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Scottish Middle Bronze Age Metalwork1 SCOTTISH MIDDLE BRONZ METALWORKE EAG 1 by JOHN M. COLES, F.S.A.SGOT. INTRODUCTION THE metalwor e Scottisth f ko h Middle Bronzt no eB.C. 0 Ages 80 ha . ,. 140 c c , o 0t receive overaly dan l treatment since Anderson's wor books i886.n ki hi n ,I 2Ander - son drew particular attention to the gold objects of the period, but he also did not neglec range th t bronz f eo e equipment. Since this date amoune th , materiaf o t s ha l been augmenter understandin ou finds w d ne an , y chronologicas db it f go l implica- tions has also been expanded. In 1923 the associated finds were published in a corpu ScottisCallandee y sb th Periof s o hi hI s a dII Bronzr hoards7 es Age.hi f , O 3 Middle considerew th f no o ee e onl b Bronzar yo d5 t e dividee Ageh s hoare a , don d into two, and included some of the metal from Traprain Law now believed to be wholly of the Late Bronze Age. In the following years, Childe's two surveys of Scottish prehistory touched briefly upon Middle Bronze Age metalwork, as does Piggott's recent study of the prehistoric peoples of Scotland.4 Nevertheless no specific study of this period has been published, and no corpus of the available material exists presene Th . t wor designes kwa materiale th includo dt f o t l bu ,al e facn i probabls i t yr cen onlpe t5 ycomplete9 . The arrangement of the material is slightly different from that adopted in a previous paper on the metalwork of the Late Bronze Age.6 Instead of a more or less continuous narrative, here the different metal types are examined in isolation, before an attempt is made to group the traditions into a chronological scheme. The major difficult thin yi s studlace associateth f ko s y i d finds, which forcerelo t typn ys o u s- ology to a great extent, unlike the earlier and later Bronze Age where hoards or other associations are more numerous. Where possible, both qualitative and quan- titative methods have been used to divide the material into groups. The other major gap in our knowledge, which is not bridged here, is the absolute lack of cohesion between the metalwork of the Middle Bronze Age and the contemporary cinerary pottery. Only the razors, awls and miscellaneous blades can be associated with such potterybule th heavf ko d an y, equipment hardly impinges upon this development. Unti Middlthe l e Bronz pottereAge Scotlanyof publishedis regionafulldin and , l groups distinguished, we are unable to attempt to correlate the regional metal in- dustries with this aspect of culture in the late second millennium B.C. pape e bule th f Th kro consist detailea f so d discussio specifif no c industrial equip- men ornamentsd an t , whic followes hi summara y db majoe th f yo r industrial tra- dition n Scotlandi s e corpuTh . s following contains list f objecto s typy d b s an e Societe 1Th y gratefully acknowledge grana s t fro Councie mth l for British Archaeology toward cose sth t of producing this paper. 2AndersonJ , Scotland Pagann i Times. The Bronze Stoned an Ages (1886). 3 P.S.A.S., LVII (1922-3), 134. 4 V. G. Childe, The Prehistory of Scotland (1935); Scotland before the Scots (1946); S. Piggott (ed.) The Pre- historic Peoples of Scotland (1962). 5 P.S.A.S., xoni (1959-60), 16. 82 SCOTTISH MIDDLE BRONZ3 8 METALWORE AG E K county separata d an , e catalogu f associateeo d finds thesn I . e latter respecte th s material is presented in the same fashion as the Late Bronze Age metalwork, and it is hope completo dt serie e comparabla eth y sb eEarle worth n yko Bronz e Aget I . should be noted that this threefold division of the Bronze Age is arbitrary, and the dividing line indistincte ar s e Middlth s a Lat,o et e transition demonstratese W . should expec samthe t e situatio earliethe nrfor boundary. FLANGED AXES AND PALSTAVES The flanged axes of the late second millennium B.C. in Scotland exhibit great variatio thein i r form, sizdecorationd ean . mosIndeede th f t o strikin e , thion s si g feature materiale th f so point d an , s mor fairla o et y large numbe industrief ro s than to only a few highly-organised centres from where axes were sent out in trade. Al- though there is only one 'matched set' of axes, from the same mould, there do seem to be a number of fairly restricted regional styles and types. As ther ver e associatew ear y fe d finds incorporating this material muse w , t rely upon typolog greaa o yt t exten assiso t t determininn i t relative gth e chronologf yo bronze th e industries possibles a r fa s ,A .bot h qualitativ quantitativd ean e methods have been combined to produce this classification of flanged axes.1 Such aspects as decoration, loop bladd an s e recurvature have been recorded merel presens ya r o t absent, while other element more sar e susceptibl quantitativa o et e approach; these include flange length, blade width, axe width at the centre, thickness within the septum and below the septum, height of flanges, as well as other definable aspects. Although the flanged axes exhibit considerable variation, by combining certain specific observable features proves ha t i , d possibl divido et materiae eth l into homo- genous classes, wit littls ha e overla possibles pa forgottee t b musI .t no t n however that the evolution of these axes was not to a set and regular stepped pattern, but was mor n 'organica e ' development with mino d majoan r r improvements occurring sporadically. We should therefore expect to find considerable overlap between the classes althoug n fachi y usin b t g rather broad division n eliminatca e w s e some problems of hybrid or transitional types. The shape and height of the flanges has proved the best feature for this broad division in the earlier material. e flangeTh dBritise axeth f so h Isles have never received full typological study. In Ireland, Eogan has touched upon this problem, Burgess has studied the Welsh material,3 while for England only Smith has considere2 d the evidence.4 Recently an overall typolog bees yha n devise relatione wor s basiButleth e y hi db n th f ko so n o rs betwee Britise nth h Islenortd san h western Europe.5 Butler describes five basic types of flat and flanged axe, and some of these have importann a t bearing upo e Scottisnth h s typologicamateriaa r fa s a l l classee ar s concerned. The first of his types is the developed flat axe, which may also be called narrow butted fla tMigdale axeth f so e group t directlwhicd no an , o hd y concern us here. His second type is the low-flanged axe, an axe with flanges only one or two classificatioA e Scottisth f o n h flanged a foraxe f multivariany mo b s t analysi t presena s i s t being attempted1 . 2 J.R.S.A.I., xcn (1962), 45; P.P.S., xxx (1964), 268. 3 J. Flintshire Hist. Soc., xx (1962), 92. 5 4 P.P.S., xxv (1959), 144. Palaeohistoria, ix (1963), 27. 4 8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1963-64 millimetres high and probably hammered up, although Butler believes that the techniqu oftes ei n difficul deciphero t t . This typ onlo eto y concernquestioe th n i s snu origin e oMiddle fth th f so e Bronz note e flangee b y eAg d thama dr t i axesou tt bu , term 'low-flanged axe' does not mean the same as Butler's. His third type is called the high-flanged axe, an axe with cast flanges, and also of the Early Bronze Age. In southern Britain Arreto e thipara th s f si to n tradition problee Th . callinf mo g these axes 'high-flanged thas i ' t certainl Scotlann yi d ther 'higher-flangede ear ' axes. But- ler's high-flanged axes arer Scotlandfo , , equivalen r low-flangeou o t t d classe Th ! correlations are as follows: Butler Britton1 Coles (fig. i) developed flat axes Migdale group narrow butt flat axes (i) low-flanged axes Migdale group hammer-flanged axes (2, 5-6) high-flanged axes Arreton tradition low-flanged axe) (7 s Butler's fourth stopridge e typth s ei wite ax axeh'distinctla n a , y raised transversb eri in the centre'; this is not a palstave according to Butler who believes that the pal- stave shoul 'distinctle db y thicker' belo stopridge wth e than abov . eThiit s seemo st be a rather loose definition especially when we apply the defining terms to his fig. 10, 2 which has no apparent transverse rib of any appreciable height, or to the Bethys- yn-rhos, Denbighshire, axe, apparently of a 'North-west European' type, which has no trace of any stopridge at all. Butler's fifth and last type is the haft-flanged axe as defined latel Smithy yb whicd an commo,a s hi n for nortmn i h Britain. Butler's British-Irish palstave group e dividear s d intmaio otw n classes, broad- bladed narrow-bladedd (clasan ) sI (class II).e forme blada Th 2s ha er widening from stopridge th splayea o et d cutting edge whic generalls hi y 2-5 timee wids th sa s ea palstavwidte th stopridgee f hth o t ea latter'e Th .
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