DOCSLIB.ORG

Simulation of Circulation and Water Quality in Bellingham Bay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Simulation of Circulation and Water Quality in Bellingham Bay Simulation of Circulation and Water Quality in Bellingham Bay TARANG KHANGAONKAR & TAIPING WANG Coastal Ocean Modeling Program, Marine Sciences Division State of Bellingham Bay Research Symposium, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 1/22/2015 March 6, 2015 1 Salish Sea Model – PNNL / Ecology / EPA Hydrodynamics and Water Quality Salish Sea Model (SSM) - Grid Surface salinity, 24-hr simulation Model Specifications April, 2006 Hydrodynamic Model Example FVCOM (Chen et al 2003) 3-D Baroclinic 10-layers, sigma coordinates Boundaries Strait of Juan de Fuca Strait of Georgia S, T, and Elevation Meteorology UW – WRF Model Hydrology River flows Watershed models Water Quality Model CE-QUAL-ICM / USACE FVCOM-ICM (Kim and Khangaonkar 2011) Nutrients, phytoplankton/algae, carbon, DO, …. 19 variables Benthic fluxes Boundary loads based on DFO monitoring data Point source loads (99)… Salish Sea Model (Khangaonkar et al. 2011, 2012) – http://pugetsound.pnnl.gov/ 2 Salish Sea Model application Effect of future hydrology & loads 10000 Puget Sound Inflow, m3/s Georgia Basin Inflow, m3/s Total Inflow, m3/s Future climate assessment (UW/CIG) 8000 GCM simulations of IPCC AR4 scenarios 6000 (B1, B2, A1B, B2, A1F1) downscaled VIC hydrologic model application (A1B) m3/s Flow, 4000 Periods 1915 - 2006 & 2010 - 2069 2000 Year 2070 ≈19% flow increase from 2006 0 Future nutrient pollution loads (Ecology) 2006 2007 2008 2020 2040 2070 Hydrologic analysis (Year 2070) Year Projected watershed use Projected population growth ≈100% increase of marine point source loads ≈ 40% increase in watershed loads • Hamlet et al. (2010), Lee and Hamlet (2013) • Mohamedali et al. (2013) - Nutrient Loads • Khangaonkar et al. 2012 - DO Model • Roberts et al. (2014) - Ecology report on model scenarios http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/PugetSound/DOM odel.html 3 Salish Sea Model application Effect of projected sea level rise (SLR) [National Research Council. 2012. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future] 4 Effect on estuarine exchange flow Inflow of ocean water to Salish Sea Exchange flow into Strait of Juan de Fuca - 2070 loads and 2070 SLR of 0.77 m Increase ≈ 4% Exchange flow into Puget Sound - 2070 loads and 2070 SLR of 0.77 m Increase ≈ 5% 5 Effect on salinity Bellingham Bay [0.77 m SLR + 2070 loads +2070 Ocean] 6 Future projections of DO and nitrate Pacific Ocean boundary Parameter 2020 2040 2070 Source Dissolved Oxygen -0.32 -0.78 -1.47 Pierce et al. (2012) and (-0.023 mg/L/yr) mg/L mg/L mg/L Whitney et al. (2007) Nitrate 0.02 0.05 0.09 Ecology analysis (0.00133 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L/yr) Temperature 0.14 °C 0.34 °C 0.64 °C Whitney et al. (2007) (0.01 °C/yr) Salinity* -0.05 -0.12 -0.23 Whitney et al. (2007) (-0.0036 PSU/yr) PSU PSU PSU [Roberts et al. 2014. Puget Sound and the Straits Dissolved Oxygen Assessment. Impacts of Current and Future Human Nitrogen Sources and Climate Change through 2070. Ecology Publication No. 14-03-007] 7 Effect on (NO3+NO2) Bellingham Bay [0.77 m SLR + 2070 loads +2070 Ocean] 8 Effect on DO Bellingham Bay [0.77 m SLR + 2070 loads +2070 Ocean] 9 Salish Sea Model application Flushing analysis Estimate of residence time Bellingham Bay e-folding flushing / residence test Day 1 ≈ 194 days Day 8 Day 194 March 6, 2015 10 High Resolution Bellingham Bay Model (Bellingham Bay Action Team) Simulation of Oceanographic Parameters in Bellingham Bay Improve understanding of fish migration pathways Oceanographic Data Collection Hart Crowser (August 2009) June 10 to June 26, 2009 Survey Data Nooksack Bathymetry Tidal Elevations (T1-T7) Currents (C1-C4) Temperature Salinity T-S profiles during deployment and recovery Bathymetry and cross sections near Nooksack River mouth March 6, 2015 11 Bellingham Bay Hydrodynamic Model - Fine scale grid Node = 19,301, Elements = 35,458, Nooksack tide flats – lidar data cell size = 20 m to 100 m Model calibration Tide Currents Station C3 - Surface Layer Station C3 - Surface Layer 1.2 1.2 Data Salinity 0.8 0.8 Model 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 -0.4 -0.4 Data East Velocity (m/s) Temperature -0.8 North Velocity(m/s) -0.8 Model -1.2 -1.2 6/10/09 6/14/09 6/18/09 6/22/09 6/26/09 6/10/09 6/14/09 6/18/09 6/22/09 6/26/09 Wang T, Yang Z, and T Khangaonkar. 2010. Development of a Hydrodynamic and Transport Model of Bellingham Bay in Support of March 6, 2015 13 Nearshore Habitat Restoration. PNNL-19347 Model Results – River Plume Animation Particle tracking fish migration / oil spill pathways Simulation using NOAA – GNOME Oil Spill Modeling Environment March 6, 2015 15 Summary / Discussion Salish Sea Model (SSM) / Bellingham Bay Sub-basin Existing scenarios - 2006, 2007, and 2008 Future SLR and climate scenarios - Y2020, Y2040, Y2070 Bellingham Bay Model (BHM)– high resolution model (2009) Intertidal hydrodynamics Oil spill / particle tracking tool Characterization of influence of Fraser River … Accurate computation of residence / flushing time … Fish like particle / larvae tracking … Other research applications development needs … Local effects of nutrients and sediment loads Sediment diagenesis effects pH / ocean acidification impacts Submerged aquatic vegetation / eel grass March 6, 2015 16.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of a Hydrodynamic Model of Puget Sound and Northwest Straits
    PNNL-17161 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Development of a Hydrodynamic Model of Puget Sound and Northwest Straits Z Yang TP Khangaonkar December 2007 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062; ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: [email protected] Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 ph: (800) 553-6847 fax: (703) 605-6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm This document was printed on recycled paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Economy of the Lummi Indians of Northwest Washington
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 1969 Changes in the Economy of the Lummi Indians of Northwest Washington Don Newman Taylor Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Don Newman, "Changes in the Economy of the Lummi Indians of Northwest Washington" (1969). WWU Graduate School Collection. 918. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/918 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHANGES IN THE ECONOMT OF THE LUMMI INDIANS OF NORTHWEST WASHINGTON A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Western Washington State College In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Don Newman Taylor June, 1969 CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY OF THE LUMMI INDIANS OF NORTHWEST WASHINGTON by Don Newman Taylor Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Advisory Committee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is not long after embarking upon a study of this nature that one realizes but for the aid and cooperation of others, little would be accomplished. The number involved in this inquiry seem legion—to the point that the author, upon reflection, feels he has been little more than a compiler of data and ideas emanating from other sources, Althou^ it is impossible to name all concerned here, the author wishes to thank those who have assisted in this investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13 -- Puget Sound, Washington
    514 Puget Sound, Washington Volume 7 WK50/2011 123° 122°30' 18428 SKAGIT BAY STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA S A R A T O 18423 G A D A M DUNGENESS BAY I P 18464 R A A L S T S Y A G Port Townsend I E N L E T 18443 SEQUIM BAY 18473 DISCOVERY BAY 48° 48° 18471 D Everett N U O S 18444 N O I S S E S S O P 18458 18446 Y 18477 A 18447 B B L O A B K A Seattle W E D W A S H I N ELLIOTT BAY G 18445 T O L Bremerton Port Orchard N A N 18450 A 18452 C 47° 47° 30' 18449 30' D O O E A H S 18476 T P 18474 A S S A G E T E L N 18453 I E S C COMMENCEMENT BAY A A C R R I N L E Shelton T Tacoma 18457 Puyallup BUDD INLET Olympia 47° 18456 47° General Index of Chart Coverage in Chapter 13 (see catalog for complete coverage) 123° 122°30' WK50/2011 Chapter 13 Puget Sound, Washington 515 Puget Sound, Washington (1) This chapter describes Puget Sound and its nu- (6) Other services offered by the Marine Exchange in- merous inlets, bays, and passages, and the waters of clude a daily newsletter about future marine traffic in Hood Canal, Lake Union, and Lake Washington. Also the Puget Sound area, communication services, and a discussed are the ports of Seattle, Tacoma, Everett, and variety of coordinative and statistical information.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy and Chronology of Raised Marine Terraces, Bay View Ridge, Skagit County, Washington Robert T
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 1978 Stratigraphy and Chronology of Raised Marine Terraces, Bay View Ridge, Skagit County, Washington Robert T. Siegfried Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Siegfried, Robert T., "Stratigraphy and Chronology of Raised Marine Terraces, Bay View Ridge, Skagit County, Washington" (1978). WWU Graduate School Collection. 788. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/788 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Bellingham, Washington 98225 • [206] 676-3000 MASTER'S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree at Western Washington University, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying" of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, shall not be allowed without my written permission. 7 7 Robert T. Siegfried MASTER'S THESIS In presenting thisthesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements fora master's degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronicformat, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Setting
    Chapter 2: Community Setting Many of the core characteristics and values that bring 2.1 Location, Topography and Temperature residents, businesses Bellingham is located in northwest Washington on the shore of and visitors to Bellingham Bay. The south and east boundaries of the urban area abut the slopes of Stewart, Lookout, and Chuckanut Bellingham lie in the Mountains, at the edge of the Cascade foothills that frame Mount vast natural Baker. resources within and surrounding the city. Topography ranges from sea level to about 500 feet above Puget Sound on the hilltops around Bellingham. Elevation increases to 3,050 feet at the top of Stewart Mountain, and eventually to 10,785 at the top of Mount Baker. The landform is generally flat to rolling within the urban growth area, though the plateau edge overlooking Bellingham Bay can drop off abruptly in slopes ranging from 40% to 75%. Mean temperatures vary from a high of 73 degrees in July to a low of 31 degrees Fahrenheit in January. Average annual precipitation is about 35 inches. Approximately 80% of the precipitation occurs from October through March with less than 6% falling during the summer months. Following is a list of environmental features that are found in and around the Bellingham Urban Area. 2.2 Water 2.2.1 Creeks Three major creeks and three minor ones drain the Bellingham area. These are: • Squalicum Creek – A major creek that starts in the Nooksack Valley and flows southwest to the mouth of Bellingham Bay. • Whatcom Creek – A major creek that drains from the northwest end of Lake Whatcom west into Bellingham Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lummi Nation -- WRIA 1 (Mountains to the Sea)
    The Lummi Nation -- WRIA 1 (Mountains to the Sea) WRIA 1 is 1410 square miles in area: 832 square miles of WRIA 1 is in the Nooksack River watershed, the largest single watershed in the WRIA. Forty-nine square miles of the Nooksack watershed is in Canada. It has three main forks: the North, Middle, and South that Bellingham originate in the steep high-elevation headwaters of the North Cascades and flow westerly descending into flats of the Puget lowlands.The North and Middle Forks are glacial rivers and originate from Mount Baker. The South Fork is a snow/rain fed river and Watersheds of originates from the non-glaciated slope of theTwin Sisters peaks. The WRIA 01 Middle Fork flows into the North Fork upstream of where the North Fork confluences with the South Fork to form the mainstem Nooksack River. The mainstem then flows as a low-gradient, low-elevation river until discharging through the Lummi Nation and into Bellingham Bay. Historically, the Nooksack River alternated between discharging into Bellingham Bay, and flowing through the Lummi River and discharging into Lummi Bay (Collins and Sheikh 2002). The Nooksack River has five anadromous salmon species: pink, chum , Chinook , coho, sockeye; and three anadromous trout: steelhead, cutthroat and bull trout (Williams et al. 1975; Cutler et al. 2003). Drayton Blaine Harbor Whatcom County Lynden Land Zoning Everson Birch Bay Nooksack R. Urban Growth Area 4% of total land use NF Nooksack R. Agriculture Ferndale 8% of total land use Rural Residential Bellingham Deming 12% of total land use Lummi Lummi R.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Geologic Map of the Mount Baker 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary Geologic Map of the Mount Baker 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington by R.W. Tabor1 , R.A. Haugerud2, D.B. Booth3, and E.H. Brown4 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, Washington, 98504 OPEN FILE REPORT 94-403 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S.Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. iu.S.G.S., Menlo Park, California 94025 2U.S.G.S., University of Washington, AJ-20, Seattle, Washington 98195 3SWMD, King County Department of Public Works, Seattle, Washington, 98104 ^Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 INTRODUCTION The Mount Baker 30- by 60-minute quadrangle encompasses rocks and structures that represent the essence of North Cascade geology. The quadrangle is mostly rugged and remote and includes much of the North Cascade National Park and several dedicated Wilderness areas managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Geologic exploration has been slow and difficult. In 1858 George Gibbs (1874) ascended the Skagit River part way to begin the geographic and geologic exploration of the North Cascades. In 1901, Reginald Daly (1912) surveyed the 49th parallel along the Canadian side of the border, and George Smith and Frank Calkins (1904) surveyed the United States' side. Daly's exhaustive report was the first attempt to synthesize what has become an extremely complicated geologic story.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Waters Puget Sound
    2014 overview puget sound MARINE WATERS 2014 overview puget sound MARINE WATERS Editors: Stephanie Moore, Rachel Wold, Kimberle Stark, Julia Bos, Paul Williams, Ken Dzinbal, Christopher Krembs, and Jan Newton Produced by NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center for the Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program’s Marine Waters Workgroup Front Cover Photos Credit: Heath Bohlmann, Emily Burke, Stephanie Eckard, Steven Gnam, Gabriela Hannach, Christopher Krembs, Erin Spencer, Kim Stark, Breck Tyler, and Rachel Wold. Citation & Contributors Recommended citation: PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup. 2015. Puget Sound marine waters: 2014 overview. S. K. Moore, R. Wold, K. Stark, J. Bos, P. Williams, K. Dzinbal, C. Krembs and J. Newton (Eds). URL: http://www.psp. wa.gov/PSEMP/PSmarinewatersoverview.php. Contact email: [email protected]. Photo credit: Susan Streckler. Contributors: Adam Lindquist Ed Connor Ken Warheit Pete Dowty Adrienne Sutton Emily Burke Kimberle Stark Peter Hodum Aileen Jeffries Gabriela Hannach Kurt Stick R. Walt Deppe Al Devol Gregory S. Schorr Laura Hermanson Rachel Wilborn Amanda Winans Heath Bohlmann Laura Wigand Johnson Richard Feely Amelia Kolb Helen Berry Lyndsey Swanson Robin Kodner Barry Berejikian Jan Newton M. Bradley Hanson Sandie O’Neill BethElLee Herrmann Jed Moore Mari A. Smultea Sarah Courbis Breck Tyler Jeff Campbell Martin Chen Scott Pearson Candice K. Emmons Jennifer Runyan Matthew Alford Simone Alin Carol Maloy Jerry Borchert Matthew Baker Skip Albertson Catherine Cougan Jerry Joyce Megan Moore Stephanie Moore Cheryl Greengrove John Calambokidis Meghan Cronin Steve Jeffries Chris Ellings John Mickett Michael Schmidt Susan Blake Christopher Krembs Joseph Evenson Mike Crewson Suzanne Shull Christopher Sabine Jude Apple Mya Keyzers Sylvia Musielewicz Ciara Asamoto Julia Bos Natasha Christman Teri King Clara Hard Julianne Ruffner Nathalie Hamel Thomas Good Damon M.
    [Show full text]
  • Sehome Hill Arboretum Master Plan Update
    MASTER PLAN UPDATE SEHOME \ HILL ARBORETUM Prepared for the City of Bellingham, Washington And Western Washington University Sehome Arboretum Board Members: Merrill Peterson - Chairman Bill Managan Byron Elmendorf Carolyn Wilhite Dave Engebretson Kevin Burke Marvin Harris Michael Steed Pam Terhorst Paul Brower Paul Leuthold Tim Wynn Consulting Master Planners: JGM Landscape Architects David McNeal, F ASLA Michael Brown Linda Dart List of Figures Master Plan Figure 1 Views Figure 2 Sign Systems Figure 3 Appendix A Master Plan Alternative 1 (No change) Master Plan Alternative 2 (Great Loop Plan) Master Plan Alternative 3 (Radial Plan) Entrance Existing Conditions Entrance Option A Entrance Option B Entrance Option C Views View Clearing View Bridge Entrance Portal Sitting Stones Sign Systems Appendix B Comments from Open House #1 Appendix C Comments from Open House #2 Appendix D Comments from Open House #3 Appendix E Preliminary Opinion of Probable Construction Cost Incorporated P.S. Site Planning Principals: David McNeal, FASLA Urban Design Theodore Wall, ASLA Park and Recreation Planning Associate: Craig Lewis, ASLA September 12, 2002 Mr. Marvin Harris Parks Operations Manger Parks Operations Center 1400 Woburn Street Bellingham, WA 98226 Re: Sehome Hill Arboretum Master Plan Update Dear Mr. Harris: We are pleased to submit this Master Plan Update for Sehome Hill Arboretum. The plan documents the process of examination and evaluation of our staff, the Arboretum Board and the community-at-large. The Plan updates the previous plans by responding to changing conditions surrounding the Arboretum and use patterns within the Arboretum. Simultaneously, the Plan remains steadfast to the Sehome Hill Arboretum Policy, as jointly approved by the City Council of the City of Bellingham and the Board of Trustees of Western Washington University.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes-Of-The-Salish-Sea-Pp18.Pdf
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 18 Fishes of the Salish Sea: a compilation and distributional analysis Theodore W. Pietsch James W. Orr September 2015 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce Papers NMFS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientifi c Editor Administrator Richard Langton National Marine Fisheries Service National Marine Northeast Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Service Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Science and Technology Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientifi c Publications Offi ce 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service - The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is published by the Scientifi c Publications Offi ce, National Marine Fisheries Service, The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, fl ora and fauna studies, and data- Seattle, WA 98115. intensive reports on investigations in fi shery science, engineering, and economics. The Secretary of Commerce has Copies of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series are available free in limited determined that the publication of numbers to government agencies, both federal and state. They are also available in this series is necessary in the transac- exchange for other scientifi c and technical publications in the marine sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyes Over Puget Sound Summary Critters & Divers Climate & Streams Combined Factors Marine Water Aerial Photos Data Surface Conditions Report: March 11, 2021
    Publication No. 21-03-072 Eyes Over Puget Sound Summary Critters & divers Climate & streams Combined factors Marine water Aerial photos Data Surface Conditions Report: March 11, 2021 Up-to-date observations of water quality conditions in Puget Sound and coastal bays Summary conditions at a glance Summary Critters & divers Climate & streams Combined factors Marine water Aerial photos Data Picture by: Jesse Miller Secrets of the Dead, p. 3 Leftover Mud Helps Recreate Puget Sound’s Past. UNIT Margaret Dutch Climate & streams, p. 6-10- We are in a weakening La Niña. February was cold and wet and rivers washed sediments into Puget Sound. In March, rivers are running near normal and carry clear water. At the coast downwelling has stopped. Tyler Burks, Skip Albertson People send their observations, p. 4. 43, p. Divers share their amazing pictures in the waters of Puget Sound. It’s a good time to go diving. MARINE MONITORING MONITORING MARINE Thank you to many The Aerial photography, p. 13-4242 TERM From mystery clouds of sediment to oil sheens. In the - season of coldest water temperatures the productive season has already started and patches of jellyfish Dr. Christopher Krembs patches are visible. LONG Editor: Dr. Christopher Krembs, editorial assistance: Valerie Partridge, Elisa Rauschl. Eyes Under Puget Sound 3-11-2021 Summary Critters & divers Climate & streams Combined factors Marine water Aerial photos Data Secrets of the Dead: Leftover Mud Helps Recreate Puget Sound’s Past One program’s trash is another’s treasure… Normally when our team sorts all the animals out of our mud samples, the leftovers go into the waste bin.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Bellingham National Guard Armory 525 N
    A HISTORY OF THE BELLINGHAM NATIONAL GUARD ARMORY 525 N. State Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 By Taylor Russell All pictures courtesy of the Whatcom Museum’s Photo Archives For thousands of years, the area surrounding Bellingham Bay was inhabited by the Coast Salish people. Local tribes such as the Lummi Indians made use of the natural waterways and abundant resources, like trees and fish. In the early 19th century, Euro-American settlers were attracted to these same resources and the Bay’s convenient location between the burgeoning metropolises of Vancouver, Victoria, and Seattle. The first permanent settlers, Captains Henry Roeder and Russell Peabody, arrived in December 1852 and opened a mill at Whatcom Creek. The environment and demographics rapidly changed as more mills and lumberyards, mines, and fish canneries sprouted along the shore, serviced by well- connected trade and transportation networks. Four separate towns developed around the bay, fueled in part by the miners, settlers, and entrepreneurs en route to the Fraser Canyon goldfields in nearby British Columbia. As more and more settlers flooded the Puget Sound area, Coast Salish people, many travelling from distant Canadian and Russian territories, frequently attacked the new town sites, disrupting Euro-Americans’ industries. This motivated the United States government to build military strongholds in the Northwest to protect the many settlements, like those at Port Townsend, Whidbey Island, and Bellingham Bay, from Indian attacks. In 1856, the US Army sent Captain George Pickett to build Fort Bellingham to defend the resources and Fort Bellingham, built in 1856. developing towns on the bay. The fort would be the first instance of a national military presence in the Bellingham area.
    [Show full text]