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United States Department of New Pest Response Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Guidelines Inspection Service Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Cooperating State Departments of Agriculture The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of any individuals income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication o program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This document is not intended to be complete and exhaustive. It provides a foundation based upon available literature to assist in the development of appropriate and relevant regulatory activities. Some key publications were not available at the time of writing, and not all specialists and members of the research community were consulted in the preparation of this document. References to commercial suppliers or products should not be construed as an endorsement of the company or product by the USDA. All uses of pesticides must be registered or approved by appropriate Federal, State, and/or Tribal agencies before they can be applied. The information provided on pesticide labels may not reflect all of the actual information, including precautions and instructions for use, which you are required to follow in your specific State or locality. It is the responsibility of persons intending to use a pesticide to read and abide by the label, including labeling approved for the particular State or locality in which the chemical is to be used, and to comply with all Federal, State, Tribal, and local laws and regulations relating to the use of the pesticide. APHIS program staffs are responsible for their compliance with applicable environmental regulations. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. First Edition Issued 2010 Contents 1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Contents 1-i Figures 1-v Tables 1-vii Acknowledgements 2-ix Writers ix Contributors ix Assistance, Guidance and Review ix Cover Image ix Introduction 1-1 Contents 1 Purpose 1 Users 2 Pest Status 2 Contacts 3 Initiating an Emergency Pest Response Program 3 Prevention 5 Scope 5 Authorities 6 Program Safety 6 Support for Program Decisionmaking 6 How to Use the Guidelines 7 Conventions 7 Pest Information 2-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Classification 2 Distribution and Detections 2 Potential Distribution 5 Economic Importance and Impact 5 Damage to Host Plants 6 Health Risks 8 Behavior and Reproduction 8 Identification 3-1 Survey Procedures 4-1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Preparation, Sanitization, and Clean-up 2 5/2011-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods i Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents Survey Season and Timing 3 Survey Types 5 Detection Survey 5 Delimiting Survey 8 Monitoring Survey 10 Traceback and Trace-Forward Survey 10 Visual Inspection 11 Trapping 15 Collection and Preparation of Specimens 17 Training Survey Personnel 18 Equipment 19 Survey Records 19 Regulatory Procedures 5-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Instructions to Officials 1 Regulatory Actions and Authorities 2 Tribal Governments 3 Overview of Regulatory Program After Detection 4 Record-Keeping 4 Issuing an Emergency Action Notification 5 Regulated Area Requirements Under Regulatory Control 5 Establishing a Federal Regulatory Area or Action 5 Regulatory Records 6 Use of Chemicals 6 Control Procedures 6-1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Emergency Programs 2 Treatment Options 2 Efficacy of Treatment 3 Site Assessment 4 Safeguarding Against Artificial Movement 6 Treatment Zones 7 Molluscicides 7 Cultural Controls 10 Control in Commercial Nurseries 14 Environmental Compliance 7-1 Content 1 Introduction 1 Overview 1 National Environmental Policy Act 2 Categorical Exclusion 2 Environmental Impact Statement 2 ii Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods 5/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents Environmental Assessment 3 Environmental Monitoring 3 Biological Assessment 4 Pathways 8-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Interceptions 2 Countries of Origin 3 Destinations 4 Risk 4 Prevention 4 References References-1 Publications, Web Sites, and Other 1 Glossary Glossary-1 Appendix A A-1 Appendix B B-1 Contents 1 Gastropod Detection Survey Data Sheet 2 Pre-Survey Interview 4 PPQ 391 Specimens For Determination 8 PPQ 523 Emergency Action Notification 13 Appendix C C-1 Appendix D D-1 Background 1 Taxonomic Support and Survey Activity 1 Sorting and Screening 2 Resources for Sorting, Screening, and Identification 2 Other Entities for Taxonomic Assistance in Surveys 3 Final Confirmations 5 Digital Images for Confirmation of Domestic Detections 7 Communication of Results 7 Data Entry 7 Index Index-1 5/2011-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods iii Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents iv Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods 5/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Figures 1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Figure 4-1 Circle Drawn Around the Epicenter 4-9 Figure 4-2 Example of a Delimitation Zone Including Three Epicenters 4-9 Figure 4-3 Plot Survey Tool (left) and Platform Trap (right) 4-14 Figure 6-1 Example of a Map using Grids to Divide Infestations into Manageable Units 6-6 Figure B-1 Example of PPQ 391 Specimens For Determination [side 1] B-8 Figure B-2 Example Of PPQ 391 Specimens For Determination [Side 2] B-9 Figure B-3 Example of PPQ 523 B-13 Figure C-1 Procedures for Submitting Survey Samples to Domestic and Other Identifiers, page 1 C-2 Figure C-2 Procedures for Submitting Survey Samples to Domestic and Other Identifiers, page 2 C-3 Figure C-3 Procedures for Submitting Survey Samples to Domestic and Other Identifiers, page 3 C-4 Figure C-4 Procedures for Submitting Survey Samples to Domestic and Other Identifiers, page 4 C-5 5/2011-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods v Emergency and Domestic Programs Figures vi Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods 5/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Tables 1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Table 1-1 How to Use Decision Tables 1-8 Table 2-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods in the Family Ariophantidae 2-2 Table 2-2 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods in the Family Veronicellidae 2-2 Table 2-3 Distribution and Detections of Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods in the Families Ariophantidae and Veronicellidae 2-4 Table 4-1 Survey Tools for Detection Surveys 4-6 Table 4-2 Levels of Expertise for Survey Personnel 4-18 Table 8-1 Interceptions of Six Species of Invasive Tropical Terrestrial Snails at U. S. Ports of Entry 1985 to 2009 (AQAS, 2010; Robinson, 2006) 8-3 Table A-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Resources A-2 Table B-1 Instructions for Completing PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination B-11 Table B-2 Instructions for Completing PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification B-15 Table D-1 PPQ Domestic Identifiers D-5 5/2011-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods vii Emergency and Domestic Programs Tables viii Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods 5/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Acknowledgements 2 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Writers Patricia S. Michalak, Writer/Editor, USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs (EDP), Frederick, Maryland Talitha Price, Biological Science Technician, USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, North Carolina Contributors Mark Hitchcox, Pest Survey Specialist, USDA-APHIS-Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Portland, Oregon Edward Jones, Statistician, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, North Carolina Brian Sullivan, Plant Health Safeguarding Specialist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Detroit, Michigan Tim Stevens, PPQ Officer, USDA-APHIS-PPQ Wilmington, NC Assistance, Guidance and Review Matt Ciomperlik, Entomologist/Biological Control Specialist, USDA–APHIS–PPQ–CPHST, Mission, Texas David Robinson, National Malacologist, USDA–APHIS–PPQ, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jim Smith, Entomologist/Risk Analyst, USDA–APHIS–PPQ–CPHST, Raleigh, North Carolina Cover Image Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer), David Robinson 05/2011-1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods ix Emergency and Domestic Programs Acknowledgements x Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods 05/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs 1 Introduction 1 Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods Contents Purpose 1-1 Users 1-2 Pest Status 1-2 Contacts 1-3 Initiating an Emergency Pest Response Program 1-3 Prevention 1-5 Scope 1-5 Authorities 1-6 Program Safety 1-6 Support for Program Decisionmaking 1-6 How to Use the Guidelines 1-7 Conventions 1-7 Purpose Use New Pest Response Guidelines: Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods as a guide when designing a program to detect, monitor, control, contain, or eradicate an infestation of tropical terrestrial gastropods in the United States and collaborating territories. 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  • In Vitro Production and Biocontrol Potential of Nematodes Associated with Molluscs

    In Vitro Production and Biocontrol Potential of Nematodes Associated with Molluscs

    In vitro production and biocontrol potential of nematodes associated with molluscs by Annika Pieterse Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Nematology in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Co-supervisor: Professor Antoinette Paula Malan Co-supervisor: Doctor Jenna Louise Ross March 2020 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This dissertation includes one original paper published in a peer-reviewed journal. The development and writing of the paper was the principal responsibility of myself and, for each of the cases where this is not the case, a declaration is included in the dissertation indicating the nature and extent of the contributions of co-authors. March 2020 Copyright © 2020 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved II Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Prof Antoinette Malan and Dr Jenna Ross. This thesis would not have been possible without their help, patience and expertise. I am grateful for the opportunity to have been part of this novel work in South Africa. I would like to thank Prof. Des Conlong for welcoming me at SASRI in KwaZulu-Natal and organizing slug collections with local growers, as well as Sheila Storey for helping me transport the slugs from KZN.
  • Sarasinula Spp.*

    Sarasinula Spp.*

    Sarasinula spp.* *In April 2013, the family Veronicellidae, a target on the 2013 and 2014 AHP Prioritized Pest Lists, was broken down into six genera of concern, including Sarasinula spp. Information in the datasheet may be at the family, genus, or species level. Information for specific species within the genus is included when known and relevant; other species may occur in the genus and are still reportable at the genus level. Portions of this document were taken directly from the New Pest Response Guidelines for Tropical Terrestrial Gastropods (USDA-APHIS, 2010a). *Information for specific species within the genus is included when known and relevant. Other species may occur in the genus and are still reportable at the genus level. Figure 1. Sarasinula plebeia on Phaseolus spp. Scientific Names (bean) in Honduras (Frank Peairs, Colorado State Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1871) University, Bugwood.org). Sarasinula linguaeformis (Semper, 1885) Synonyms: Sarasinula plebeia Vaginulus plebeius Fischer, 1868 Sarasinula dubia (Semper, 1885) Common Name No common name, leatherleaf slugs Sarasinula plebeia: Caribbean leatherleaf slug, bean slug Figure 2. Sarasinula plebeia on Phaseolus spp. (bean) in Honduras (Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Type of Pest Bugwood.org). Mollusk Last update: August 2014 1 Taxonomic Position Class: Gastropoda, Order: Systellommatophora, Family: Veronicellidae Reason for Inclusion in Manual CAPS Target: AHP Prioritized Pest List for FY 2011 – 2015* *Originally listed under the family Veronicellidae. Pest Description Veronicellidae are anatomically distinct from many other terrestrial slugs in that they have a posterior anus, eyes on contractile tentacles, and no pulmonate lung. The sensory tentacles are bilobed. This family also lacks a mantel cavity (Runham and Hunter, 1970).