Summer School Reader “Building Training and Analytical Capacities on Migration in Moldova and Georgia (GOVAC)” project Summer School, June 24 - 29, 2012 GOVAC Project Summer School Reader A collection of research papers and/or summaries of research papers drafted by the participants of the GOVAC Project, Summer School in Georgia, June 24 – 29, 2012 Prepared and edited by Prof. Peter van Krieken (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) and the International Centre for Migration Policy Development GOVAC project team (Programme Manager Mr. Martin Hofmann, Senior Policy Adviser Ms. Alenka Prvinsek Persoglio, Project Manager Ms. Violeta Wagner, and Project Assistant Ms. Xenia Pilipenko). Vienna - Austria GOVAC project is funded by the European Commission International Centre for Migration Policy Development • September 2012 Acknowledgements This reader is prepared as part of the “Building Training and Analytical Capacities on Migration in Moldova and Georgia (GOVAC)” project, which is funded by the European Commission, some EU Member States and Switzerland. The research papers (or summaries of research papers) published in this reader are drafted by the participants of the GOVAC Summer School – students of Moldovan State University and Tbilisi State University. The responsibility for the research rests solely with the authors of the papers. This publication was initiated, elaborated and prepared by Prof. Peter van Krieken (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) and the GOVAC project team (Ms. Violeta Wagner, Project Manager, and Ms. Xenia Pilipenko, Project Assistant). The GOVAC project team would like to express its gratitude to all participants of the Summer School for their contributions to the Summer School and this publication and, in particular, to the academic experts: Prof. Peter van Krieken (The Hague University of Applied Sciences; GOVAC project academia module co-ordinator), Prof. Philip Martin (University of California), Professors of the Moldovan State University: Mr. Valeriu Mosneaga, Ms. Aliona Rusnac, Ms. Diana Criclivaia, Mr. Michail Guzun; and Professors of the Tbilisi State University: Ms. Ketevan Khutsishvili and Ms. Ia Iashvili. A special thanks goes to the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) South Caucasus office (GOVAC project team: Mr. Guy Edmunds, Mr. Varlam Tchkuaseli and Ms. Ketevan Gorgoshidze) for their assistance in organizing the Summer School. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org International Centre for Migration Policy Development Austria, 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Commission, EU Member States and Switzerland. The content of this publication represents the research findings from individual authors and by no means reflect the views of the European Union, other donors and ICMPD. Printed and bound in Austria by OstWest Media ISBN: Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 CHAPTER 1. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES 11 1.1. Social Price of Emigration: Children and Elderly Left Behind, Cristina Avram, Liudmila Muscinscaia, Adriana Zbigli 11 Introduction 11 1. Causes of migration 12 2. General situation 13 3. Migration and children left behind 14 4. Migration effects 16 Conclusion 19 References 21 1.2. Migration from Georgia: Families left behind (SUMMARY), Tinatin Gvenetadze, Mariam Samkharadze 23 1.3. Trafficking in Human Beings as a Social Phenomenon, Lia Jalagania, Shalva Kenkebashvili 25 Abstract 25 1. Trafficking in human beings as a social phenomenon 25 2. Interaction between trafficking and migration 31 3. Integrated border management (IBM) and trafficking 36 Conclusion 37 References 38 CHAPTER 2. ECONOMICS 40 2.1.The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Migration Management, Nino Parsadanishvili 40 Introduction 40 1. Services covered by the GATS 40 2. The GATS Goals 41 3. The GATS Characteristics 42 4. MFN and NT 42 Conclusion 44 References 44 2.2. Demographic Challenges of Moldova for the Next Two Decades, Ana Formusatii, Anna Petrachi 46 Introduction 46 1. Present demographic situation 48 2. Present macroeconomic situation and forecasts 50 3. Demographic forecasts 53 Conclusion 56 References 56 2.3. Impact of Remittances on the Education of Children of Moldovan Emigrants, Dorina Cirlig, Alina Zotea 58 Introduction 58 1. Moldovan Migration: Background 59 2. Migration and development – theoretical discussion 62 Conclusion 67 References 69 CHAPTER 3. LAW 71 3.1. The Role of the State in Regulation of the Migration Processes, Alexei Cresniov 71 Introduction 71 1. The idea of state sovereignty and migration processes 72 2. Migration management and control 73 3. Migration processes and the state’s involvement in Moldova 76 Conclusion 78 References 78 3.2. Reflection on the 1951 Refugee Convention in Moldovan Legislation, Mircea Gladchi 80 Introduction 80 The analysis of the national legal framework in correlation with the Refugee Convention 80 Conclusions 86 References 86 3.3. The Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in Moldova during the Last Two Decades, Vlad Popa 87 Introduction 87 1. Concept of citizenship in the framework of the legislation and law as a science 88 2. Obtaining the citizenship of the Republic of Moldova 90 3. Multiple citizenship 93 Conclusion 94 References 95 3.4. Migration Management, Tea Gvasalia 96 Introduction 96 Migration management in Georgia 98 3.5. The Duties and Rights of Foreigners in Moldova, Constanta Vomisescu-Babin 101 Introduction 101 Research 102 Conclusion 108 References 109 3.6. The Principle of Non-Refoulement and its Application for Border Management in the European Union, Maia Gabuldani, Nino Karchava 110 1. The principle of non-refoulement and the evolution of the asylum policy in the EU 110 2. Non-refoulement in EU border management practice 111 Conclusion 115 References 115 CHAPTER 4. MEDIA 117 4.1. Media Tools to Raise Awareness on Relevance of Migration for Local Development, Victoria Puiu 117 Introduction 117 1. A brief review on the migration phenomenon in Moldova 118 2. Media and migration: general review 119 3. Tools, methods and strategies for raising awareness of migration for local development 120 Conclusion 123 4.2. Migration Glossary, Svetlana Tataru, Mircea Mitrofan 124 Introduction 124 Examples of definitions included in the glossary 124 References used in the glossary 127 ANNEX A: LIST OF ACRONYMS 128 ANNEX B: SUMMER SCHOOL AGENDA 130 ANNEX C: PARTICIPANTS OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL 135 ANNEX D: SUMMER SCHOOL PARTICIPANTS’ TESTIMONIALS 137 Foreword stimulated lively, in-depth debates, which were appreciated by all participants. Foreword It was agreed that the interesting papers might be published in a GOVAC project Summer School Reader, as one of the project outcomes. Some of the students, as a result of the Summer School, will receive an unpaid internship of up to three months with a state institution that is involved in migration management in Georgia or Moldova. By helping to build bridges between government and academia for strategy, policy and implementation purposes, the GOVAC project has seen its purposes brought to life. As part of the innovative “Building Training and Analytical Capacities on Migration in Moldova and The internships, lectures, presentations and Georgia (GOVAC)” project, a Summer School was discussions will be a source for future use (teaching, research) at the respective universities. The excellent interaction between students, professors and support, provided by ICMPD and the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), set the foundation for the success of the Summer School. The students hailed this Summer School as an event they thoroughly enjoyed and which should be repeated in the future. This reader contains research papers organized in Georgia from 24 - 29 June 2012. submitted by students. These published papers represent the views and More than thirty students of law, economics, journalism, conclusions made by their authors. It showcases the political sciences, social sciences and demographic students’ high level of interest in the field of migration. studies from both Georgia and Moldova participated in Governments often draw on academia for policy this one-week programme, thereby looking at choices in migration and strategy: How are migration issues from a multi-disciplinary angle. demographics involved? What are the economic and GOVAC project experts from the USA, the Netherlands, social advantages and disadvantages of migratory Georgia and Moldova guided the academic event. flows? Is approximation the right path for migration International Centre for Migration Policy Development management? Are the European directives written in (ICMPD) experts played a pivotal role. stone and are meant to be copied word-by-word, idea- The Summer School provided research-oriented, by-idea, concept-by-concept? How should the interdisciplinary and pro-active academic lectures, country’s specific background be reflected in the EU’s presentations and discussions related to migration and examples of best practices? Both, Georgia and asylum in general and the migration situation in Moldova - more than most other countries - know the Georgia and Moldova in particular. impact of migratory movements out of very first-hand. What has been their experience