Annona squamosa, 1, 2, 3 Custard apple

14 Ardisia ellipti, 1, 2,3 Balu-dan

15 Aristolochia bracteolata 3 Bing sapsanda

16 Aristolochia indica 3 Sapsanda

17 Asclepias curassavica1,2, 3 Kankumbala

18 Asclepias fulva 2 Kankumbala

19 Bauhinia racemosa, 1 Camel foot Mayila Atti

20 Butea frondosa, 1 Flame of the Forest Gas-kela Parasu, Murrakan

21 Calotropis gigantea, 1,2, 3 Wara, Ela-vara Manakkovi, Errukalai

22 Canavalia gladiata1 Sword bean awara awarakai

23 Canthium paviflorum, 1,3 Katu-keng Kara

24 Capparis moonii1, 2 Climbing caper

25 Capparis roxburghii 3 Kalu illan gedi

26 Capparis sepiara 3 Wellangiriya

27 Capparis zeylanica 3 Sudu wellangiriya

28 Cassia fistula1,3 Indian laburnam Ehela Tirukkontai, Kavanni

29 Cassia kleinii 3 Bim siyambala

30 Cassia occidentalis 3 Peni tora

31 Cassia siamea1 Wa, Aramana Vakai, Munka konnei

32 Cassia tora, 1, 2 Peti tora Vaddu takarai

33 Celtis cinnamomea 3 Burenda Pinari

34 Chloroxylon swietenia1, 2, 3 Satin wood Buruta Muthirai

35 Citrus decumana, 1, 2 Pommelo, Shaddok Jambola

36 Citrus grandis 3 Jambola

37 Citrus limon 3 Dehi

38 Citrus limon 3 Dehi

39 Crataeva religiosa1 Indian sps

40 Cryptolepis buchanani1, 3 Wel-ruk-attana Katu pal valli

41 Cycas, 1, 2, 3 Madu

42 Diospyros melanoxylon1,2, 3 Ebony Kadumberiya Karungkali

43 Dipteracanthus prostrates 3 Nil puruk

44 Feronia elephantum,, 1 , Woodapple Divul Vila, Villati

45 Ficus benghalensis 1,2, 3 Fig Nuga Attai maram

46 Ficus religiosa 3 Bo

47 Flacourtia 1,2,3 Uguressa Katukali, Karumurukki

48 Glycosmis pentaphylla, 1 Dodan-pana Kulapannai, Konji

49 Hibiscus 1, Shoe flower

50 Hibiscus abelmoschus1,2,3 Kapu-kinissa

51 Hibiscus furcatus 3 Nairiththa

52 Laportea interrupta 2,3 kahambiliya

53 Leguminosae, 1,2, 3 Peas, beans

54 Limonia acidissima 3 Divul

55 Loranthus1, 2, 3 Loranthus Pilila Kuruvichchai

56 Lotus corniculatus, 1 Indian sps.

57 Mangifera indica, 1,2, 3 Mango Amba Maa, Mankai, Manga

58 Modecca, 1,2 Passion vine

59 Murraya koenigii1, 2, 3 Curry leaf Karapincha Karivempu

60 Mussaenda frondosa1,2,3 Mussenda, Vel batsarana Vellai-illai

61 Neolitsea cassia 3 Dawul kurundu

62 Nerium oleander1,2, 3 Oleander Araliya Arali

63 Osbeckia octandra 1,2,3 Heen Bovitiya

64 Parsonsia alboflavescence 3 Vel aguna

65 Passiflora foetida1,3 Passion fruit vine Delbatu, Hondala, Potu-honda Perunthukodi

66 Piper betel1 Betel Bulath

67 Pithecellobium dulce, 1 Madras thorn

68 Polyalthia1, 2 Mara illuppai

69 Pongamia glabra, 1,3 Magul-karanda Punku,Pungam

70 Portulaca oleracea, 1,2, 3 Purslane Genda kola Pulikkirai

71 Raphis pullchellum, 1 Ghela Kukuruman Karai

72 Ricinus communis1,2,3 Castor oil plant Endaru-tel Chittamanakku

73 Saraca indica1,3 Asoka tree Diya-ratmal Asogam

74 Sesbania grandiflora, 1, 3 Katurumurunga Agatti-keerai

75 Shorea robusta1,2 Sal of India

76 Smilax, 1,2,3 kabarassa

77 Strobilanthes1,2,3 Karvee (india) Nelu Nelli

78 Tinospora cordifolia1, 3 Rasa-kinda Chintil

79 Toddalia asiatica, 1, 3 kudu miris Kandai,mulugu-cheddi

80 Tragia involucrata, 1,2,3 Vel-kahambiliya

81 Wagatia spicata1, 2 Indian sps.

82 Wendlandia bicuspidata 3 Wana idala

83 Wendlandia thyrsoidea, 1,2 Ravanidala

84 Xylia dolabriformis1, 2, Indian sps. Jamboo

85 Ziziphus jujuba1 Maha debata,Masan Ilantai

86 Zizyphus mauritiana1,2,3 Maha-debata, Masan Ilantai

87 Zizyphus rugosa1,2,3 Maha-eraminiya Churai

Appendix 6 : Photo catalogue of the Rilhena estate

Fig 01 . Rubber plantation Fig 02 . Forested wetlands (Deniya)

Fig 03. Stream side habitat Fig 04. Cinnamon plantation

Fig 05.Tea plantation Fig 06. Forest - less disturbed

Fig 07. Horticultural crop lands Fig 08. Gothamala crop land

Fig 09. Forests – secondary at Hedgefield division Fig 10. Endemic and threatened Gal demata plant (Impatiens repens)

Fig 11. Endemic and threatened Masmoru Fig 12. Endemic Bedidel (Artocarpus nobilis) (Adenanthera bicolor)

Fig 13. Endemic and endangered Pseudophilautus Fig 14. Endemic and Near Threatened folicola from the Denavaka division Pseudophilautus sordidus from the Denavaka

Fig 15. Plum Judy (Abisara echerius) from the Fig 16. Apefly (Spalgis epeus) near Rilhena Pālugampola division Manager’s Bungalow

Fig 17. Pink Skimmer (Orthetrum pruinosum) from Fig 18. Indigo Dropwing (Trithemis festiva) from the the Pālugampola division Pālugampola division

Fig 19. Hemidactylus parvimaculatus from the Fig 20. Calotes calotes juvenile from the Hedgefield Denavaka division division

Fig 21. Forest uses (Baru koku) Fig 22. Mushroom collection

Fig 23. A conserved forest patch at Bōpitiya Fig 24. Compost project at Denavaka

Fig 25. Fully cleared stream banks for settlements Fig 26. Fully cleared stream bank for plantations

Fig 27. Rilhena manager’s Bungalow - proposed site Fig 28. Denavaka Director’s Bungalow - proposed for a butterfly garden site for a butterfly garden

Fig 29. Hedgefield Assistant managers’ Bungalow - Fig 30. Wild mussanda – a butterfly attracting plant proposed site for a eco-tourism project commonly found in the area

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature was founded in 1948. IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. It supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice.

IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental network - a democratic membership union with more than 1,000 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists in more than 160 countries.

IUCN’s work is supported by more than 1,000 professional staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. The Union’s headquarters are located in Gland, near Geneva, Switzerland.

In Sri Lanka, through its Country Programme the Union seeks to fulfill this mission in collaboration with its various Commission Members, National Committee Members and Partners in Sri Lanka. IUCN in Sri Lanka commenced its operations since August 1988.

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

Sri Lanka Country Office No. 53 Horton Place Colombo 7 Colombo Sri Lanka

Tel. +94 11 2682418, 2682488, 5734786 Fax +94 11 2682470 Endemic and threatened Gal demata plant (Impatiens [email protected] repens) from Rilhena factory premises http://www.iucn.org/srilanka Photo - Sampath Goonatilake