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Women in Open Data MEKONG WOMEN IN OPEN DATA IN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR & VIETNAM Overall Trends, Case Studies, What Next? Authors: Mia Chung Pyrou Chung Suggested cita��on: Chung, M. and Chung, P. (2020). Mekong Women in Open Data. Open Development Ini. a ve. About the authors: Mia Chung is the Senior Research Manager at Open Development Mekong. She is a writer and researcher with over a decade of social science research and legal advocacy experience, and began working in the Mekong region in 2015, developing environmental law in Cambodia. She has been working in the open data and development sector since 2016, conduc ng research and developing tools to track development in the region. Currently, she heads Open Development Mekong’s research and capacity building support across the five Mekong countries and has spearheaded research into women in open data, as well as Indigenous Data Sovereignty. Pyrou Chung directs the East West Management Ins tute’s programs on natural resource, land and data ini a ves in Southeast Asia under the Open Development Ini a ve. As an ecologist and sustainable development expert, her work has been focused on the nexus between environmental governance, conserva on and human rights, with an emphasis on implemen ng integrated biodiversity, natural resource management and land rights ini a ves with indigenous, forest dependent or rural communi es. More recently this work has intersected with the open data movement to u lise GIS data and informa on on an open data pla orm, Open Development Mekong, which promotes evidence‐based decision making, digital gender inclusion and Indigenous Data Sovereignty. The pla orm is a one‐of‐a‐kind open data portal in Southeast Asia focused upon the Lower Mekong Countries — Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. ODI co‐chairs the Data for Development AsiaHub along with Sinar Project. Editors: Pyrou Chung Manali Purohit Alexandra Zenoff ©Open Development Ini a ve. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 4.0. 2nd Edi on. Visuals, Design and Layout: Nga Nguyen Cover photo: Cruise through Mekong River Delta, taken by Tomáš Malík, shared on Unsplash. All other photos and images are sourced from free/open image stock websites, including Unsplash, Pexels, Rawpixel, and Canva under their licenses. Disclaimer: This work is produced and published by the Open Development Ini a ve. ODI cannot guarantee accuracy, completeness or reliability from third party sources in every instance. ODI makes no representa on or warranty, either express or implied, in fact or in law, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or appropriateness of the data, materials or documents contained or referenced herein or provided. The views expressed in this report may not necessarily reflect the views of IDRC or the Government of Canada. 2 MEKONG WOMEN IN OPEN DATA IN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIETNAM Overall Trends, Case Studies, What Next? October, 2020 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Open Development Ini a ve would like The Open Development Ini a ve, to acknowledge and thank the people who conceivedy b the East‐West Management contributed to this research, especially the Ins tute, is a pioneer in open data in the numerous women who spoke of their Mekong region. The Open Development personal experiences with open data with Ini a ve’s approacho t open data was the Open Development team. The Open ini ated in 2011 with Open Development Development Ini a ve is also grateful for Cambodia, and has since expanded into a the support of colleagues at Open regional pla orm that includes a network of Development Cambodia, Open na onal sites (Open Development Development Laos, Open Development Cambodia, Open Development Laos, Open Myanmar, and Open Development Vietnam Development Myanmar, Open Development from researcho t publica on, and at East‐ Vietnam, Open Development Thailand) and West Management Ins tute during the one regional site, Open Development edi ng process. Mekong. The Open Development pla orm relies on impar al presenta on of Special thanks to Drs. Tran Thi Minh Thi and informa on, combining open data, data Trin Thai Quang of the Ins tute for Family journalism, and researcho t increase public and Gender Studies who conducted awareness, enable individual analysis, researchn i Vietnam, and Khin Ma Ma Myo improve informa on sharing, and inform and Pan Myaing of the Myanmar Ins tute rigorous debate on regional development. of Peace and Security Studies who conducted research in Myanmar. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Interna onal Development Research Centre, O awa, Canada, www.idrc.ca, and with financial support from the Government of Canada, provided through Global Affairs Canada (GAC), www.interna onal.gc.ca. 4 A woman working on a laptop Photo by: Rawpixel PREFACE Data are a c entral tool to measuring popula on's conc eptual understanding of progress and impact within the data science and technologys i not very development landscape. The Sustainable nuanced. Addi onally, the means to collect, Development Goals (SDGs) are con ngent consolidate, and maintain data collec on upon u lising data to track and monitor about these countries have been developed progress against key indicators in support of within male dominated, bureaucra c, mee ng development objec ves, hierarchical systems. Data collected within specifically “to leave no one behind”. these systems are then applied to make However, o en less highlighted in these decisions, which are o en not reflece v of discussionss i recogni on that data are not the whole of the popula on. Those who are just sta c metrics, but people themselves. under‐reflected within this system are To quote D’Ignazio and Klein (2020) in Data predominantly women, the rural poor, Feminism, data are “people who offer up migrants, Indigenous Peoples, and other their experienceso t be counted and marginalized communi es. analyzed, people who perform that coun ng and analysis, people who visualise This report presents the results of original the data and promote the inside of any research examining the impactf o gender in par cular project, and people who use the accessing data and informa on across four productn i the end. There are, always, Mekong countries, where cultural prac ces people who go uncounted ‐ for be er or are strongly patriarchal and gender equality worse.” remains work in progress. This research, conductedy b partners of the Open This makes data powerful. In turn, it means Development Ini a ve, sits at the crossing that whoever collects and consolidates this of these two paths and examines the knowledge about others ul mately remains resul ng inequali es. in control over other people’s lives. Equitable access to meaningful data and In the Mekong countries of Cambodia, Lao informa on is at the core of the Open PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam, the general Development Ini a ve mandate. Since its 5 incnep o in 2011, the Open Development cthanges a a systemic level, from mul ple pla orms serve the region by increasing perspec ves at once. The ingrained gender the accessibility of data by making it and racial biases in the informa on systems available, and also assis ng understanding that drive the development landscape through the development of data products. across the Mekong are complex. Yet, we Working with a network of on‐the‐ground need to first recognise the inequali es built local partners, eachf o the na onal Open into these systems, then strive to change Development teams works to build capacity these power imbalances. for data and in digital literacy across the region, being mindful of local circumstances and needs. This report Pyrou Chung represents an ini al spotlight on some of Director the issues that ground this work, and is Open Development Ini a ve intended to serve as evidence for why this work needs to be con nued as well as a jumping‐off point for further research into the specific contextual requirements of women and other marginalized groups. While eachf o the Mekong countries are undeniably unique, this research highlights the significant inequali es in the open data landscape and indeed more broadly in the development sector where data and informa on con nually reflect exis ng privilege, class and race. As temp ng as it may be to try and boil the issues that Mekong women face down to a singular sector, approach,r o interven on, the pervasiveness of the lived impactsf o gender inequali es requires cross‐cu ng 6 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 4 Preface 5 List of Abbrevia��ons 8 Introducon 9 The Research 10 The Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam development context 13 Situang this work in the Mekong region 16 Policy and legal framework 18 Findings 19 Barriers, Case Studies, and Recommendaons 22 Lessons learned and next steps 33 A regional approach to women in open data 35 References 37 Annex 1 ‐ Cambodia Women in Data Execuve Report 40 Annex 2 ‐ Lao PDR Women in Data Execuve Report 46 Annex 3 ‐ Myanmar Women in Data Execuve Report 50 Annex 4 ‐ Vietnam Women in Data Execuve Report 55 Temples in Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia Photo by: Van Trang Ho, Pixels 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Associan o of Southeast Asian Na ons CLMV Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam CSOs Civil Society Organisa ons CEDAW Conven on on the Elimina on of all Forms of Discrimina on Against Women GDI Global Development Index GSO Vietnam’s General Sta s cs Office ICT Informa on and Communica ons Technology INGOs Interna onal non‐governmental organisa ons IT Informa on technology NGOs Non‐governmental organisa ons Lao PDR Lao People’s Democra c Republic LGBTQI+ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex + LWU Lao Women’s Union MoWA Cambodia’s Ministry of Women's Affairs ODI Open Development Ini a ve OD4D Open Data for Development (OD4D) OGP Open Government Partnership NACC Cambodia’s Na onal An‐ Cybercrime Commi ee RGC Royal Government of Cambodia SDGs Sustainable Development Goals STEM Science, technology, engineering, and mathema cs UNESCAP United Na ons Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Na ons Educa onal, Scien fic and Cultural Organiza on WCCC Women’s and Children’s Consulta ve Commi ee, Cambodia 8 INTRODUCTION Gender inequality underscores the lives of women all over the world.
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