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Trade and Sustainable Development in Vietnam

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Trade and Sustainable Development in Vietnam IISD is producing this paper as part of its capacity building program for developing countries on the issues of trade and sustainable development – the Trade Knowledge Network Project. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The full version of this research, and the work of other members of the Trade Knowledge Network, is available on IISDnet at http://iisd.ca/tkn/default.htm. The Knowledge Networks Project aims to build capacity in developing countries to address the issues of trade and sustainable development. It consists of three main areas of work: domestic-level research and workshops on the linkages between trade and sustainable development at the local and international levels; additional research on cross-cutting themes of interest to developing country policy-makers; and the linking of developing country research institutions in a trade and sustainable development knowledge network. For more information on the Trade Knowledge Network Project, see http://iisd.ca/tkn/default.htm, or contact IISD at [email protected]. IISD contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic instruments, climate change, measurement and indicators, and natural resource management. Using Internet communications, we report on international negotiations and broker knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all -- sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD receives financial support from the governments of Canada and Manitoba, governments of other countries, UN agencies, foundations and the private sector. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501 (c) (3) status in the U.S. Copyright © 1999 International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development All rights reserved Printed in Canada Copies are available from IISD. This publication is printed on recycled paper. International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: (204) 958-7700 Fax: (204) 958-7710 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://iisd.ca Table of Contents 1. TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF VIETNAM.5 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................5 EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................5 THREE RELATED ISSUES..............................................................................................................................................9 SOME OUTSTANDING ISSUES FOR VIETNAM'S IMPLEMENTATION OF MEAS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ...........................................................................................................................................11 CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................11 2. INTEGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES FOR VIETNAM .................................13 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................13 VIETNAM AND THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION .............................................................13 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR VIETNAM IN THE INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESS .........................15 ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS.........................................................................................................................................................16 3. THE GENERAL PICTURE: INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPANSION AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION IN VIETNAM..................................................................................................................................21 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................21 HOW TO DEAL WITH THIS ISSUE IN VIETNAM? ..........................................................................................................21 EXISTING IMPORT-EXPORT STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................23 TRADE MANAGEMENT POLICIES ..............................................................................................................................23 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN VIETNAM'S COMMERCE ..................................................................................................25 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS IN TRADE EXPANSION .........................................................................................................27 VIETNAM’S ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES....................................................................................................................27 RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM............28 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND VIETNAM'S INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY PRODUCTS ..............................................................................................31 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................31 RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE OF VIETNAM ..........................................................................................31 PROBLEMS CONCERNING AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................31 SOME CULTIVATION MEASURES THAT IMPROVE PRODUCTION WHILE PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT....................32 5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATING TO VIETNAM’S INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ......................................................................................................................................36 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN VIETNAM ....................................................................................................................36 STATE OF INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT AND MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.....................................37 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................38 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND TRADE..............................................................................................................39 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................40 6. ECO-LABELING, EMS CERTIFICATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPANSION OF VIETNAM....................................................................................................................................41 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................................................41 ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING AND VIETNAM'S AWARENESS......................................................................................43 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF APPLICATION OF ISO14000 EMS IN VIETNAM..........................................43 VIETNAM'S PROJECT ON APPLICATION OF ISO14000 EMS .......................................................................................45 7. APPLICATION OF ISO14000 AND CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRADING ENTERPRISES OF VIETNAM................................................................................................................................49 THE ISO14000 SERIES..............................................................................................................................................50 GENERAL BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................................52 IMPACTS ON TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT...................................................................................................................53 APPLICATION OF ISO 14001: BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ..................................................................55 APPLICATION OF ISO14001: CREATING CERTAIN ADVANTAGES IN DOING BUSINESS ...............................................55 SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF ISO14001 EMS BY IMPORT-EXPORT ENTERPRISES................56 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................61 8. CASE STUDY: COFFEE EXPORTS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS.............................................63 COFFEE PRODUCTION AND TRADING IN THE WORLD .................................................................................................63
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