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Morphological Perspectives Papers in Honour of Greville G MORPHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PAPERS IN HONOUR OF GREVILLE G. CORBETT EDITED BY MATTHEW BAERMAN, OLIVER BOND AND ANDREW HIPPISLEY Morphological Perspectives Morphological Perspectives Papers in Honour of Greville G. Corbett Edited by Matthew Baerman, Oliver Bond and Andrew Hippisley Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Matthew Baerman, Oliver Bond and Andrew Hippisley, 2019 © the chapters their several authors, 2019 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13pt Times New Roman by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4600 6 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4602 0 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4603 7 (epub) The right of Matthew Baerman, Oliver Bond and Andrew Hippisley to be identified as the editors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents Abbreviations and Glosses xii List of Contributors xviii 1 Taking the Morphological Perspective 1 Matthew Baerman, Oliver Bond and Andrew Hippisley 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 A Paradigmatic Perspective 2 1.2.1 Mismatches in Paradigms 2 1.2.2 Compositional Inconsistency in Paradigms 4 1.2.3 Conditions on Paradigms 5 1.3 A Defaults Perspective 5 1.3.1 Inflection Classes 6 1.3.2 Syncretism 9 1.3.3 Gender Assignment 11 1.3.4 The Morphology–Syntax Interface 12 1.4 A Canonical Perspective 13 1.4.1 Features 13 1.4.2 Agreement 15 1.4.3 Canonical Typology 19 1.5 Outline of the Book 21 1.5.1 Form–Feature Mapping 21 1.5.2 Words and Paradigms 22 1.5.3 Syntactic Dependencies 22 v vi | CONTENTS Part I Form–Feature Mapping 2 Canonical Compounds 31 Andrew Spencer 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 The Bisetto–Scalise Typology 33 2.3 Canonical Criteria for Compounds 35 2.4 Lexical Integrity 37 2.5 Recursion in Compounds 41 2.6 Compound-Like Constructions and Non-canonical Compounds 45 2.7 Conclusions 58 3 How (Non-)canonical Is Italian Morphology? 65 Anna M. Thornton 3.1 Canonical Inflection 65 3.1.1 Preamble 65 3.1.2 Corbett’s View of Canonical Inflection 66 3.2 Italian Inflection: Features and Values 69 3.3 Deviations across the Cells of a Lexeme 70 3.3.1 Alternations and Suppletion 70 3.3.2 Syncretism and Uninflectability 71 3.3.3 Affixal Inconsistency 73 3.3.4 Periphrasis 76 3.3.5 Featural Inconsistency 78 3.4 Deviations across Lexemes 79 3.4.1 Homonymy 79 3.4.2 Inflectional Classes, Heteroclisis and Deponency 79 3.4.3 Affixal Inconsistency and Antiperiphrasis 88 3.4.4 Featural Inconsistency 89 3.5 Conclusions 92 4 Waiting for the Word: Distributed Deponency and the Semantic Interpretation of Number in the Nen Verb 100 Nicholas Evans 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 The Nen Language: Background 102 4.2.1 Extramorphological Unification of Verbs with Pronouns, TAM Particles and Adverbs 103 4.2.2 Unification within the Verbal Word 104 4.2.3 A Bit More on Verbal Word Structure 106 4.3 Morphemes, Morphomes and In-between 108 4.3.1 Definition 108 4.3.2 Prefix Series and TAM 108 CONTENTS | vii 4.3.3 Verbal Arguments: The Basic System (SG vs DU vs PL) 110 4.4 Elaborations Bringing in a Plural vs Greater Plural Contras 111 4.4.1 Greater Plurals in Positional Constructions 112 4.4.2 Greater Plurals with ‘come/go’ 112 4.4.3 Greater Plurals with ‘be’ 113 4.4.4 Greater Plurals with Middle Verbs 113 4.4.5 Greater Plurals with Future Imperatives 114 4.4.6 Greater Plural Objects with Transitive Verbs 115 4.5 Summary of Nen Strategies for Composing Four-Way Number System 116 5 Feature Duality 124 Matthew Baerman 5.1 Flavours of Inflection 124 5.2 Number in the Hualapai Verb 125 5.3 The Morphology of Hualapai Verbs 127 5.4 Reconciling Meaning and Form 131 5.5 Semi-autonomous Morphology 135 6 Canonical Syncretism and Chomsky’s S 138 Mark Aronoff 6.1 Introduction 138 6.1.1 Canonical Non-canonicity 138 6.1.2 Canonical Syncretism and Morphomes 139 6.2 Chomsky’s Morpheme S 140 6.2.1 S in Syntactic Structures 140 6.2.2 Affix Hopping and the English Verb 141 6.2.3 Is S a Morphome? 143 6.3 Minimalism: Less Is More 144 6.4 Conclusion 145 7 Canonical Tough Cases 148 Johanna Nichols 7.1 Introduction 148 7.2 Extensions 149 7.3 Other Stem-Forming Morphology 150 7.4 Auto-gender 154 7.5 Auto-person 156 7.6 Auto-valence 157 7.7 Toggles 158 7.8 Registration 158 7.9 Conclusions 162 viii | CONTENTS Part II Words and Paradigms 8 Paradigm Uniformity and the French Gender System 171 Olivier Bonami and Gilles Boyé 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Empirical Evidence 173 8.2.1 Gender in the Stable Lexicon 174 8.2.2 Gender in Lexeme Formation 176 8.2.3 Interim Conclusion 183 8.3 The Shape of French Nominal Paradigms 184 8.3.1 Common Gender and Gender Specificity 184 8.3.2 Gender-Iconic Pairs and Paradigm Uniformity 185 8.3.3 Variable Content Paradigms, Uniform Form Paradigms 188 8.4 Conclusion 189 9 Case Loss in Pronominal Systems: Evidence from Bulgarian 193 Alexander Krasovitsky 9.1 Dialectal Variation in Case Marking on Personal Pronouns in Bulgarian 193 9.2 The Data 194 9.3 Cross-Dialectal Variation 195 9.4 Directions of Change 197 9.5 Patterns of Synchronic Variation: Quantitative Data 199 9.6 Conclusions 202 10 Measuring the Complexity of the Stem Alternation Patterns of Spanish Verbs 205 Enrique L. Palancar 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Basics of Spanish Verbal Inflection: Inflectional Classes 208 10.2.1 The Paradigm of Regular Verbs of Class I 208 10.2.2 The Paradigm of Regular Verbs of Class II 209 10.3 Inflectional Deviations: Stem Classes and Stem Alternation Patterns 213 10.3.1 Stem Alternation Pattern 1 214 10.3.2 Stem Alternation Pattern 2 214 10.3.3 Stem Alternation Pattern 3 215 10.3.4 Stem Alternation Pattern 4 215 10.3.5 Stem Alternation Pattern 5 217 10.3.6 A Typology of Deviations Involving Stem Alternation Patterns 217 10.4 Calculating the Inflectional Complexity of Spanish Verbs 220 10.4.1 Measuring the Deviation of P1 and P2 223 CONTENTS | ix 10.4.2 Measuring the Deviation of P3–P5 224 10.5 Reducing the Inflectional Complexity of Spanish Verbs 226 10.6 Concluding Remarks 227 11 Verb Root Ellipsis 233 Bernard Comrie and Raoul Zamponi 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Zero Verb Roots and Zero Allomorphs of Verb Roots 234 11.3 Verb Ellipsis 244 11.4 Verb Root Ellipsis 249 11.4.1 Inuktitut 249 11.4.2 Kwaza 251 11.4.3 Akabea and Other Great Andamanese Languages 253 11.4.4 Jingulu 258 11.5 Verb Root Ellipsis and Phonological Words 262 11.6 Comparisons 267 11.6.1 Functional and Semantic Parallels 267 11.6.2 Formal Parallels 270 11.7 Conclusions 272 12 Bound but Still Independent: Quotative and Verificative in Archi 281 Marina Chumakina 12.1 Introduction 281 12.2 Archi Inflectional System at a Glance 281 12.3 Archi Quotative 284 12.3.1 Archi Quotative: Introduction 284 12.3.2 Syntactic Properties of the Quotative 289 12.3.3 Inflectional Properties of the Quotative 290 12.3.4 Quotative: Conclusion 293 12.4 Archi Verificative 293 12.4.1 Archi Verificative: Origin 294 12.4.2 Verificative: Inflectional Possibilities and Syntax 296 12.4.3 Verificative: Conclusion 297 12.5 Conclusion 297 Part III Syntactic Dependencies 13 To Agree or Not to Agree? A Typology of Sporadic Agreement 303 Sebastian Fedden 13.1 Introduction 303 13.2 The Sample 305 13.3 Predictors of Sporadic Agreement 306 13.3.1 Phonotactic Predictors 306 x | CONTENTS 13.3.2 Phonological Predictors 308 13.3.3 Morphological Predictors 308 13.3.4 Semantic Predictors 311 13.3.5 Etymological Predictors 315 13.4 Borderline Cases 316 13.4.1 Phonology Obscuring Morphology: Like-Segment Coalescence in Hausa Adjectives 316 13.4.2 Optional Agreement: Modifiers in Ngan’gityemerri 317 13.4.3 Different Word Class: Modal Auxiliaries in English 317 13.4.4 Word Class Continua: Cardinal Numerals in Russian and Italian 318 13.5 Frequency 319 13.6 Conclusions 319 14 Where Are Gender Values and How Do I Get to Them? 327 Oliver Bond 14.1 Introduction 327 14.2 Sex-Based Gender in Kulina 331 14.2.1 Distribution of Sex-Based Gender Values 331 14.2.2 Nouns with Variable Sex-Based Gender Agreements 334 14.2.3 Sex-Based Referential Agreement with Pronominal Controllers 336 14.2.4 Agreement with Possessor Phrases 337 14.2.5 Constraints on Agreement in Transitive Predicates 340 14.2.6 Summary of Sex-Based Gender in Kulina 346 14.3 Class-Based Gender in Kulina 347 14.3.1 Distribution of Class-Based Gender Values 348 14.3.2 Targets of Class-Based Gender 349 14.3.3 Conditions on Class-Based Agreement 350 14.3.4 Controllers of Class-Based Gender Agreement 353 14.3.5 Summary of Class-Based Gender in Kulina 359 14.4 Discussion 359 14.4.1 Modelling Non-syntactic Agreement 360 14.4.2 Where Are Gender Values? 362 14.4.3 How Do I Get to Them? 363 15 Focus as a Morphosyntactic and Morphosemantic Feature 370 Irina Nikolaeva 15.1 The Focus Feature 370 15.2 The Focus Marker 372 15.3 Multiple Representation of Focus 377 15.4 Focus Spreading 381 15.5 The Status of the Focus Feature in Tundra Nenets 385 CONTENTS | xi 16 When Agreement and Binding Go Their Separate Ways: Generic Second Person Pronoun in Russian 390 Maria Polinsky 16.1 Introduction 390 16.2 Structural
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