Historical and Archaeological Society The Museum of and Barbuda

“Knowledge to be of any Value must be Communicated”

HAS Newsletter No. 137 April, May, June 2017

In this Issue… Leading archaeologist pleads for developers to

Leading archaeologist pleads for assess their sites developers to assess their sites Extracted from “The Daily Observer Extracted from “The Daily Observer Newspaper” Newspaper” Page 1, 2 Antigua & Barbuda’s leading archaeologist is Historical Roots of Street dancing By Selvyn Walter pleading with developers to Page 3, 4 assess the historical and archaeological value of their Untold History Behind Bangles properties before they begin (Manillas): “Slave Trade Money” To the Must Have Accessory construction. Excerpt from Origin Culture Page 4, 5 The call came a day after the

Coarse Salt Development Control By Selvyn Walter Authority (DCA) reported Dr. Reginald Murphy Page 5, 6, 7 it sent inspectors to Yida International Investment Antigua Limited’s Christmas to construction site at Guiana Island after the developer bulldozed a From Culture Magazine by Cultural historic Arawak site. Division Vol. 3 July 1993 Page 7, 8, 9,10,11,12 He said that the site in question was known to be a “late period Archaeologist calls for laws to protect Arawak site that dates from around 900 AD to 1200 AD” and added, historical sites “To state any mo re than that I would be guessing because the site Extracted from “The Daily Observer Newspaper” no longer exists except for a very small part of it. This site was in Page12, 13 thick bushes for all these years and because of that no one has ever done a thorough survey.” Chronological Inventory of Antigua Newspapers Page 13 Dr Murphy argued that developers should not view an archaeological assessment of their site as a process that would impede their projects. Muse News Page 14 “The policy in archaeology is not to stop development but to guide development and assist. Notices and Events Page 15, 16 (Continued on page 2)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 2 April, May, June 2017

Leading archaeologist pleads for developers to assess Board of Directors their sites

(Continued from page 1) Walter Berridge Chairman To know the history of a site enriches your development and enriches your project. We recover what we can before it’s developed but it’s a one way Reg Murphy road – once it’s destroyed that’s it, he said. President

Dr. Murphy used the proposed Royalton Antigua Hotel & Resort at Deep Janice Augustin Bay Beach as a successful example of a developer incorporating an Secretary archaeological assessment before developing their site. Avril Hector Susan Lowes At a September 2016 public consultation following the study done on that Janice Okeefe site Dr. Murphy said, “We found no archaeological material of serious Members significance to say that this project cannot happen” Dame Louise Lake-Tack Dr. Murphy told OBSERVER media that it was not often that a site was “so Honourable Member rare that we’d recommend we may not want to build on it”.

However, he added that many precious sites had been built on in the last Museum Staff three decades without regard to their historical significance. Michele Henry Curator “I don’t know of any laws that protect these sites in Antigua. So the status of these sites in Antigua. So the status of these sites is unclear. National Parks Debbie Joseph was given a mandate to look at some of these sites and monitor them, but Gift Shop Attendant they don’t have the resources to protect and save everything,” Dr. Murphy said. Myra Piper Library Researcher Data Base Clerk

Lisa Francis Museum Assistant Library Researcher

Mary Johnson Heritage Education Tour Guide Museum Assistant

Mr. Esrom Philip Museum Maintenance

Mrs. Suzanne Graham Deep Bay Cleaner

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 3 April, May, June 2017

They patrolled the streets of St. John's, Historical Roots of Street dancing patrolled the Estates and heavily armed, By Selvyn Walter stood ready to repel any rebellion that

Excerpt from a series of articles entitled “NOT A might have been scheduled to take place

DRUM WAS HEARD” On the Paradox of a Lifetime during this season, when the slaves enjoyed of Service, Old Age, and Eventual Death. Part one of their rare bouts of freedom during

Seventy Four (Published in the Daily Observer July the calendar year. th 13 , 1996)

No Drums, No Horns!

From the 1680's when the slaves used to "run I have been approached by several people who away" to the Sherkeley Mountains and up to the have wanted to know why the police usually late 1720's, the beating of drums or any thing looked the other way when the Christmas revelers that could be substituted for a drum, the blowing ostensibly broke many of the laws and did things of Conch-Shells, and horns or anything that for which they would normally have been could be used as a horn, was prohibited by law. arrested. I intend to attempt the reasons behind It was recognised that signals could be sent by the license that the police grant to people to drumming and by the blowing of horns. In fact, misbehave. Even today during the Carnival in the days preceding the confrontation of the Celebrations, the police are usually very tolerant 1736 Rebellion, the slaves had been using and tend to ignore behavior which they would not conch-shells to send signals for secret meetings. normally condone. They blew them in the area of the East Bus

Station, in Ottos Pasture and in the used as a This attitude has historical roots and a Sunday Market. significance that goes back to the days of the

Christmas Celebrations of hundreds of year ago. Temporary Relaxation of Rules

At Christmas, however, the rules against At the height of the 1736 King Court Rebellion, drumming and the blowing of horns seem to there were 24,000 slaves and 3,000 whites in have been relaxed and the slaves brought their Antigua. The troops in Antigua numbered 155 and were composed of 5 companies. Each music and dancing and feting to St. John’s. company contained 31 men. The population Some did their dancing on the Estates. Thus ratio posed a serious problem to the Colonial the Christmas festivities were a period of authorities. How could the whole system survive "freedom and license". The slaves enjoyed if the whites were so heavily outnumbered? The their Bacchanal and the authorities did not answer, they argued lay in providing a series of interfere with them. safety valves that would allow the system to breathe easier, (in spite of the harshness of the laws that governed both the existence of the slaves and the relationship between Blacks and Whites).

Military Alert The Blacks danced in the streets, they sang their songs, drank their liquor and behaved with an unheard of, reckless abandon. On the other hand, the whites in the military and the military and the citizens’ militia remained on “military (Continued on page 4) alert” during these three days of festivities.

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 4 April, May, June 2017

Historical Roots of Street Dancing We also see them adorning the wrist of many West Indian women. In addition to being a (Continued from page 3) highly desired piece of fashion jewelry, it also serves as a symbol of social status. The more In this tradition, the Christmas Street dancing continued after the Abolition of Slavery and, gold pieces one has, it serves as an indication that she possesses wealth. The current until the Christmas festivities died and gave way to the Carnival Celebrations, there was this representation of this piece of jewelry is quite ironic given its powerful roots and history. accepted pattern of behaviour where the police turned a blind eye to many things that took Most West Indians refer to them as ‘bangles’ place in the tumultuous jam sessions that had been created in the streets. When the authorities however, historically they are known as manilas or okpoho/Okombo/abi. Once a form of currency felt threatened and did not want to hear any drums or horns, the slaves danced to the tune of for West African peoples, manillas would become one of the main currencies of choice other instruments and it was in adverse situations like these that the custom of singing during the slave trade to the Americas. Their usage during this time in history was of such in whole bands to the tunes that had been made, was born. prevalence that they were often referred to as “slave trade money.”

While there are many theories surrounding the Untold History Behind Bangles orijin of manilas, it is known that it was worn by (Manillas): “Slave Trade Money” To women along West African coast as a symbol of the Must Have Accessory their husband’s wealth. The horseshoe shaped bracelet or ‘bangles’ are often decorated with Excerpt from Origin Culture balls on each end. In its inception, these bracelets/’bangles’ were predominantly made For many parents with newborn children in the Caribbean, it is an expected gift. Thus, shopping for from copper as it was the “red gold” of Africa. Noticing the importance of this piece of jewelry a toddler’s christening of first birthday is not a difficult task. to West African, Portuguese merchants began to produce these pieces as a means of currency.

While one appreciates the gesture of the copper or Manillas are typically horse-shaped with flared silver, the gold is preferred. Each child wears it until ends. Africans from each region had names for his/her wrist outgrows it, however, it is expected that each variety of manila and were very particular the child will keep this important piece of jewelry about the types they would accept. and pass it on to their offspring. (Continued on page 5)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 5 April, May, June 2017

and the slave trade, many of us are unaware of Untold History Behind Bangles the exact history and circumstances surrounding

(Manillas): “Slave Trade Money” their prevalence and usage today is that they still

to the must have Accessory hold true to its original purpose of being symbol

of wealth. Some might look at the continuation

(Continued from page 4) of these pieces in the form of fashion accessories

as a way preserving and honouring their culture

They valued the Manillas by the sound they and history, however, others might look at it as a

made when struck and used them as the reminder of an unfortunate part of African

dominant form of currency for many things history where Africans sold each other for a

including everyday market purchases, bride piece of metal.

price and burials. The main purpose of the

manila – the trading and purchase of slaves- End fostered a system where the incoming voyage of Europeans took manillas to West Africa to obtain slaves, who were then taken to the Coarse Salt Americas to live a life of bondage. The price of By Selvyn Walter a slave valued in manillas varied depending on Excerpt from a series of articles entitled “NOT A the time, place and type being offered. DRUM WAS HEARD” On the Paradox of a

Lifetime of Service, Old Age, and Eventual Death. Part Seventy Four (Published in the Daily

Observer September 21st, 1996)

Among poor people there was never a

surplus of meat, for if a pig or goat or cow

was accidentally killed, the portion that

could not be sold was turned into "corned

meat". It must be remembered that until the

1950's when refrigerators began to make a

bid to enter the lives of Antiguans,

COARSE SALT was the saviour that solved The demise of the slave trade resulted in the the meat problems of the majority of people, prohibition of manilas as a form of currency. A In those days, SALT, real salt that came constant reminder and a tangible symbol of from the Salt Ponds was sold and used by slavery and the slave trade, the British initialed everyone. Five Island Village was famous a major recall of all manilas and replaced them for the salt that the villagers harvested from with the British West African currency. Many Yepton's Salt Pond. Today salt pond at of the existing manilas were collected, Yeptons has been inundated by the sea. It no confiscated and sold as scrap. Much of it was longer bears salt but has become a beautiful melted and transformed in other usable goods. lagoon across which tourist look and view

the Caribbean Sea. While many of us in the Caribbean know that

these “bangles” are somehow linked to slavery (Continued on page 6)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 6 April, May, June 2017

to present us with a better balance in our diets. The Coarse Salt doctors have assured us that fine salt that has been

“iodised” will prevent us from developing (Continued from page 5) GOITRES. Many people do not know that the fine

salt to which we are being subjected has been The salt industry today has died and the Salt mined deep in the earth from many inland areas of Ponds have either been "filled-in" or have North America. The good old “coarse salt” that so become so contaminated and polluted that they many of people have grown to despise was never bear salt. manufactured every year in the salt ponds by the

good old tropical sun from pure sea water. Water

that was chock full of iodine. This was a salt that

needed no double barreled hyphenated tongue

twisting names that represented ingredients that

they tell us will help to make us healthy and

balance our diets.

1964 Salt Pond at Deep Bay

There are so many young people existing today who

have not the faintest idea of how salt was farmed

and harvested. Those were the days of coarse salt

where your mother or the person who

Working salt at Deep Bay in the 1950’s

was cooking, knew by instinct or experience how

many lumps of coarse salt to use. Fine salt is a

recent phenomenon that began creeping into our

culture in the 1950’s. Today the fine salt has been

“iodised” and laced with all sorts of high sounding (Continued on page 7) compound names, which names we have been

assured represent nutritional elements that ought

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 7 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival Coarse Salt From Culture Magazine by Cultural Division Vol. 3 July 1993 (Continued from page 6) From the earliest documented reports, Antigua Salt Ponds Have Died has always had a reputation for hospitality; but

The Salt Ponds have died. There are no films Christmas was the season of the year when no video tapes, no photographic displays of conviviality was at height. During the festivities, the days of "picking salt" when the selling of relatives met together from all parts of the island, coarse salt constituted the livelihood of many friendships were renewed, family differences families in some villages. The salt was healthy happily adjusted, and “sweet concord with salt and as the salt ponds have been filled with beaming smile, wreathed once more her golden sewage and other pollutants they have given chain”. way to the modern tourist trade. The pleasure of walking among salt and of separating Notwithstanding this seasonal bliss, it comes as a coarse salt from fine salt and of watching the painful reminder of the lot of the slaves to note sun ripen the salt has been a thing of the past. that up until Emancipation, martial law was put For the salt ponds (there were salt ponds that into effect from Christmas Eve until December didn't bear salt) and the salt industry NOT A 27. DRUM HAS BEEN HEARD. By 1844 the situation had changed to such an Associated with the "drying up" of the salt extent that Christmas Day was ushered in with ponds the harvesting of mullets. Thousands of the sounds of fiddles and drums, with parties of fish became entrapped in the limited water as negroes going around town from about 4a.m. the sun beat mercilessly on the salt ponds and "dried up" the water. This phenomenon was a This was the general pattern of the Christmas seasonal source of an abundant supply of fish celebrations for the following fifty years. The to many villagers. It became a seasonal source holiday period gradually lengthened into one of protein. Today that phenomenon is no week, climaxing with New Years Day. The more. And, even if a salt pond would have the African presence made itself increasingly felt, effrontery in this modern age of polluted and various other ethnic groups made a waters, to dry-up no person in his or her right considerable cultural input at the celebrations. It mind would venture to eat the fish that could is however interesting to read in “To Shoot Hard be seen gasping for breath and foundering in Labour” that on New Years Day 1899 all the the shallow water. Antigua has said good-bye music, dancing, masquerading, clowns was done "mullet-catching" in dried up salt ponds. by the white people. “The English masses and their families were enjoying themselves. The merry makers were Scottish and they were the ones that bought Christmas celebrations to Waladli versus Wadadli Antigua”. This is one point of view. It may be The actual "Carib" name for Antigua is Wadadli. more correct that Christmas celebrations were a In fact the name was Waladli. The fusion of the cultures, and that the Scottish with mistake occurred when a popular their long tradition of New Years Day band, wrote a song using Wadadli. (Hogmanay) celebrations successfully From this time on Waladli became transplanted them to Antigua. Wadadli.

(Continued on page 7)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 8 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival used by itinerant carol singing groups who visited homes and serenaded the residents. (Continued from page 7) Some groups were accompanied by an accordian (concertina). The origin of this tree is uncertain, The Christmas celebrations continued until th shortly after the introduction of Carnival in but it was in Antigua early in the 19 Century. 1957. Carnival has proven to be a much more spectacular and commercialised John Bull: Dressed in event than Christmas, but there is no dry banana leaves, this doubting the fact that it has also deprived character was a replica of a vital part of its of the grotesque cultural activities. African witch doctor, the dominating feature It is hoped that the Tourist Department and being a horn on the the Cultural Division will succeed in their head. A plausible plan to revive the 'old time Christmas' -- theory as to its use at

not as a participation exercise to rival introducedChristmas isby that the itslaves was as a takeoff on Carnival, but as an expose and a means of their colonial master. The costume preserving some of our cultural forms, resembles that of the Sensay dancers from especially for the younger generation who Guinea who performed at the end of the know nothing about the components of the first stage of male initiation (in Baga) or on “old time Christmas”. the completion of the harvest (in Kono). Frequently the Sensay in his old clothes and COMPONENTS dried banana leaves made his appearance Most of the components of the old time with his guitar during Christmas. Christmas are unknown to the present generation. The Pow: This is a local adaptation of the John Bull. The costume is the same except that it has no horns, and is heavily padded at the

back. The Pow exposes himself to beatings by whip or stick for which he expects to be paid. Doubtless an Antiguan figure of fun.

Highlanders: Several of these dancers still perform at Christmas.

Carol Trees: consisted of a stick with several

crossbars like a telephone pole on which were

hung lighted lanterns. The finished item

resembled a decorated Christmas Tree. The

name derives from the fact that these trees were (Continued on page 9)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 9 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival

(Continued from page 8)

With their vestigial kilts, they are part of the Scottish legacy in our culture. Originally worn in a Scottish dance (Highland fling etc) the costume simulates the Scottish military dress. Performers wear wire masks and use a cowhide whip.

Play Actors: These were the acrobats and tumblers who performed with fantastic acrobatic skills.

It was not uncommon to see them somersault over six men kneeling The Fife Band side by side or over an The fife and drum band is a Caribbean

version of the British and French military upturned garden fork. Origin is the acrobats who feature in certain African rituals. Most famous of these bands of the 17th and 18th centuries. are from Dan, Ivory Coast. Others included the Portuguese band in their traditional red and yellow costumes, Bands: The music for group and individuals minstrel bands, Monkey band, taking part in the Christmas celebrations Highlanders in plaid kilts, Belgians. varies as much in sound as in composition. Oriental boys (soldiers). Indians, There were jazz bands with conventional Cowboys and the clowns. The origin of instruments, string bands with fife, guitar, the clowns is not certain, but they banjo, ukulele, triangle, cymbals, iron dominated the Christmas scene for a long plumbing pipe, and drums. Many fife and time before being over-shadowed by drum bands included improvised rhythm Carnival in the 1950's. instruments such as the grater or the jawbone of an animal used as a scraper.

Clowns

CARNIVAL: History: The word

Carnival means in Latin "Carne Vale", "O Flesh, farewell". This refers to the putting away of meat and the beginning

of the Lenten fast. (Continued on page 10)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 10 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival

(Continued from page 9)

When the British took Trinidad from the

Spaniards in 1797, they promised the

Trinidadians that their customs and

religions would be honoured, including of

course, Carnival. Since then Carnival has

spread northwards in the Caribbean.

Antigua and Barbuda had had its Carnival

celebrations at Christmas, but in June 1953 1957 Carnival at the Antigua Recreation Grounds a one day 'Carnival' was organised as part

of the Coronation celebrations for Queen Both the Queen show and the Calypso El1zabeth II. It was so successful that many competition were held at the DeLuxe a far Antiguans called on the Chairman, Mr. cry from the spacious and attractive John F. Shoul to inaugurate an annual accommodation which eventually affair. obtained at the Antigua Recreation Grounds which is converted every year to "Carnival City". Antigua's Carnival is now billed as the Caribbean's greatest summer fe stival, and not only stages the only Caribbean Queen Show but attracts thousands of visitors and returning residents every year.

Coronation Celebrations

It was not until 1956 that a master plan for Carnival was submitted by Mr. Maurice Ambrose, builder and musician, on returning from the Virgin Islands. A meeting was held in the De Luxe Cinema, and Mr. Shoul was commissioned to make the necessary approach to Government. Sub-Committees were set up, and in August 1957 Antigua’s First Carnival Queen Gloria White 1957 Antigua celebrated its first Carnival as a tourist attraction and more importantly to It is modelled loosely on the Trinidad commemorate the emancipation from pattern and provides a means of slavery. On this occasion there were many promoting calypso King of the year. floats sponsored by the business sector. (Continued on page 11)

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 11 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival differences and in the spirit of camaraderie (Continued from page 10) which characterizes this annual festival, jump up together in the streets and actually joke with The renditions of the Calypsonians are each other at bars and booths on the Carnival quickly embraced by the steelbands and grounds. Such are the wonders performed by competition is intense on the selection of this unique cultural experience’. the calypso to be used as the "road march" (the tune played most on the streets, especially on j'ouvert).

This "march", most inappropriately named, is a mass “jump up” by thousands of revellers in extravagant costumes on the Monday and Tuesday, the final days of Carnival. (J'ouvert is on the first Monday in August, and the Carnival season begins one week before that date). These two days are public holidays, and it is a glorious sight to observe the steelbands, costumed troupes 1965 and groups and the gaily decorated floats. “J'ouvert” celebrations, is from a French creole word, 'Jour Ouvert' meaning 'daybreak', and pronounced 'Joovay'.

1967

1964 J’ouvert on Market and Newgate Street

In the 1981 Independence magazine, the writer says in an article on Culture in Antigua and Barbuda: ‘Culture in Antigua

and Barbuda is also an amazingly unifying force, and carnival plays a special role in 1975 that regard. At the Carnival Shows and in the street ‘jump ups’, politicians and others (Continued on page 12) locked in rivalry all year around drop their

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 12 April, May, June 2017

Christmas to Carnival (Continued on page 12)

Top left: Cleofoster Lewis, first Queen in 1984.

Top right: King Goldie, first Calypso King for Caribana in 1984.

1981

Barbuda Caribana Celebrations (Photo taken from “Beautiful Barbuda Official Destination Guide 2008”) **************

Archaeologist calls for laws to protect historical sites

Extracted from “The Daily Observer Newspaper”

1992 A local archaeologist is calling for legislation to be enacted to protect the historical sites in In Barbuda, Carnival is observed on a Antigua & Barbuda. much smaller scale and has similar origins. Many Barbudans visit Antigua at Dr Reginald Murphy, who is also an Carnival time, especially so now that historian, contends that all of the country's Barbuda has moved her celebrations to historically significant relics should be coincide with the Whitsun holiday. By the governed by one central authority. same token, traffic moves towards the sister island at Whitsun. "We need to have one central management system that controls what they are being used for and is responsible for maintaining them to a certain level," he said.

Dr. Reginald Murphy

1990 Barbuda Caribana Celebrations (Continued on page 13) HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 13 April, May, June 2017

Archaeologist calls for laws to officials can decipher how the site was truly used and who were the main occupants. protect historical sites END (Continued from page 12)

Dr Murphy said although several of the Chronological nation's historical sites are on private Inventory of Antigua Newspapers property, the country should adopt the British approach to this problem, where 1722 The first newspaper of the West Indies: “The private property owners have to get per- Courant”

mission to make changes to their structures. 1731 The “” Gazette” first appeared.

"If you own a historical building you are 1734 The “Grenada Chronicle” began publication obliged to treat it a certain way, to maintain and lasted to 1916. It closed because of it a certain way and you must go to a panel financial difficulties.

or established experts to advise you on what 1788 In Antigua this year there were three you can and cannot do to it," he charged. "I newspapers, but the dates of their first issue know people in England who have houses are uncertain. These were the “Antigua that are 200 or 300 years old and they can't Chronicle”, the “Antigua Gazette”, and the even paint (them) without permission." “Antigua Journal”, and it would appear that their editor was only induced to stop his Dr Murphy said he believes that such scurrilous attacks on public men by the threat regulations are on the horizon. of thirty-three subscribers to withdraw their subscriptions.

Meantime, the archaeologist, who has long 1814 “The Weekly Register” was started by Henry been a proponent for the preservation of Loving. It came out every Saturday. In 1878 historical sites, said Antigua & Barbuda it was purchased by Angus Macmillan. should consider stabilising the remnants of structures at Monk's Hill, instead of 1819 “The Antigua Gazette” was in existence.

restoring them, to avoid exorbitant costs. 1826 The “Free Press” was in existence. In 1831 its editor was James Scotland, an old Dr Murphy said if the site is developed it Methodist. He was locked up for six months could be a major contributor to the tourism for his inflammatory writings. Both the “Free product. Press” and the “Weekly Register” were said to be in the pay of the Anti-Slavery Society, The "If they could find the money to redo it planters had no newspaper to oppose them.

completely, it could rival the Dockyard," he 1832 The “Antigua Herald and Gazette” was posited. established and owned by the plantocracy. There were 60 subscribers of £10 each. He said officials could mull making the large site a completely reinforced, fortified 1834 Emancipation year. The Weekly Register town where reenactments of the time could editor was Loving, a coloured man. be done. (Chronological Inventory The historian said the next step in the will be continued in next issue) restoration efforts is to conduct a major archaeological project, through which

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 14 April, May, June 2017

(iii)Passing of the Independence in Association MUSE NEWS with Britain’s Bill (1967) – 300 years of

A Trip Down Memory Lane Colonialism ended.

Q - Name some places of historical and cultural PLACES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST interest in the city of St. John’s. ETC. A - Redcliffe Quay, the Cathedral of St. John’s the Divine, The Old Court House, Ebenezer Methodist (Taken from 1987 Information Booklet Of Antigua & Church (St. Mary’s Street), Antigua Recreation Barbuda by the Department of Tourism) Ground, Victoria Park (Botanical Gardens), Public Market, Government House. Q - Where is Indian Creek situated? TRAVEL AGENTS/RESTAURANTS AND A - Near to Momora Bay and the St. James Club, BARS IN ST. JOHN’S one of the newest exclusive Resorts in Antigua. Q - What were the names and addresses of the Q - Who lived at Indian Creek? Travel Agents in Antigua and Barbuda? A - Arawaks in Pre-Columbian or Prehistoric Times. A - (i) Brysons Travel- Long Street. Q - How did Indian Creek get its name? (ii) Global Travel - High Street, A - It derived its name from an engagement that took (iii) Wadadli Travel- Market Street. place on the Savannah between a party of raiding (iv) Alexander Parish-St. Mary's Street. Caribs and English Settlers in 1654. (v) Nicholsons Travel- Nelson's Dockyard. (vi) International Travel Consultants - Church & Q - Where is Indian town situated? Thames Streets. A - Near to Willikies and Devil's Bridge. Q - What were the names of some of the main Bars Q - For what is Indian Town known? and Restaurants in St. John’s? A - Some evidence of Arawak habitation. However, A - (i) Golden Peanut - High Street. the lack of an adequate rainfall could have prevented (ii) Brother B's - Long Street. any permanent settlement. (iii) Kim Sha Bar and Restaurant - Church Street. (iv) Victory Restaurant - Redcliffe Street. Q - After which person or thing was Nonsuch Bay (v) Country Pond House - Street named? (vi) St. Mary's Court - St. Mary's Street. A - A ship, the Nonsuch, which anchored there for (viii) 18 Carat – Church Street. some time in 1647 - presumably the first to do so. (viii) The Yard – Long Street.

Q - What is another name for the Villa Area? Q - Give the names and addresses of some of the main A - Daniel’s Estate Souvenir and Local Craft Shops/Centres in Antigua. A - (i)Shipwreck Shop St. Mary's Street THE COURTHOUSE (ii) Coco Shop - St. Mary's Street (iii) The Handicraft Center - High Street Q – When the Courthouse in the city of St. John’s (iv) School for the Blind – All Saints Road established? (v) Kel-Print St. Mary’s and Temple Street A - 1747 - The Court House was first damaged by (vi) Arawaks Craft – Newgate Street earthquake in 1843, restored and again damaged by the earthquake in 1974. NATIONAL EVENT Q - From what material was the Court House built? Q – What important national event took place on A - White stones quarried from islands off the North, th east Coast. Saturday 9 March, 1918? A - This date will go down in the history of Antigua as Q - Name three (3) historical events associated with a Blood Saturday, for on that day thousands of people the Court House. staged a riot that shook the country to its very A - (i) The establishment of the Carifta 1968. (ii) foundation……there had never been such a Parliament until 1974. demonstration of civil violence by the people of the island, who were always law abiding people.

HAS Newsletter No. 137 Page 15 April, May, June 2017

NOTICES New Members

Acquisitions The Historical and Archaeological Society & Museum of Antigua & Barbuda would like to The Museum of Antigua and Barbuda would like to welcome our newest Members: thank Mr. W.D. Cribbs for donating to the Museum stamp collection which includes; the original proofs Ms. Penelope Gurland of the 1962 Antigua Stamp centenary both the Mr. Craig Fernandez of Antigua “approved” and “not approved” and original proofs Mr. Tafari Richards of Antigua of 1966-1971.

Stamps donated: New life member Dr. Thomas Foote

Now selling in the Museum’s gift shop. The golden edition of the Antigua Sailing Week 2017; The First 50 Years. Get your copy

now!

1970 Military Uniform Stamps

1971 Donations 1969 20th Special thanks to friend of the museum, Tercentenary of Anniversary of 1967 Ms. Maizeline Frazer for donating a collection of th Parliament Adult Suffrage 300 past cable and wireless phone cards. Her Courthouse Anniversary contribution is deeply appreciated. of Treaty of Breda

The Museum of Antigua & Barbuda has designed Special thanks also to lapels pins in the images of Bessie, Marion and our staff member Plymouth locomotive that once hauled the Ms. Mary Johnson for sugarcane to the Antigua Sugar Factory. Included in donation a refrigerator the heritage package is a copy of the Antigua to the museum’s lunch Railway map, and information on the locomotives room. We express much appreciation for her and Sugar Factory. They will be available at the Museum Gift shop from Tuesday1st August 2017 donation. for $25.00EC HAS NewsletterThe Historical No. & 137 Archaeological Society NewsletterPage is published16 at the Museum quarterlyApril, in January, May, June April, 2017 July and October. HAS encourages contribution of material relevant to the Society from the membership or Other interested individuals

Tel/Fax: 268-462-1469, 462-4930 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.antiguamuseums.net

Historical and Archaeological Society

APRIL, MAY, JUNE 2017 HAS NEWSLETTER, No. 137

UPCOMING EVENTS

No proposed upcoming events, as the Museum Main Gallery is being upgraded, and the upstairs gallery will be fumigated.

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