Index

The numbers in bold type refer to Sections o f Part III, ‘ The Monuments9 :

I ‘ Extra Muros’ , Philippi 2 ‘ Agora’ Basilica, Thasos 3 St George, Thessalonica 4 Palace Octagon, Thessalonica 5 Dion 6 St Demetrius, Thessalonica 7 ‘ Acheiropoietos’, Thessalonica 8 Tumba, Thessalonica 9 10 Basilica o f Bishop Philip, Stobi II Cemetery Basilica, Stobi 12 Quatrefoil Baptistery Basilica, Stobi 13 Basilica A, Philippi 14 Hosios David, Thessalonica 15 ‘ Synagogue’ Basilica, Stobi 16 Cruciform Basilica, Thasos 17 Voskohoria 18 Palikura 19 Basilica B, Philippi 20 Churches around Canon Grad 21 Lipljan 22 Prizren 23 Suvodol 24 City o f Caričin Grad 25 Episcopal Basilica, Caričin Grad 26 Crypt Basilica, Caričin Grad 27 Cruciform Church, Caričin Grad 28 South-West Basilica, Caričin Grad 29 South Church, Caričin Grad 30 Konjuh 31 Bregovina 32 Ohrid 33 Studenčista and Radohsta 34 Oktisi

A bbott, G. F., 62 A kakios, St, 107-8 A bgar, King o f Edessa, 26 A kontisma, 51 A braham, 35 A lahan K ilisse (Koja Kalessi), Cilicia, Basilica, 42, 44, 191 A canthus (see Plants) A laric, King o f Visigoths, 74, 77, 78, 128 A chaemenians (see Persia) A lbania, 3, 50, 66 A chaia, 66, 77, 92 A lexander, Bishop o f Thessalonica A cholius, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 74, 75, 108 at Council o f Tyre, 68, 74 A chrida (see O hrid) at Council o f Nicaea, 68 A cts of the A postles, 52, 62-4, 65, 99 at Jerusalem, 68 A dam of B remen, 86 Converts Galerius’s daughter, 68-9 A d A quas, , 221 Founds church o f St Matrona, 145 A ddai and M ari, SS., E. Syrian Liturgy of, 27, 31, 101 A lexander Severus, Roman Emperor, 9 A diaman, Armenia, 85 A lexander the Great (356-323 b.c.), Figs. 1, 37 A donis, 57 Conquests of, vii, 4, 6, 8, 19, 51, 74 A drianople (Edirne), Thrace, Battle, 77 Legacy, 3 et seq. A driatic Sea to Macedonia, 4, 176 Coast, 51, 72, 89, 94 to Hellenistic world, 4-5, 15, 19, 20, 45, 119-20 Syrian sanctuaries, 30, 42-3 and Samothrace, 52 Syro-Mesopotamian liturgy introduced, 40-3 A lexandria A egae (Edessa), Greece, 49, 51, 72 Prominence in Hellenistic world, 4 A egean Sea University, 7 Centre of Greek world, 3, 4, 7 Links with India, 7, 19, 30 Gothic invasions, 72 Therapeutae, 13 Avar and Slav invasions, 92 Position and influence in Byzantine Empire, 19, 28-30, 73 A esculapius (see A sklepios) and Constantinople, 29-30, 73, 75 A etius, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 74 Patriarchate, 29-30, 73, 156 A fter-Life and D eath (see also Source of Eternal Life) Liturgy, 30-1, 77 Egyptian, 6 Influence on Thessalonica, 6 144, 154 Persian, 8 A lfred, King o f Wessex, 80 Indian, 11, 13 A liakmon, River, 3 Scythian, 19 A ltai, Central Asia, 58 Thracian, 50, 53, 57-8, 103, Figs. 30, 31 A ltar East Macedonian cults, 62, 64 Pagan, 53, 54, 59, 134, Pi. 6 Symbolism, 20-1, 36, $7-8, 200, Pis. 3-7 Christian, 26, 31, 32, 35, 69, 118, 235 Emphasis in Early Christian liturgies, 27 Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 31 A huramazda, 9, 10 St Peter’s, Rome, 34, Fig. 76 A isles (see N ave) Cathedral of Tyre, 34 Index

A ltar (contd.) A nimals, (contd.) Mesopotamia, 36, 37, 101 Birds (contd.) Nola, 43 Peacock, 20, 82, Pi. $e 1 100,102,106 ; 6 128, 130, 138 ; 8 159 ; 13 173 ; 16 181, 183, 3 113-15, Pi· 15 ; 6 130, 140, Pis. 26, 27, Fig. 63 ; 7 157 ; Fig. 91 ; 17 183 ; 19 190, 191, Fig. 99 ; 20 (Trnova 9 160-1, Pi. 36 ; 10 165-6, Pis. 38, 41-2; 13 Pi. 47 ; 20 196 Petka) Fig. 117 ; 21 201 ; 23 203 ; 28 213 ; 29 214, 216, Phoenix, Pi. 3 220 3 115, Pis. Ill, 14, 16 ; 17 184 A mazons, 29 217, 220, Pi. 61 Raven, 19 A mbo, i 103, Pi. i i b ; 3 121-4, Pis. 23, 24, Figs. 54, 55 ; 10 166, Swan, 86, 87 Pi. 40a ; 19 190, 191 ; 29 216, 217 ; 30 222, 223, 225, 226 ; 3 114, 116, Pis. Ill, 14, 16, 21 ; 14 178, Pi. 48 31 227 ; 33 (Radolista) 231 Vulture, 16 Ravenna, 226 Boar, 54, 55, 57, 58, Pi. 6 A mbrose, St, Bishop o f Milan, Pi. 22m Bull, cow, ox, calf, 86, Pis. 3, 8 and Church o f Holy Apostles, 43 6 140 ; 9 160, Pi. 36 ; 10 165, Pis. 41-2 ; 14 175, 176, Pi. VII ; Friend o f Acholius, 75 29 217, 220 ; 30 224 and Theodosius the Great, 31, 76 Butterfly, 25 209 A mida (Diyarbekr), Northern Mesopotamia Camel, 59, Pi. 7 Nestorian church, 39 Centaur, 29 217, 220, Pi. 61 Melkite church of Mar Kosmo, 39 Chimaera, 61 Jacobite church o f el-Hadr, 39 Deer, stag, 87, Figs. 29, 30 ; 10 166, 225, Pi. 38 ; 29 218 ; 30 225, A mphipolis, 51, 57, 63 Pi. 64 A myntas, King o f Bactria, 176 Dog, 16, 19, 53-5, 59-61, 87, Pis. 6, 7, Fig. 29, 30, 37 A nahita, 10 10 166, 225, Pi. 38 ; 30 225 A nanias, St, 113, 115, Pi. 22/ Dragon, 22, 61, 82, Pi. 5, Fig. 7 A nastasia, Empress, 92 30 224 A nastasis, Church o f Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 35 Fish, Pi. 3 d, Fig. 36 A nastasius, Emperor (491-518), 76 7 157, Pis. V, 35 ; 14 177, Pis. VII, VIII, 48a ; 19 191, Fig. 100 ; A natolia (see also A sia M inor) 23 Pi* 56 ; 33 231 Pagan religion Crab, 33 231 Geographical factors, 5, 24 Dolphin, 1 103, Pi. 12 ; 33 231 Characteristics, 7-8, Pi. 4a Eel, 33 231 Art, 15 Sea horse, Pi. 3 Transfer to patriarchate o f Constantinople, 29 Gazelle, 16, 58 Churches, 39, 175, 198, Figs. 18, 121-4, 147 Hare, 16, 86 Missionary impulse, 43 13 Fig. 83 ; 25 209, Pi. 57 Iconoclastic tendencies, 141-2 Horse (see also Horseman), 16, 19, 55-6, 57, 86-7, 91 Influence on Balkan architecture, 12 169 ; 16 181 ; 20 198 ; 27 213; 29 217, 220 ; 30 224 ; (foal) 25 209, Pi. 57 29 219 ; 30 225, 226 ; 31 228 Ibex, 25 209 Balkan settlements, 198, 200, 219, 228 Lamb, ram, sheep, 20, Pi. 5 b A nchialos, near Thebes, Greece I 103 ; 3 Pi. 24 ; 6 140, 141, Pi. 28 ; 10 165, Pis. 41-2 ; 13 Sack by Slavs, 92 Fig. 83 ; 29 217, 218, Pi. 61 ; 34 233, Fig. 161 , 128, 139, 183, 184, 213, 223, Fig. 152 Lion, lioness, 20-2, Pis. 3, 4, 5, 7, Figs. 5, 6 A ndrew, St, 62 6 140; 9 160-1,165, Pi. 36; 10 Pi. 43 ; 14 175, 176,178, Pi. VII; A ngels (including A rchangels), Pi. 5/ 29 217, 220, Pi. 60 3 114, 118, 122, Pis. 17, 20, 23 ; 6 (as Victories 130, Pi. 26), Serpent, snake (see also Dragon), 19, 20, 21, 53, Pis. 3, 5 ; 30 224 142-3, 145, 146, Pis. IV, 29 with Bendis, 53 A nimals, Real and M ythical (including Birds and Fish) with Thracian Horseman, 54-5, 56-7, Pi. 6 in Slav art and religion, 86-7, Pi. 4 with Asklepios, 55 Aurochs, 85, 86 with Dioscuri, 59, Fig. 35 Bear, 86 ; 10 165, Pis. 41-2 ; 29 217, 220, Pi. 60 ; 30 224, with Danubian Horsemen, Fig. 36 Pi. 64 not an attribute o f St Demetrius, 61 Birds, 87, Pis. 3, 4 in Slav art, 87 I 102, Pis. II, 12 ; 3 in -1 5 , Pis. Ill, 15, 20 ; 6 122, 140 ; 7 157, W olf, 86 Pis. V, 35 ; 9 160-1 ; 10 166 ; 12 169 ; 17 184 ; 19 191, A nnexes to N arthex or A trium Fig. 100 ; 20 Fig. n o ; 23 203 ; 25 208, Pi. 58 ; 29 216 ; i 100-1 ; 8 159, 232 ; 10 162 ; 11 168 ; 12 169, 232 ; 20 30 223, 226, Pi. 63 ; 33 (Radolišta) 223 ; 34 233 195» 196, 198 ; 21 201, 202 ; 22 202, 204 ; 23 203, 204, Cock, 86 232 ; 27 211-12, 213 ; 28 213 ; 29 214, 218, 225, 226 ; Dove ; 20 ; 3 114, 115, Pis. 16, 20 ; 14 178 30 221, 223, 225, 226 ; 32 229 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, 230, Duck ; 86 ; 10 165, 216, Pis. 41-2 (Radohšta) 230 ; 34233 Eagle ; 16 ; 3 122, Pis. 23, 24 ; 6 140-1, Pi. 28 ; 10 166, Pi. 38 ; Bin Bir Kilisse, 218, Fig. 147 14 175, 176, Pi. VI Džanavar Tepe, 219, Fig. 148 Goose ; 86 ; 29 216 A ntes, Slav tribe, 79, 80, 89, 92 Owl, Pi. 3 A nthemius of T ralles, 44 Partridge, 17 184 A nthony, St, 62

244 Index

A ntigonos G onatas, King of Macedonia, n A ramaean art, 15 A ntioch A rcadiopolis (Lule Burgas), Thrace, 51 Prominence in Hellenistic world, 4 A rcadius, Emperor (395-408), 77, 104, 128 Links with Persia, 19, 28, 39 A rchangels (see A ngels) Liturgies, 27, 30-2, 236 A rchbishops (see B ishops) Position and influence in Byzantine Empire, 29-30, 39, 43, 73, A rchdeacons (see D eacons) 102, 134, 219, 236 A rianism, 28, 68, 75, 77 Missionary impulse, 30, 43 A ristarchus o f Thessalonica, 65 Patriarchate, 29-30, 73, 102 A ristides, Archbishop o f Thessalonica, 89 ‘Golden Church’, 35 A rithmetic, Sacred, 35, 36, 200, 209 Diocletian’s persecution, 112 A rius, Bishop (see A rianism) A ntiochos T heos, King o f Syria, 11 A rles, 177 A ntony, Mark, 49 A rmenia, 7, 30, 40, 71 A phrodite (see also V enus), 147, 156 A rsu, Syrian god o f caravans, 59, Pi. 7a A pollo, 5, 52, 55, 61, 1 1 3 ,183 A rtemis, 21, 52, 53, 55, 59, 60, 69, 147, Pis. 3/, 4b A pollonia, Albania, 51 A samadi, Anatolia, Church at, 198, Fig. 123 A pollonia, Macedonia, 63 A sia M inor (see also A natolia) A pse (see also C ruciform or T refoil C hurch) Invasion o f Galatae, 18 Tripartite symbolism, 21 Hellenised west, 44, 134 in Roman houses, 26 and Macedonia, 49-53, 59-62, 67, 73, 102, 235 Western (Roman), 33-5 Hinterland o f Constantinople, 74 Syrian, 21-2, 39 Moon God, 87 Mesopotamian, 37-9, 101 Settlement o f Slavs, 94 Anatolian, 40, 198 A sklepios (Aesculapius), 55, 58, 60, 61, 62 Salona, 41-2 A soka, King o f India, 11, 12 Spain, 43 A spendus, Asia Minor, 116, Fig. 49 Constantinople, 43-4 A ssisi, Giotto at, 148 I 100, 104, 106 ; 2 106, 107, 108, Pi. 13 ; 3 109, h i , 114-16,118 ; A ssyria, 15, 38 4 123 ; 5 124 ; 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, A targatis, 20, Pi. 4a 140 ; 7 156, 157-8, PL 35* ; & 158-9, 232 ; 9 159, 160 ; A thanasius, St, Bishop o f Alexandria, 29, 68, 74 10 162, 163, 165, Fig. 74 ; II 168 ; 12 169, 232 ; 13 169, A thens, 4, 73 170 ,171, Pi. 45 ; 14 69,174,178, Pi. 48a ; 15 179 ; 16 181, and Bendis, 52 183, Pis. 50-1 ; 17 183 ; 18 185 ; 19 190,191 ; 20 193,195, and Asklepios, 55 196, 197, 198 ; 21 201 ; 22 202 ; 23 203, 204, 232, Pi. 56a ; and St Paul, 64, 65 25 206-7, 208, Pi. 57 ; 26 209-11 ; 27 212 ; 28 213 ; 29 Byzantine Museum, 130 214, 218, 219-20, 225 ; 30 221, 225, 226 ; 31 227, 228 ; National Museum, Pi. 3 d 32 229 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, (Radolišta), 230 A thos, Mount, 148 To Nave and Aisles, Types o f in Macedonia and S. Serbia Trefoil churches of, 200 Single, rounded exterior I, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, A trium, 40, 168 15, 16 ,17,18 , 20 (Sveti Ilija, Sakicol, Trnova Petka, Zlata), Cathedral o f Tyre, 34 ; Holy Land, 35 ; Mesopotamia, 38 21, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33 1 100,102 ; 6130,146 ; 7156 ; 9159, 160, 161 ; 10162 ; 11168 ; Single, horseshoe, 4, 19, 29, 33 13 170, 172, Fig. 82 ; 15 179 ; 19 189, 190 ; 20 195 ; 25 Single, polygonal exterior, 20 (Kalaja, Sjarina, Rujkovac), 21, 206, 207 ; 26 209, 211 ; 27 211, 212 ; 29 214, 216, 218, 26, 29, 31 219 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, (Radolišta) 230 ; 34 233 Single, rectangular exterior, 9, 30 A ttila, 74, 78, 80 Triple, rounded exterior, 19, 20 (Prokuplje) A ttis, 52, 55, 57, 61 Triple, three-sided exterior, 20 (Svinjarica, (furline) A ugustine, St, 119 Triple, central three-sided, outer rounded, 20, 25 A urelian, Roman Emperor, 113 Trefoil, 20 (Kursumlija, Church near Caričin Grad, Klisura) A urochs (see A nimals) to Octagon, 4 A vars To Annexes of Narthex or Atrium and apotropaic nature o f St Demetrius, 61, 143 8, 20 (Church near Caričin Grad, Klisura, Rujkovac), 29, 30 Appearance in Europe, 90 (see also 31, 32, 33) Invasions, 89, 90-4, 105, H 3, 148, 151, 188, 219, 233, 235 A quileia Baian, ruler of, 90 Basilica, 14, 217 Chagan, ruler of, 92, 139 Early Christian chapel, 25 A xieros, 52 A rabia, A rabs (see also Semitic Peoples, Islam) Axios, River (see V ardar) Geographical factors, 5, 14, 24 Azov Sea, 80 Links between East and West, 10, 13, 19 Religion and art, 14-17, 24, 85 Caravan trade, 15, 16, 30 B abylonia, 4, 9, 15, 22, 38, Pi. 3a Wars o f Heraclius, 93, 94 B acchus (see D ionysus) Conquests, 118, 144, 154, 179 B acchus, St, 153 SS. Cosmas and Damian, 112 B aČkovo, Church at, 148

E.B.C.— R 2 245 Index

B actria, 4, 57, 176 B erne, Historical Museum, Pi. sg Coins, Figs. 33, 87 B ethlehem B aetylic Habitations, 54, 57 Church of Nativity B aghdad, Talisman Gate, 22, Fig. 7 Constantinian, 35, 36, Figs. 12, 13 B ahrein, 16 Justinian's rebuilding, 41, 199 B aian, Avar ruler, 90 Mosaics, 117-18, Pi. 18/ B alkan (Haemus) M ountains, 3 B evan, B., 43 B altic Sea, 79, 86 B haja, India, 12 B amiyan, India, wall painting, 12 B harhut, India, 17 B aptistery Bin B ir K ilisse, Anatolia, churches at, 40, 198, 208, 218-19, Figs. 1 104-5 ; 3 108 ; 4 123-4 ; 5 125 ; 7 158, Fig. 69 ; 8 159 ; 10 162 ; 18, 121, 147 12 168, 169, Fig. 79, Pi. 52/, g ; 13 102, 170 ; 16 181 ; B irds (see A nimals) 18 185 ; 19 190 ; 23 204 ; 25 208-9, Pi. 57 ; 32 228, B ishops (including A rchbishops) (see also Patriarchs) 229, 230 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, 230, (Radolišta) 230-1 ; in the early church, 25-6, 31 34 233 and baptismal rite, 185 Types o f o f Salona, 40 Octagonal, 36, 225, 18 o f Jerusalem, 31 Circular, 4, 5 o f Milan (see A mbrose, St) Rectangular, apsed, 7 o f Thessalonica Rectangular, plain, 10 (?), 16 (?), 19, 23 (?), 33 Alexander, 68-9, 74 Quatrefoil, 12, 25, 32 Aetius, 74 Trefoil, 200 Eutychianus and Museus, 74 B arbara, St, 179 Herenius, 74 B arlaam and Josaphat, History of, 13 Acholius, 74, 75 ‘B arn* C hurch, 36-40, 218 Aristides, 89 B asil, St, Bishop o f Caesarea, 75 John, 91, 92, 93, 150-2 B asilica (for Macedonia and S. Serbia see Contents List, Part III) , 91 Origins, 24, 26 Rufus, 128 North Africa, 34 and Feast o f St Demetrius, 148 Rome, 33-4 Mosaic portraits in St Demetrius, 150-1, 155, Pis. 29, 32, 33 Syria, 34-6, 101 o f Macedonia and Eastern Illyricum, 76 Mesopotamia, 36-9, 101 o f Justiniana Prima, 76 Anatolia, 39-40, 198 o f Heraclea in Thrace, 113 Salona, 41-3, ιο ί o f Stobi, 162, 167, 185-6 Constantinople, 43-4 of Lychnidus or Ohrid, 230-3 Hellenistic proportions, 100 B ithynia, churches’ relations with , 30 Transition to cross-in-square church, 191-2, 226, 235 B lack Sea Anatolian and Hellenistic synthesis, 218-19 Greek settlements, 3, 51, 79 B asiliscos, St, i 13, 114, Pi. 22 Natural defence, 20 B awit, Egypt, Monastery, Pi. 49k B lasius (Vlaho), St, 87 B aynes, N . H., 29 B oar (see A nimals) B ear (see A nimals) B odh-Gaya, India, 12 B eaujour, F. de, 156 B oeotia B eisan, Syria, Church at, 225 the horse, 19 B elgrade (see also Singidunum) National Museum, 3, Pi. 4b Relief from, Pi. 3d B ell, G. L., 36-9, 1 0 1,175, 198-9, 208, 218-19 B ohemia, Slav settlement, 79, 80 B ellerophon, 61 B ook, Sacred, 3 115, Pi. 15 ; 6 150, 152 ; 7 124, 157, Pi. V ; 14 B elorussia, 83 176, Pis. VI-VIII B ema (see also Sanctuary) B oŠkoviĆ, G., ix Definition, ix B osra Mesopotamia, 36, 37 Episcopal Palace, 199 Constantinople, 44 Episcopal Church, 225 Hellenistic basilicas in Macedonia, 134 B otheric, 75-6 and iconostasis, 235 B regalnica, River, 76 I 106 ; 3 h i ; 6 130, 132, 134, 140 ; 7 158, Fig. 70 ; 10 163, B regovina, Church, 31 227-8, Fig. 156 164, Fig. 74 ; 13 171 ; 14 175 ; 16 181 ; 17 183, 184 ; B rezovo, Bulgaria, 58 19 190, 191 ; 20 195 ; 23 203, Pis. 56b, c ; 25 206 ; 29 B ritain, 30, 71 216, 217, 218, Pi. 59e ; 30 221, 222, 225, Pi. 63a ; 31 227, B uda, Pannonia, Celia Trichor a, 199 228 ; 33 231 B uddhism B endis, 52-3, 58, 61, 62, 67, 103, Figs. 29, 30 Evolution, 9, 11-14 B erchem, M. van and C louzot, E., 141, 151 Gandhara art, 4, 12, 120, 176 B erlin Mathura art, 12, 176 Good Shepherd from Palmyra, 113 Influence on Christian monasticism, 7, 14 Pergamon Museum, Pi. i8<* Influence on Semitic thought, 13

246 Index

B uddhism (contd.) C aričin Grad (contd.) Influence on European art and thought, 13-14, 143, 144, 176 South Church, 29 214-20, Pis. 59-61, Figs. 145, 146 ; 89, 206, Head o f Buddha, Pis. 48c-f 208, 213, 223, 225, 226, 228, 235 B ulgaria, mediaeval churches, 235 Mosaics, 196, 231, 233 B ulgars Trefoil Church near, 20 195, 196, 200, Figs. 109, n o ; 213, 216, 231 Invade Byzantine territories, 78, 89, 95, 235 C arinus, Roman Emperor, 112 Attacked by Avars, 90 C arpathian M ountains, 78, 79, 80, 90 Inscription, 19 105-6, 193 C arystos, Euboea, 132 Campaign of Basil II, 162 C aspian Sea, 20, 80 B ull (see A nimals) C assandreia, 50, 72 B utterfly (see A nimals) C asson, S., 57, 58 B yzantine Imperial Policy C atechumens, 31 Towards Slavs, 89, 90, 95 C aucasus, 5, 7, 20, 24, 80 Towards Avars, 90 C edrenus, 161 Ecclesiastical, 28-30, 75, 76, 142, 188 Cellae Trichorae, 199 Long-term results, 235 C elts B yzantium, City o f (see also C onstantinople), 51, 73, 74 Invasions o f Balkans, 4, 18 Cultural influences, 17-19, 55, 56, 83, 88 Galatians, Galatae, 18, 79 Sack o f Rome, 18, 79 C abiri, 8, 52, 59, 61, 62, 124 Migrations, 79 and Thessalonica, viii, 52, 59, 149 C entaur (see A nimals) C aesarea, Cappadocia, 30 C eres, 21, 52, Pi. 3g C aesarea, Palestine, 112 C erna, River, 160, 161 C alf (see A nimals, Bull, etc.) C hagan, Avar ruler, 92, 139 C allistus N icephorus, 31 C hancel Screen C alydonian B oar H unt, 55, Pi. 6a Evolution, ix, 119-21, 235 C amel (see A nimals) Cathedral at Tyre, 34 C anterbury, Beaney Institute Museum, Pis. 6fy h Early Roman form, 35 C apitals Persian Mesopotamian form, 36 i 103, 106, Pi. i i ; 3 114-16 ; 6 130, 137, 139-41, Pis. 27-8 ; in Salonitan churches, 40-2 7 157, Pi. 35 ; 9 160 ; 10 166-7, 225, Pis. 38, 39, Fig. 75 ; i 102, 103, Pis. 10, η ; 2 107 ; 3 114, 115, 118, Pi. 14 ; 6 130, 13 171-3, Pis. 46, 47 ; 16 181, Pi. 51 ; 19 190-1, Pis. 54, 146, Pi. 26, Figs. 63, 67 (?) ; 8 159 ; 9 160, Pi. 36 ; 10 55 ; 20 196 ; 23 203, Fig. 129 ; 25 208, 225, Pis. 57, 58 ; 163, 167, Pi. 40 ; 13 171, 172, Pi. 47, Fig. 83 ; 16 181, 26 211, Pi. 58 ; 27 212, 213, Fig. 140 ; 29 216, 218, 225, Pis. 50, 51, Fig. 91 ; 17 183, 184, Fig. 94 ; 18 185, 186, Pi. 59 ; 30 222-3, 225, Fig. 153, Pi. 63 ; 31 227-8 Pi. 52 ; 19 190, 191, Pi. 54, Fig. 100 ; 20 195, 196, Fig. C appadocia 119 ; 23 203, Pi. 56, Fig. 129 ; 27 212, Fig. 140 ; 29 216, Pagan religious elements, 8, 40 217-18 ; 30 221-6, Pis. 63, 64, Figs. 153-5 Transfer to Constantinopolitan patriarchate, 29 C handragupta, Maurya ruler o f India, 12 Relations with Antioch, 30 C hapouthier, F., 21 Liturgy, 30, 31, 40, 228 C hatzon, Slav prince, 92 Missionary enterprise, 43 C herubikon, H YM N , 32 St George, 61 C himaera (see A nimals) C apua, Stone Relief at, Pi. 3/ C hina, 10, 13, 43, 90 C aracalla, Roman Emperor, 9, 51 C hrist (see also V irgin and C hild) C archemish, Syria, 15 Inscriptions, 187 ; 1 104 ; 6 153 ; 10 165 C aričin Grad Original dedication o f Rotunda o f St George (?), 108 Region and King Abgar, 26, 27 Defences, 188, 198, 200, 226 and martyrs, 119, 199 Churches, 193-200, 219, 228, 232, 235 Types City, 24 204-6, Fig. 130 ; vii Helios, 9, 154 Foundation, 188 Pantocrator, 9 Slav occupation, 94, 162 o f salvation and reassurance, 13, 17, 176, 217 and Justiniana Prima, 188, 200 Source o f Eternal Life, 21, Pi. 5 Aqueduct, 197, 206 Logos, 217 Episcopal Palace, 204-6 Good Shepherd, 113 ; 29 217, 220, Pi. 61 Population, 200, 213, 219 Unbearded, 14 176-7, Pis. I, VI, 48 ; Pi. 49 ’, 29 217, 220, Pi. 61 Episcopal Basilica, 25 206-9, Pis. 57-8, Fig. 131 ; 169, 204, 211, Bearded, 176 213, 216, 218, 219 Portrayals Baptistery, 204, 208 9 ,1 1 3 ,120, Pi. 49 ; 39, n i , 112, 114, Pis. 17, 20 ; 6 145-7, i 54> Mosaics of, 196, 208-9, 216, 231 Pis. 30, 34 ; 7 (?) 158 ; 14 9, 14, 175-8, Pis. I, VI, 48 ; Crypt Basilica, 26 209-11, Pi. 58, Figs. 136-8 ; 206, 208, 212, 218 29 217, 220, Pi. 61 Cruciform Church, 27 211-13, Figs. 139, 140 ; 206 C hristianity (see also Liturgy, Patriarchates) South-West Basilica, 28 213-14, Fig. 144 ; 206 Monasticism, 7, 14

247 Index

C hristianity (contd.) C onstantinople {contd.) Pagan legacies, 7, 15, 40, 54-62, 66 Comment by Gregory of Nyssa, 28 and Buddhism, 13-14 Church and patriarchate, 29, 30, 31, 74, 75, 76, 77, 88, 95, 122, Factors affecting unity and disunity, 24-31 144, 155-6 Ecclesia, 25-6 Liturgy of, 30-2 Persecutions, 25, 40, 68-70 ; 2 108 ; 3 112-13 Syrian influences, 29-30, 118, 219 Missionary impulse, 43 Persian influences, 30 Instrument o f Byzantine policy, 138, 188 Anatolian influences, 74 Persia, 9-11, 26-8 and Gothic invasions, 77 Rome, 20 and the Slavs, 90, 93 Edessa, 26-8 and the Avars, 93 Antioch, 29-30 art and artistic influence, 105, 118, 147, 148, 173, 190, 200, 219, Armenia, 40 226, 236 Salona, 40-1 Sixth century, 167, 198, 219, 226 Northern Adriatic region, 42 Synaxary of, 108 Macedonia, 66-72, 73, 74-6, 169 Golden Gate, 141 Goths, 77 Churches Slavs, vii, 87-9 ; 23 204 ; 29 219, 220 ; 30 225 ; 33 230, 233 Holy Apostles, 43, 44 C iborium Aghia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), 43, 44, 45, 141, 147, 190, 192, Symbol o f sky temple, 15, 24 226, Fig. 27 and Slavs, 86, 92, 139 Aghia Eirene (Holy Peace), 43, 44 St Peter’s, Rome, 34, Fig. 76 St John o f Studion, 43, 128, Fig. 25 3 9,114-16,118, Pis. Ill, 15-17; 6130,132,136-7,143,145,146,149, St Mary Chalcoprateia, 44 Pis. IV, 26, 30, Fig. 62 ; 12 169 ; 13 173 ; 19 190 ; 29 214 Holy Saviour-in-Chora (Kahriye Camii), 44 C ilicia SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 44, 141, 226, Fig. 26 Missionary enterprise, 43 SS. Karp and Papil, 226 Type o f church, 219 CoNSTANTiNus C hlorus, Roman Emperor, 51 Settlers in Balkans, 226 CoNSTANTius II, Emperor (337-61), 9, 104 Churches C orinth Alahan Kilisse (Koja Kalessi), 42, 44 Church of, 66 Dag Pazarli, 207, Fig. 133 and Slavs, 86, 92 C ircular B uildings, 35, 225 ; 3 108-23, 4 123 Hun raids, 89 C laudius II, Roman Emperor, 72, 77 Basilica, 128, 139 C lement, St, 228 C orn (see Plants) C lerestory Lighting, 33, 35, 36, 41, 44, 4$ ; 7 156, Fig. 69 ; 13 C osmas, St, 112, 115 ; 6 146, Pi. 316 170 ; 19 190 ; 29 214 C ouncils, C hurch, 28, 117-18, 162 C lergy (see Priests) Constantinople (381), 29, 43, 74 C limate (see Geography) Chalcedon (451), 29, 167 C lipeus, 9, 114,176 Nicaea (325), 68, 75, 145 C lodiana, 51 Tyre (335), 68, 74 C ock (see A nimals, Birds) Sardica (343), 74, 229 C ollart, P., 50, 54, 58, 72, 99, 173 Milan (355), 74 C olville, Colonel N., Collection, Pi. 3b Milan (episcopal) (391), 76 C ommunion (see also Liturgy) Ephesus (431), 122, 147, 148, 155-6 in primitive pagan form, 53, 58 Salona (530, 533), 182 of Angels, 143 CousiNERY, E. M., 156 o f Apostles, 143 C o w (see A nimals, Bull, etc.) C one, Pine or Fir, 53 C rab (see A nimals, Fish) C onstantine the Great, Emperor (306-37), Fig. 43 C rete, 56, 57, 72 Acceptance of Christianity, 5, 31, 105 C rimea, 18 Effect on Persian Christianity, 28 C rni D rim, River, 3 Choice o f Constantinople as capital, 29, 43, 72, 74 C roats, 80 Arianism, 75 C ross (see also C ruciform, C ross-in-Square, Q uatrefoil) Thessalonica, 73 Aghia Paraskevi, Verria, 67, Fig. 40 Gothic campaigns, 73, 77 Symbol o f Resurrection and Eternal Life, 120, Pis. 4, 5 Churches built during reign ‘ True Cross’, 123-4 Macedonia, 1 vii, 98-106 ; 6 (?) 128 Four-leaved or Tetraphyllia, 1 103, Pis. II, 12 ; 3 Pi. 20 ; 9 161 ; Rome, 33-4 10 Pis. 41-2 ; 25 Pi. 57 ; 29 216, Pi. 59 ; 33 231, Fig. 160 Syria, 34-6 Jewelled, 1 104, Pi. 12 ; 2 107 ; 3 114 ; 14 176, Pis. I, VI ; 30 Constantinople, 43-4 223, Pi. 63, Fig. 155 C onstantine Porphyrogennetus, Emperor (912-59), 80 Sacred Monogram, 1 103, Pi. 10 ; 3 115 ; 6 Fig. 63 ; 19 191, Fig. CONSTANTINIDES, N ., X 99 ; 23 203, Pi. 56 C onstantinople (see also B yzantium, Istanbul), 107,108,188,235 I 103, 104 ; 2 107 ; 3 n i , 114, 115, Pis. 15, 16, 20 ; 4 123-4, Foundation and pre-Justinian period, 20, 43, 72, 73-4, 78, 128, 161 Pi. 24 ; 6 132, 140, Figs. 62, 63, 67, Pi. 27 ; 7 124, 157,

248 Index

C ross (contd.) D anube, River (contd.) Pis. V, 35 ; 9 161 ; io 166, Pis. 39, 40 ; 13 Pi. 47, Fig. 83 ; Imperial frontier, 71, 77, 89 14 176, 178, Pis. I, VI, 48 ; 17 183 ; 18 185, Pi. 52 ; 19 Crossing by Goths, 71, 72, 77 191, Fig. 99 ; 20 Fig. 119 ; 23 203, Pi. 56, Fig. 129 ; 26 Crossing by Sarmatians, 72 Pi. 58 ; 27 212 ; 28 213 ; 29 216, 218, Pi. 59; 30 223, 224, Crossing by Slavs, 80, 89, 90, 188 Pi. 63, Figs. 154, 155 ; 33 231, Fig. 160 Crossing by Huns, 89 C ross-in-Square C hurch, 9, 26 ; 14 174-5 ; 191, 223 Crossing by Kotrigurs, 89 C ruciform or T refoil C hurch, 26 Crossing by Avars, 90, 92-3 Memorial or funerary chapel, 175, 198, 209 Crossing by Bulgars, 95 Martyrium, 175 D aphnousi, Greece, Basilica, 183 Mesopotamia, 39 D ardania, D ardanians, 3, 88, 89, 188 Ravenna, 43 D arius, King o f Persia, 5, 8 Syria, 175, 198-200 D assaretae, Illyrian tribe, 228 Anatolia, 175, 198, Fig. 122 D avid, King o f Israel, 16 Egypt, 199 D eacons, 25, 26, 31 ; 1 100 ; 3 113 ; 6 150, 152-3, Pis. 29, 32, Europe, 199, Figs. 90, 142, 143 33 ; 13 171 ; 19 191 16 181-3, Figs. 89, 92 ; 20 193-6, 198-200, Figs. 108, 109, h i ; D eath (see A fter-Life) 27 212-13, Figs. 139, 141 D ečani, Monastery, Sculpture o f St George, Pi. 7 C rypt D ecius, Roman Emperor, 71 Funerary, I 100, 101, 103-6, 211, Pi. 12 ; 2 107 ; 3 (?) h i ; 6 D eer (see A nimals) 128, 130 ; 26 209-11 D eification of Emperors, 9, 68, 83, 124 Martyrium or cult centre, 6 128, 130,132-7,164, 211, Pi. 26, Figs. D eir D osy, Palestine, Church o f St Theodosius, 199 64, 65 ; 10 163-5 D elphi, 18, 61 Reliquary, 34 ; I 100 ; 2 107 ; 6 128, 130, 137 ; 8 159 ; 9 163 ; D emeter, 8, 57 13 171 ; 16 181, 183 ; 21 201 D emetrius, St C tesiphon Basilica (see T hessalonica) Palace, 11, 118, Fig. 3, Pi. 18d and Sirmium, 60 Churches, 36, Fig. 14a, b Pagan traditions, 61, 66, 87 C ult C entres Martyrdom and cult, viii, 60, 69-70, 108, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141, Pagan, 8, 52-62 142, 179 Christian (see also M artyrium) and Slavs, 92, 93 Holy Land, 35 and Avars, 93 Rome, 35 and the Virgin, 61, 124, 148 Macedonia, 60-2 ; 6 125-55 and the ‘lady Evtaxia’, 61, 124, 149 C umont, F., 17 Feast of, 148 C upola (see D ome) Mosaic portrayals, 6 142-55, Pis. IV, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 C urline, Church, 20 195, 207, 208, Fig. 104 D endera, Egypt, Church, 199 C urtains, 3 112-16, Pis. 14, 15, 17 ; 6 130, 132, 151-4, 171, Pis. 32, De Prescriptione Haereticorum, 66 33 ; 13 171 ; 29 220 ; 30 223 D eroko, A., 188, 200, 206 C urtea de A rges, Wallachia, Church, 200 D exileos, Stele of, 60 C ybele, 8, 20, 22, 52, 61, Pi. 4b D hu-el-Shara, Arabia, 15 C yprus, Panaghia Angelokisti, 147, 155 D iaconicon, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 ; 1 100, 102 ; 2 108 ; 6 139 ; 8 C yrene, II 159 ; 13 170,173 ; 19 191 ; 21201 ; 29 219 C yril, St (Martyr), 113, 114 D iana (see also A rtemis), 53 C yril, St (Missionary to Slavs), 95 D iehl, C., 122, 141, 144-50 C yrus, King o f Persia, 4, 20 D iehl, C., and le T ourneau, Μ., 141 C zech Language, 81 D iehl, C., le T ourneau, M., and Saladin, H., 141 C zechs, 83 D iocletian, Roman Emperor, Pl. 8 Persecutions o f Christians, 40, 112, 113, 153, 200 Mausoleum, Split, 70, 109 D acia, 71, 80 D iomedes, Son o f Ares, 57 Prefect of, 91, 143 D iomedes, Son o f Tydeus, 57 D acia M editerranea, 188 D ion (Dium), Church, 5 124-5, Fig. 57 ; 50, 134 D ag Pazarli, Cilicia, Church, 207, Fig. 133 D ionysus (Bacchus) D almatia, 40-3, 78 Asia Minor, 8 D alton, O. M., 140 Thessalonica, 52, 124, Pl. 9 D amascus, Great Mosque, Pi. 18 and Bendis, 53, 58 D amasus, Pope, 75, 76 and Heroic Horseman, 58 D amian, St, 3 112, 115 ; 6 146, Pi. 31 and Persephone, 61 D aniel, 20, 165, Pi. 5 and Mount Pangaeus, 57, 62, 173 D anube, River D ioscuri, 52, 59, Pl. 4, Fig. 35 Central European plain (see also Pannonia), 49 D ium (see D ion) Horsemen reliefs, 50, 60, Fig. 36 D ix, G., 25, 26, 27, 31, 32 Roman highways, 51, 161 D iyarbekr, Northern Mesopotamia (see A mida)

249 Index

Djurdjevi Stupovi, 6i , Pi. 7 Egypt (contd.) D nieper, River, 80 Geographical factors, 5, 6, 24 D niester, River, 80 Ancient religion and art, 6-7, 24, 52, 62, Fig. 6 D obruja, 71 Monasticism, 7, 14, 176 D odona, 56 ; Trading links with Asia, 16 Church at, 199 Christianity, 29-30 D og (see A nimals) and Macedonia, 52, 62, 108, 132, 144, 147, 154, 179 D olphin (see A nimals, Fish) Arab occupation, 144 D ome (Cupola) Iconography of Virgin, 147 Byzantine cross-in-square church, 9, 17, 235 Iconography o f Christ, 176 Representation o f sky dome, 14, 15, 23-4 Elbasan (see Scampae) Syrian churches, 35-6, 225 Elbe, River, 79, 80 Mesopotamian churches, 37 Eleazar, Jewish leader, 13 Constantinopolitan churches, 43-5, 226 Elias, St, 82, 87 Italian churches, 225-6 Entry, Great and Little (see Liturgy) 3 9, i i , in -2 1, 225, Fig. 47 ; 4 123 ; 8 159 ; 14 174 ; 19 189-92, Entwistle, W . J., and M orison, W . A., 81 Fig. 98 ; 25 206, 208 ; 30 221, 222, 225-6 Ephesus D omnio, St, Bishop o f Salona, 40 Church, 66 D on, River, 71, 79, 80 Sculptured head, 113 D onetz, River, 80 Library, 116, 120, Fig. 48 D ormition of the V irgin, 9 Epidauros D ove (see A nimals, Birds) Basilica, 118, 128 D ragon (see A nimals) Cult o f Asklepios, 55 D renica, , Pillar of, 88 Epirus D rmno (see V iminacium) Gothic wars, 77 D uchesne, L., 30 Vandal raid, 78 D uck (see A nimals, Birds) Slav raids, 88, 92 D ulcigno (U lcinj), 51 Justinian's defences, 89, 188 D ura Europos Episcopal T hrone Frontality in art, 11 Heddal, Norway, 21, Pi. 4 Parthian temple, 12, 16 St Clement, Ohrid, 22, Pi. 5 Synagogue, 15, 16, 166 i 100 ; 6 128, 130 ; 30 221, 225, Pi. 63 Church, 25, 166 Erastus, 65 The Excavations at Dura Europos, 59 Ermanarich, King o f Goths, 80 D urazzo (see D yrrhachium) Essenes, 13 D urham, M. E., 50 Etchmiadzin D vornik, F., 79, 80, 82, 83 Gospel, 147 D yggve, E., 40, 41, 61, 101, 109, 181-2, 211 Cathedral, 208, Fig. 134 D yrrhachium (Durazzo), 50, 51, 78, 89 Etheria, 31 DŽanavar T epe, Bulgaria, Church, 219, Fig. 148 E thiopia, 30 Etruscan Relief, Pi. 3 E ucarpios, St, i 13, i 15 Eagle (see A nimals, Birds) Eucharist (see Liturgy) Earthquakes Euripides, 57 and Thessalonica, 93, 178 Eusebius, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 91, 151 and Philippi, 105, 173 Eusebius, Historian, 34, 35, 43, 118, 199 and Stobi, 161, 162, 166, 169, 181, 186, 188 Eutychianus, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 74 and , 173, 186, 188 Evangelists, 9, 175, 176, Pis. VI-VIII and Lychnidus, 228, 233 Evans, A. J., 54, 57 Eastern Influences (see O riental Influences) Evtaxia, 61, 124, 149 E cbatana, Persia, 12 Exedra, 3 114, 118 ; 6 146 ; 13 170 Ecclesia, 25, 26, 30, 66 Exonarthex, 8 159 ; 11 168 ; 12 168 ; 20 193-5 ; 23 203 ; 33 Ecclesiastical History o f Eusebius, 34 (Radolišta) 230 ; 34 234 Edessa, Macedonia (see A egae) Ezekiel, Prophet Edessa, City and kingdom in Northern Mesopotamia, 26, 27, 28, Vision of, 9, 69, 165, 175-8, Pis. VII, 480 37, 236 Ezra, Church o f St George, 225 Edict of T hessalonica, 75, 108 Edicts of T oleration, 25, 28, 41, 74 o f Milan, 73 Farnell, L. R., 55, 60-1 Edirne (see Hadrianopolis) Fayum, 4, i 13 Eel (see A nimals, Fish) Fern (see Plants) Egger, R., 163, 167, 185 Fish (see A nimals) E gypt (see also A lexandria) Florina, V ale of, Pi. 2 in Hellenistic and Roman world, 4, 11, 71 Foederati, 71, 77, 78, 89

250 Index

Fountains (see also Springs), 35, 187, 188 ; 3 i n ; 6 136, 146 ; George, St (contd.) 9 160, 161 ; 12 168 ; 13 170 Sinai icon, 154 France, 79 Church of, Kastoria, Pi. 5 Freshfield, E. H., 199 Gepids, 90 Frontality in A rt Gerasa Parthian, 10 Propylaeum, 116 Semitic, 16 Church o f the Prophets, 175 3 114-16, Pis. 14-17 ; 6 142-55, Pis. 31-4 ; 10 165-6, Pis. 43, 44 Church o f St John the Baptist, 225 Funerary A rchitecture (Mausoleum) Germans (see T eutonic M igrations) Octagon, 35-6 Germany, 4, 79, 87 Cruciform, 175 Giotto, 148 Trefoil, 198-200 Glava Panega, Bulgaria, 55, 61 Circular, 225 Gloucester, Horseman relief, 60 Cemetery of Callixtus, Rome, 17, 199 G oddess, Great M other Church o f Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 35, Figs. 12, 13 Anatolian, 7 Cruciform Church, Salona, 42, Fig. 90 Scythian, 18, Pis. 4, 6 ; Fig. 5 Chapel o f St Lawrence (‘ Mausoleum o f Galla Placidia*), Ravenna, Norwegian, 21, Fig. 4 42-3 Mycenean, 56-7, Fig. 32 Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 43 Slav, 83, 86-7, Pi. 4 Mausoleum of Diocletian, Split, 70, 109 in Macedonia and Thrace, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 149, 155, 156, Sta Costanza, Rome, 109, in -1 2 , 113, 177, 225 Figs. 29, 30, 34 Syria, 198-200 as Bendis, 52-3, 58, 62, 67, 87, Figs. 29, 30 3 108-9, Fig* 46 ; II 167-8, Fig. 77 ; 20 195-6, 196-200, Figs. 106, with two attendants, 20-2, 87, Pis. 3, 4 108,109, h i ; 26211,218, Figs. 136-8 ; 27211-13, Fig. 139 Cabiri or Dioscuri, 52, 149, Fig. 34 Funerary Feast, 52, 225, Fig. 31 Danubian Horsemen, 57-8, Fig. 36 Pisidian , 60, Pi. 4 with one attendant, 61, 62, 87, Pis. 6, 7 Gaiseric, King o f Vandals, 74 symbol o f eternal life (pagan), 20-2, Pis. 3, 4 Gaius, 65 (translated into Christian iconography), 20-2, 147, Pi. 5 Galatae, Galatians, 18, 79 Goose (see A nimals, Birds) Galatians, Epistle to, 18 G orgon, Pi. 3 Galerius, Caesar and Emperor Gospels (see B ook, Sacred) and Via Egnatia, 51 Gothic A rchitecture, 120-1 Thessalonian monuments, 61, 71, 108-9, 123-4, Pis. 8, 9 Goths Conversion o f daughter, 68-9, 174 Invasions o f Italy, 42, 74, 78, 89, 128, 161 Martyrdom o f St Demetrius, 70, 130 Invasions o f Balkans, 49, 71-2, 73, 75, 77, 149 Expeditions against Sarmatians and Goths, 68-9, 72, 77 Migrations, 71, 79-80 Residence in Thessalonica, 73, 123-4 Massacre o f Thessalonica, 75-6 Portrait, Fig. 41, Pi. 8 Conversion, 77 Galicia, 80, 83 Balkan wars, 77-8, 128, 161, 169, 173, 188, 219, 228 G alleries (of churches), 35, 43, 44, 219 ; 1 100 ; 6 130, 132, 137, and Slavs, 79 138, 139 ; 7 156, 157, Pi. 35 ; 10 162, 166 ; 13 170-1 ; Grabar, A., 137, 141, 148, 163, 175, 177-8, 199 19 190, 191 ; 23 203 ; 29 214, 218, 220 ; 30 223, 224 ; Grattan, Roman Emperor, 75 31 227 Grbić, M., 159, 160 Gandhara A rt, 4, 12, 120, 176, Pi. 48 Greece, Greek or Hellenic (see also Hellenism) Gate, C ity and Palace Partner in Macedonian synthesis, vii, 3-4, 50-1 Persian, 8, 11, 118, 119 and Asia Minor, 8, 235 Hittite, 3 8-9 (see also Hilani) Alexandria, 6-7, 19, 29, 144, 153-4 Syrian, 118 Greco-Persian rivalry, 8, 20 with apotropaic relief, 27, 58 Jealousies aroused by elevation o f Constantinople, 29, 73-4 3 114, 118, 119, Pis. 14-19, Figs. 466, 48-53 Invasions and civil wars, 77, 78, 90, 91, 139, 188 Gaul, 30, 113 Religion, 11, 20-1, 23-4, 28, 56, 119-20, 146-8, 213, 228 Gazelle (see A nimals) Iconography o f Thracian Horseman, 55-62 Gelvere, Anatolia, Church, 198, Fig. 124 Cult o f Asklepios, 55 Geography— Influence upon civilisations, 5-8, 14-15, 23-4 Cult of , 62 Geometric D esigns, i 103, Pi. II, 12 ; 2 107 ; 3 h i ; 6 141, Fig. 63 ; and iconoclasm, 65, 142 7 157 ; 9 160-1 ; 10 165, Pis. 41-2 ; 13 171 ; 17 184 ; and the Virgin, 145-9 20 196, 231, Fig. n o ; 23 203, Pi. 56 ; 25 209, 231, Pi. 57 ; Artistic influence 29 216, 217, 218,231, 233 ; 33 (Studenčista) 230, (Radolišta) Sculptural, 24, 70, 122, 172 231, 233, Fig. 160; 34233 Architectural, 35, 39, 44-5, 120, 134, 172, 213, 225, 228, 235 George, St, Pi. 7 Mosaics, 143, 146-8 and Thracian Horseman, 61-2 and the Italian Renaissance, 147, 148, 236 and Slavs, 61, 87 Gregory the Great, Pope, 76, 163, 164 Rotunda of, see T hessalonica, Monuments Gregory of N azianzus, St, 30, 107

251 Index

Gregory of N yssa, St, 28 Holy Land (Palestine) Grujić, R. M., 76, 162 Indian influences, 13 G urney, O. R., 7 Constantinian churches, 35 Roman occupation, 71 Ampoules, 122 Martyria, 137, 199-200 Habakkuk, Prophet, Vision of, 9, 175-7, PL VIII Trefoil churches, 199 Hadad, Syrian god, Pi. 4 H omer, 57 Hadda, Afghanistan, 4 H onephterion, 20 196 Hadhramaut, 16 H onorius, Bishop, 182 Hadrian, Roman Emperor, 51 H onorius, Emperor (384-423), 9, 128 Hadrianopolis (Edirne), 51 H orse (see A nimals) Haemus (Balkan) Mountains, 3 H orseman Hagnon, 57 Thracian Horseman, viii, 50, 52-62, 124, Pi. 6 Haloes Heroic Hunter, 19, 50, 52, 54-8, 60, 62, 67, 225, Pis. 6, 7, Figs. 35, Omitted, 3 112, Pis. 14-17 ; 29 217, Pi. 61 37 Circular, 151 Attendant o f goddess, 21, 54, 55, 58-9, 60, 87, Pis. 4, 6, 7, Fig. 34 Plain, 6 142, 143, 145, 150, 153, Pi. IV, 29-34 ; 14 Pis. VI, Danubian Horsemen, 59-60, Fig. 36 VII, VIII King Rhesus, 57 Jewelled, 14 176, Pis. I, VI Bactrian kings, Fig. 33 Rectangular, 151 ; 6 (?) 151, 155 Slav, 61, 86-7 H amadani, al-, Arab historian, 16 Avar, 90 Hare (see A nimals) H orseshoe A rch and A pse, 43 ; 4 123, Fig. 56 ; 19 190, Fig. 97 ; H atra, 118, Fig. 2 25 208, Fig. 131 ; 29 214, Fig. 146 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, H ebat, Sun goddess, 7 Fig. 158 Hebrew (see ) H orus-Harpocrates, 62 Heddal, Norway, Church, 21, Pi. 4 Humor, Moldavia, Church, 200 Helena, St, 123 Huns Hellenic (see Greek) Invasion o f India, 13 Hellenism, Hellenistic (see also Greece) Italy, 74 Penetration o f Macedonia, 3-4, 19, 50, 51, 198, 226 the Balkans, 78, 89, 167, 188, 219, 233 in Asia, 4-5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 25, 27, 39, 112 Appearance and settlement in Europe, 77, 78, 80, 90 and Gandhara art, 4, 12, 120, 176, Pi. 48 Hunting Scenes (see also Horseman, Heroic Hunter) and Christianity, 12, 20-1, 27, 40, 112, 140-2 Hadhramaut, 16 Sculpture, 140-1 10 166 ; 29 217, 220, Pi. 60 ; 30 225 Penetration north o f Macedonia, 198, 201, 213 Hurri, 7, 8, 15, 26 Helmold, Presbyter, 86, 87, 88 Hygeia, 55, 58, 61 Heraclea, Thrace, 51, 61, 113 Hyksos, Rulers o f Egypt, 6 Heraclea Lyncestis, 51, 72, 78, 159, 161 Churches, 9 159-61, Pi. 36, Fig. 72 Heraclius, Emperor (610-41), 92, 93, 125 Hercules, 52, Pi. 8 Iazyges, Sarmatian tribe, 78, 80 Herenius, Archbishop o f Thessalonica, 74 Ibex (see A nimals) Hermaios Sotiros, King o f Bactria, 176, Fig. 87 Icon, 178-9 Hexagon o f Sinai, 147 Ciboria, 3 114, 115 ; 6 130-2, 136, 143, 145, 146, 149, Pis. 26, 6 141-155 ; 7155 ; 14 69, 178, 179 306, c, Figs. 62, 65 ICONOCLASM Ornamental design, 9 160, Pi. 36 ; 33 231, Fig. 160 Oriental, 24, 120 Hexham, 60 and St Paul, 65 Hilani N arthex and Church o f Illyricum, 76 Origins, 38-9, 198 and Thessalonica, 6 142, 147-8, 150, 179 ; 7 158, 179 ; 14 179 Christian applications (see also A nnexes to N arthex or A trium) Iconostasis, 22, 36, 62, 120, 235 ; 6 130 ; Pis. 25, 35 Northern Mesopotamia, 38, Fig. 16 St George, Kastoria, Pi. 5 Bin Bir Kilisse, 40, 198, Figs. 18, 121 St Naum, Ohrid, Pi. 19 Macedonia, 1 101, Fig. 44 Iffley, near Oxford, Church o f St Mary-the-Virgin, Pi. 19 Syria, 117, Figs. 17, 53 Iflatun, Asia Minor, Hittite monument, 85 Southern Serbia, 20 193, 195, 196, 198, Figs. 102-5, 108-9, h i , Ignatius, Chronicle of, 68-9, 173-4, 175, 177-9 120 ; 21201, Fig. 126 ; 22 202, Fig. 127 ; 23 204, Fig. 128 ; Ilissos, Basilica, 128 29 218, Fig. 145 Illyria, Illyrians Raška churches, 235 Contribution to Macedonian synthesis, vii, 3, 4, 50, 65 H ira, Churches, 36, Fig. 14c and Christianity, 18, 64-5, 66-7 Hittites Paganism, 66, 230, 233 Religion, 7-8, 12, 15, 85 and Slavs, 79 Architecture (see Hilani N arthex) Dassaretae, 228

252 Index

Illyricum Jews, Judaism (see also Semitic Peoples) Roman conquest, 49 Link between East and West, 10, 13, 17, 19 Mithraism, 67-8, 220 and representational art, 11, 15, 16, 65 Prefect, 70 Religion and religious contribution to Christianity, 12, 13, 14-17, Invasions and defence measures, 71-3, 77-8, 89 et seq. (see also 21, 24, 27, 65, 67, 120 Slavs Invasions and Settlement) in Macedonia, 51, 63-4, 179, 181 Ecclesiastical policies, 74-6 St Paul, 52, 63-4 Imposts (see C apitals) John the B aptist, St India Tradition o f baptism, 104-5 and Hellenism, 4-5, 10, 12, 16, 19 Intercedes for mankind, 21, 120 Geographical factors, 5, 24 Relationship with Virgin, 61 Monasticism, 7, 14 John the M onk, 13 Religion, 11-14, 24, 56, Pi. 48, Fig. 4 John, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 91, 92, 93, 150-2 Influence on Christianity, 13-14, 17, 19, 30 John C hrysostom, St, 30 Influence on Thessalonica, 17 ; 6 14, 143-4, Pi. IV ; 14 176, John of Ephesus, Bishop, 80-1, 90, 91 Pis. I, VI, 48 J ohn of Stobi, 220 Innocent I, Pope, 128 Johnson, R., 62 Inscriptions Jonah, 17 in churches, I 103, 104, 105, 107 ; 2 107 ; 6 145, 146, 150, 153, Jordan, River, 176 154 ; 10 162, 165 ; 13 173, 176 ; 19 193 ; 21 201 ; 30 223 Josephus, 13 o f Stephanus, 187, 188 JovANOvić, P., ix Interlacing (see Geometrical D esign) Judgement D a y, 9 Iranian Plateau Justin II, Emperor (565-78), 90 Geographical factors, 5, 7, 20, 24 Justinian the Great, Emperor (527-65) Medes, 8 Portrait in Ravenna, 30, Fig. 96 Architecture, 11, 16, 28, 118, Fig. 2 Birthplace, 188 Religion, 24, 60 Monogram, 29 218 Scythians (see Scythia) Foundations and rebuilding, 89, 187-8 and Slav religion, 82-3 Cities, see C ari& n Grad, Justiniana Prima, Justiniana Isaiah, Prophet, 176 Secunda ISAURIA Churches : 169, 182, 187, 188 Isaurians in Balkans, 78, 226 Jerusalem, 35, 41 architecture, 219 Constantinople, 44-5, 153 Isidore o f M iletus, 44 Balkans, I 105 ; 19-29, 31» 33 Isis, 6, 52, 62 Internal policy Islam Centralisation of power, 43, 198 Religious art and iconoclasm, 15, 118, 142, 158 Ecclesiastical reorganisation o f Balkans, 76, 188-9, 233 Secular art, 16 Balkan defence policy Monotheism, 21 Fortifications, 89, 105, 169, 188, 220, 228, 233 and dome, 24 Christianity, 89, 187, 188, 220, 233-4 (see also above Churches : Istanbul (see also C onstantinople), Museum o f Antiquities, 121 Balkans) Istria (see also Poreč), Iconography of Christ, 176 and Slavs, 89, 94 Isullos, Hymn of, 60 and Avars, 90, 94 Italy Population transfers, 198, 226 North Adriatic churches, 42-3 Justiniana Prima (see also C aričin Grad), 76, 94, 169, 188, 200, Macedonians deported to, 49 208 Italians settled in Macedonia, 50 Justiniana Secunda (see also U lpiana), 200 and trans-Balkan routes, 51 Invasions, 74, 77-8, 79, 89, 90, 161, 176 Architectural façades in art, 116 K aikaus, 85 Renaissance and Byzantine art, 148 K alaja, Church, 20 193, 195, Fig. 103 ‘ Unbearded* Christ, 176-7 K alat Siman, Syria, Basilica o f St Simeon Stylites, 36, 141 Trefoil architecture, 199 K astoria, Churches Ivan, architectural form, 11, 118, Fig. 2 Aghios Stephanos, 66, Fig. 38 adapted to Christianity, 28, 36, Fig. 14 Anargyriou, 66-7, 148, Fig. 39 Ivanjani, Bulgaria, Church, 213, Fig. 142 Panaghia Mavriotissia, Pi. 5 Ivy (see Plants) St George, Pi. 5 IzbiČan, Yugoslavia, 187 K autsch, R., 139 K avalla (see N eapolis) K azarow, G. I., 54 Janus, 52 Khirbet-al-H aman, 59 Jerusalem, 30, 31, 65 Kiev Church o f the Holy Sepulchre (of the Resurrection), 31, 35, 68 Icon o f SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 153 Eleona, 35 Cathedral o f Svjataja Sofija (Holy Wisdom), 220

253 Index

K ingship, D ivine L iturgy (contd.) Egypt, 6 Cappadocian-Byzantine, 30, 31, 228 Hittite, 7 Coptic, 30 Persian, 7-9, 11, 24, 119-20, 199-200 Franco-Spanish, 31 Rome, 9 Oriental influences K itzinger, E., 141, 161, 162, 167, 168, 179, 185 Syrian, 30-2, 39, 43, 118-21, 134, 147, 175, 219, 225-6, 236 K lise-kjoj, Bulgaria, Church, 213, Fig. 143 Persian, 30-2, 119 K lisura, Church, 20 195, 196, 200, Fig. h i ; 213 Mesopotamian, 36, 39, ιο ί, 119, 134, 159, 232, 236 K oćo, D., 229, 230, 231, 232, 233 Anatolian, 198, 218-19, 225-6, 232 KONJUH Offertory Procession, 31-2 Domed Church, 30 220-6, Pis. 62-4, Figs. 149-55 ; 89, 233, 235 and emperor, 31 Basilica, 221 and Roman church, 31 K orykos, Episcopal church, 128 Great Entry Kos, 55 Evolution, 32 KosTOLAC (see V iminacium) Adopted in Constantinople, 120, 139 KOTRIGURS, 89 Little Entry, 139 K ouber, Ruler o f Vlachs, 93 Development in Macedonia and Southern Serbia, 235 ; 1 100-2 ; KouTAis, Cathedral, 85 3 118-21 ; 8 159 ; 13 171 ; 14 175 ; 19 191-2 ; 29 216, KozANi, 183 218-20 ; 30 225-6 ; 31 228 ; 33 232 K ozarac, V., 88 L ombards, 43, 71, 88, 90, 92 K renides (see Philippi) London K uban, 19 British Museum, 147, Pis. 3 a ,J 6d K urbinovo, Church, 148 Victoria and Albert Museum, Pis. 22k, 48/ KURŠUMLIJA Christie, Manson and W ood Ltd., Pi. 48e Church o f the Holy Virgin, 20 195, 196, 200, Fig. 108 ; 213 L’O range, H. P., 9, 17, 35, 85 Triple-apsed church, 208 Lotus (see Plants) K ushan D ynasty, 4, 12 Lucius, E., 149 K ustendil (see Pautalia) Lucius V erus, Roman Emperor, 51 Lule B urgas (see A rcadiopolis) Lusatian C ulture, 79 Lahtov, V., 229 Lyaios, 70, 130 Lamb (see A nimals) Lychnidus (see also O hrid), 51, 72, 78, 228, 229, 230, 233 Lamentation (Pieta), 148 Lychnitis, Lake (see O hrid, Lake) Lanckoronski, K. G., and N iemann, G., 117 , 52, 76, 104, 221, Fig. 151 Lazarev, V. N., 141 M acaronas, X. I., ix, 106, 123, 181 Leake, W . M., h i , 156, 228 M acedonia Lebanon, 24 Topography, 3, Pis. 1, 2, 37, 45 Lebena, Crete, 55 Geographical position Lemerle, P., ix, 64, 102, 165, 169 et seq., 189 et seq. Eastern orientation, 5 Lemnos, 52 Near centre o f Byzantine world, vii, 25, 43 Leningrad, Hermitage Museum, Pi. 6c Between Rome and Constantinople, viii, 75-6, 128 Leo (? Portrayed in mosaics o f St Demetrius), 150, 152 Early history, 3-5 Leo the Great, Pope, 74, 158 Cultural contribution o f Greece, 3-4, 18, 50-1, 53, 191 Leo o f Patara, St, 112, 114 o f Thrace, 50, 52-62, 66 Leo III, Emperor (717-41), 150 o f Illyria, 50, 66-7 Leo VI, Emperor (886-912), 105, 150 Indian influences, 14, 176 Leontius, Prefect o f Illyricum, 70, 125, 128, 130, 134, 151 Celtic and Scythian influences, 18-19 Lethaby, W . R., 23, i 18 Roman occupation and influences, 49 et seq., 66, 67, 191, 128 Licinius, Roman Emperor, 73 Religion and religious influences Lilith, Goddess o f death, 20, 22, Pi. 3 b Pagan, 52-62, 75, 147, 149, 233, 234 Lily (see Plants) Christian, 66-72, 73-6, 101, 108, 118-21, 134, 147, 159, 175-6, Lion, Lioness (see A nimals) 225-6, 232, 235 Lipljan (see also U lpiana), Churches, 21 200-2, Figs. 125, 126 ; 213 and St Paul, 52, 62-5 Liturgy Influence o f Constantinople, viii, 190 Roman Empire Gothic wars, 71-2, 77-8, 128, 161, 188 Early uniformity, viii, 28 Avar and Slav invasions, 88-95, 139, i6 i, 183, 188 Eucharistic service, 25, 27, 28, 30-1, 121 Defences o f Justinian, 89, 188 and architecture, viii, 33-4 (see also A nnexes to N arthex and M ad ab A, Syria, Church, 225 A trium, D iaconicon, Parabemata, Prothesis, Sanctuary, M ađara, Bulgaria, Rock relief, 54, Pi. 7b T ribelon) M adrid, Real Academia de la Historia, Pi. 220 Eastern Syrian, Semitic, o f SS. Addai and Mari, 27, 30, 31, 39, 101 M agas, King of Cyrene, 11 Western Syrian, Antiochene, o f St James, 27, 30, 31 M agi, 9 Roman, o f St Hippolytus, 27, 31 Adoration of, 3 122-3, Pis. 23, 24, Fig. 55

254 Index

M agna Graecia, Reliefs, Pis. 3f t g M oesia, 57, 71, 77 M ahaletch, Anatolia, Church, 213, Fig. 141 M onastic C hurches, 37, 38, 199 M ale, É., 36 14 174-9 ; 18 185-6 M amre, Palestine, BasiHca, 35 St Matrona, Thessalonica, 145 M andorla, 3 i 14 ; 14 175, 176, Pi. VI Sveti Naum, 228 M ano-Z isi, G., ix, 94, 165, 195, 196, 209, 213, 214, 217 M onasticism, 7, 14, 144, 147, 175, 176 M ansi, J. D., 74 M ongolia, 89 M anuel C omnenos, Emperor (1143-80), 117 M onophysite Faith, 29 M arcus A urelius, Roman Emperor, 51 M onotheism, 17, 61, 75 M argaritone, 147 M onza M arib D am, 16 Ampoules of, 122 M ark, St, 73, 165, 178 Diptych, Pi. 22p M arko, 61, 87 M oon W orship, 50, 59 M ars, 52 Bendis, 53 M artyrium, 31, 33, 35, 36, 163-4, 175, 199-200, 225 ; 2 107-8 ; in Illyrian Macedonia, 66 6 125, 128, 130, 145, 211 ; 9 163 ; 10 163, 168 ; 30 Men, 87 226 M orava, River, 51 Salona, 183 style o f architecture, 200 M ary (Child in lost mosaics o f St Demetrius), 6 145-6, Pis. 29, M oravia, 4, 78, 79, 80 3° M osaic M ass ada, Palestine, 13 Milan, 9 M athura A rt, 12, 176 Rome, 9 M atrona, St, 145, Pi. 30c Aquileia, 14 M aurice, Emperor (582-602), 91, 148 Ravenna, 30, 32, 122 M ausoleum (see Funerary A rchitecture) Bethlehem, 117-18 M aximovic, J., 165, 166 I 102-3, Ph. II» 12at b ; 2 107 ; 3 viii, 9, 11, 109, in -2 1, 142, 234, M azdaism (see Persia, Religion) Pis. III, 14&, 15-17» 20, 21 ; 4 123 ; 5 124 ; 6 14» 122, 132, M ecca, 15 137, 141-55, 166, Pis. IV, 29-34; 7 142, 157-8, Pis. V, M edes, 9 35c, d, e ; 9 159-61, Pi. 36, *, K c ; 10 164-5, 166, Pis. 41, M egasthenes, Seleucid ambassador, 12 42 ; II 168 ; 12 169, Pi. 52 ; 13 172 ; 14 9, 69, I74, 175-9, M elnik, Bulgaria, 62 Pis. I, VI, VII, VIII, 48 ; 16 181 ; 17 183-4 ; 20 196, Fig. M emorial C hapel, 175, 196, 199, 200, 209 n o ; 21 201, 202 ; 23 203, Pi. 56 ; 25 208, 209, Pis. 57, M enas, St, Basilica of, Egypt, 128 58 ; 29 214-18, 220, 225, 233, Pis. 59-61, Fig. 146 ; 31 227 ; M esesnel, F., 203, 204, 209 32 229 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 230, (Radolišta) 230, 231-3, Fig. M esopotamia 160 ; 34 233-4, Fig. 161 Formative influences, 5-8, 14-17, 24 M oscow, Historical Museum, Pis. 4

255 Index

N ave and A isles, 21, 23, 33-45, 120-1, 134, 198-9, 219 O hrid (contd.) Circular, 35 ; 3 109, h i ; 30 221-6 Town (contd.) Latitudinal, 37-9, 101 Churches (contd.) Octagonal, 4 123 St Clement, 22, Pi. 5 Single, 20 193, 196-8 ; 21 200-2 Sveta Sofija (Holy Wisdom), 229, Fig. 157 I 100, 102, 103, 105, Pi. 10a ; 2 106, 107, Pi. 13d ; 3 i n , 112 ; O ktisi, Church, 34 233-4, Fig. 161 5 124, 125 ; 6 128, 130, 132, 137-40, 181, Pi. 25 ; 7 156, O ldenburg, 87 157-8, Pi. 356 ; 8 158-9 ; 9 159, Pi. 36/; 10 162-6, Pi. 44c ; O live (see Plants) II 167-8 ; 12 168, 169 ; 13 169-72 ; 15 179-81 ; 16 181, O lympus, Mount, 3, 124 183 ; 17 183-4 ; 18 185 ; 19 190, 191 ; 20 193, 195, 196 ; O nesiphoros, St, 112, 113, 114, Pi. 22 21 201, 202 ; 22 202 ; 23 203, 204, Pi. 56a ; 25 206-7, ‘O r ante' Pi. 58a, b ; 26 209, 211 ; 28 213 ; 29 214, 216-18, 220, Pi. Pagan antecedents, 87 59e ; 30 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, Pi. 62 ; 31 227, 228 ; 3 112, Pis. Ill, 14-17 ; 6 143, 145, 146, 153, 154, Pi. 31 32 229 ; 33 (Studenčišta) 229, 230, (Radolišta) 230, 231 ; O riental Influences 34 233, 234 on Macedonia, vii, 4-6, 11-14 ,17, 109, 112, 119-21, 122, 134, 147, N eapolis (Kavalla), 49, 51, 52, 63, 64 151, 175, 226 N ectarius, 30, 31 on Christianity, 7-8, 13-14, 16-17, 19-22, 30, 40-5, 65, 101, 102, N emanja D ynasty, 148 147 N enadović, S. M., 203 on Rome, 11, 166 N erezi, Church o f Sv. Panteleimon, 148 on Thrace, 55-6 N ero, Roman Emperor, 9, 25, 51 on Horseman iconography, 60 N estor, Friend o f St Demetrius, 70, 130 on iconography of Virgin, 145-8 N estorius, N estorians, 30, 39, 43, 66, 155-6 on Southern Serbia, 219 N estos, River, 3, 54 O rlandos, A. K., 120, 132, 157, 180-2 N ew Rome (see C onstantinople) O rpheus, 52, 57, 217 N icaea O siris, 6 Church of Dormition, 147 O srhoene (see Edessa) Council of, 68, 75, 145 O stia, 25 N icephorus, Patriarch o f Constantinople, 93 O strogoths (see Goths) N icomedia, i 13 O wl (see A nimals, Birds) N icopolis O xford Sack of, 78, 173 Ashmolean Museum, Pi. \e Basilicas, 118, 128, 213 Museum o f Eastern Art, Pi. 48d N ika Riots, 43, 44 N ikolajević-Stojković, I, ix, 163, 167, 185, 204, 208, 218, 227-8 Padua, 148 Niš (see N aissus) Palace A rchitecture, 8, 11, 12, 38-9, 114, 118-20 N isibis (Nisibin), 40, 101, 102 Palestine (see H oly Land) Church of Mar Yaqub, 39 Palikura, Church, 18 185-6, Pi. 52, Fig. 95 N ola, Churches, 43 Pallas A thene, 52, 147 N ubia, 30 Palmyra, 15, 113 Pan, 62, 183 Pangaeus, M ount, 4, 57, 62, 173 O ctagon Pannonia, 51, 78, 80, 90 Origins, 35-6, 225 Highway, 161 Architecture Parabemata (see also D iaconicon, Prothesis) Jerusalem, 35, 36 Salona, 41 as baptistery, 35-6 6 130, 132-4, 137, 139, 140 ; 10 163 ; i i 168 ; 13 170 ; 14 175 ; Tur Abdin, 37 15 179 ; 19 191, 193 ; 20 193, 195, 228 ; 23 203 ; 25 206, Wiranshehr, 39 219, 228 ; 29 219, 225 ; 30 221-6 ; 31 228 Constantinople, 43, 44, 226 Paradise Ravenna, 225-6 Rivers, 176 3 113, 114 ; 4 123-4 ; 18 185 Threshold, 3 118-19, Pis. Ill, 14-17 ; 34 234, Fig. 161 Ornament, 7 157 ; 29 216 ; 33 (Radolišta) 231 Paramythia, Greece, Church, 199 O ctavius, Roman Emperor, 49, 50 Paris O der, River, 79 Louvre, 59, 60, Figs. 35, 37, Pi. 49m O dysseus, 57 Notre-Dame, Pi. 19b O gnenova, L., 53 Cluny Museum, Pi. 490 O hrid (A chrida, O hrida) (see also Lychnidus) Paros, 4, 112 Lake (Lychnitis), 3, 228, 229 Parthia (see Persia) Town, 3, 228, 229, 230, 233 Partridge (see A nimals, Birds) National Museum, 233 Pastophorla (see also D iaconicon, Parabemata, Prothesis) Churches i 100, 101, 159 ; 13 171 ; 25 206 32 228-9, Fig. 157 ; 230, 233 Pataliputra, India, 12

256 Index

Patriarchs, Patriarchates (see also Pope) Philippi [contd.) Patriarch or bishop o f Alexandria, 29-31, 73, 77 Battle, 49 o f Antioch, 29-30, 73 Roman occupation, 50-1 o f Constantinople, 29, 30, 31, 74, 75, 76, 77, 88, 122, 128,155-6 and St Paul, 52, 62-5, 67, 72, 99 Precedence, 29, 74 Thracian Horseman reliefs, 54 Patrick, St, 62 and Dionysus, 62, 173, 234 Paul, St, Fig. 28 Church of, 66-72 and Macedonia, vii, 13, 52, 62-5, 72, 73, 99, 104-5, I23> 170, *73 Attack by Goths, 105, 169, 173 and Galatians, 18, 79 Bulgar occupation, 105, 193 Attendant of Christ or in Traditio Legis, 2i, 177-8, Pis. VII, 5 Plain o f Philippi, Pl. 45 and Christian unity, 24 Churches Jewish principles, 61, 67 ‘ Extra Muros’ Basilica, I 99-106, Pis. II, 10-12, Fig. 44 ; vii, Companions, 63-5, 170 159, 160, 170, 173, 211, 216 and St Onesiphoros, 112 Basilica A, 13 169-73, Pis. 45-7, Figs. 80-3 ; 102, 105, 116, 165, Paulinus, Bishop of Tyre, 34, 35 188, 190, 191, 228 Paulinus, Bishop o f Nola, 43 Basilica B, 19 188-93, Pis. 45,53-5, Figs. 97-100; 105,169,173.235 Pautalia (Kustendil), 51, 220 Philippians, Epistle to, 63, 64 Pazarik, Textile, 58, Pi. 6c Philippopolis (Plovdiv), 51, 71 Peacock (see A nimals, Birds) Philostratus, 57, 58 Pelagia, St, 145, Pi. 30 Phocas, Emperor (602-10) 92 Pelekanides, S., ix, 69, 99-106, 156, 170, 179 Phoenicia, 4, 16, 24 Pella, 49, 50, 51. 72 Phoenix (see A nimals, Birds) Pendentive, 23, 45 Picard, C., 53 Pergamum (Pergamon), 4 Pignatta Sarcophagus, Ravenna, 21, Pl. 5c Périgueux, St-Front, 44 Pindus M ountains, 3 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 13 Pine (see Plants) Persephone, 58, 61 Pirdop, Bulgaria, Church, 207, Fig. 132 Persepolis, 12, 140 Pisa, 148 Perseus, 52, 61 Sarcophagus, Pl. 6a Perseus, King of Macedonia, 49 Piscina (see B aptistery) Persia (see also Iranian Plateau, M esopotamia, O riental Plants as O rnament (see also T ree, Sacred, or T ree of Life) Influences) Fruit and foliage generally, 39, i n , 113, 116, Pl. Ill ; 6 130, 144, Religion and state, 4-5, 8-11, 12, 17, 19, 24, 56, 79, 85, 134 Pl. 26 ; 7 157, Pis. V, 35 ; 9 160, 161 ; 10 226 ; 12 169 ; Achaemenian, 4, 5, 8-10, 119, 140 13 Fig. 83 ; 19 191, Fig. 100 ; 23 203 ; 25 208, 209, P i 58 ; and Hellenism, 4-5, 8, 9, 12, 20, 120 29 216 ; 30 224, 225, 226 ; 33 (Studenčista) 230, (Radolista) Parthia, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 49, 51 231 ; 34 233 Concept of kingship, 9 Acanthus, 6 140, 141, Pis. 26, 27, 28 ; 7 157, Pl. 35 ; 10 163, 166, Mazdaism, 9, 28 Pis. 38-40, Fig. 75 ; 13 173, Pis. 46, 47 ; 19 190, Pl. 55 ; Christianity, 13, 26-8, 30, 36-7, 39, 236, Fig. 14 20 196 ; 23 203, Pl. 56, Fig. 129 ; 25 208, Pis. 57, 58 ; and Slavs, 82-3 26 211, Pl. 58 ; 27 212, Fig. 140 ; 29 Pl. 59 ; 30 223, 224, Achaemenian art and architecture, 8, u , 119, 140 Pis. 63, 64, Figs. 152, 153 ; 31 227-8 Influence on India, 12 Com , Pis. 3, 39 Influence on Syria, 16, 39 Fern, 166, Pl. 38, Fig. 62 Parthian art and architecture, 10-11, 12, 59, 118, Fig. 2 Ivy Influence on Roman Empire, 11, 70, Pi. 8 and Bendis, 53 Sassanian art and architecture, 11, 118, 140, Pi. 18, Fig. 3 arch from palace o f Galerius, Pl. 9c Influence on Byzantine Empire, 9, 11, 30 I 102, 103, Pl. 10 ; 2 107 ; 6 Fig. 63 ; 10 163, 166, Pl. 38 ; 18 Ivan architecture, 11, 28, 36, 118, Figs. 2, 3 185, Pl. 52 ; 19 191 ; 23 203, Pl. 56 Sassanian and Byzantine rivalry, 8, 51, 90, 92, 144 Lily, 6 132, 149 ; 7 i57, Pk V ; 29 216, 218 Perugia, Bronze relief, Pi. 3 e Lotus, 29 216, 218 ; 33 (Radolista) 231 Perustica, Bulgaria, Church, 199 Olive, 25 208 Peter, St, 73, 75 Pine, 53 ; 7 157 Attendant of Christ or in Traditio Legis, 2ΐ, 177-8, Pis. VII, 5 Pomegranate, 3 Pl. Ill ; 29 216 ; 33 231 Peter, Bishop o f Alexandria, 75 Pumpkin, 29 216 Petković, V., 193, 206, 208, 212 Vine Petra, 15, 16, 116, Pis. 18b, c Palace o f Galerius, 124, Pl. 9 Petrović, J., ix, 168 6 140 ; 7 157, Pl. V ; 10 163,166, Pl. 38 ; 20 196 ; 29 216, 217, Phiale (see Fountains) Pl. 60 ; 30 223, 226, Pl. 63 Philemon, St, 112, 114, Pi. 22 Plovdiv (see Philippopolis) Philip, St, 113, 114, Pl. 22 Poland, 79, 80, 87 Philip II, King of Macedonia, 3, 4, 52 Polish Language, 81 Philippi (Krenides) Polyaenus, 57 Colonised by Thasos, 4 Pomegranate (see Plants) and letters o f Christ and King Abgar, 27 Ρομρεπ, II, Il6, 140, 175

257 Index

Pompey, 49 Ratiara (Vidin), 51 Pontus, 30, 113 R avenna, 74, 128, 141 Pope S. Vitale, viii, 30, 32, 42-3,14 1,15 1,158,167, 208, 217, 225, Pi. 49e or Bishop o f Rome, 29, 31, 66, 73, 74, 76, 77, 88, 134, 156 Sarcophagi, 21, 177, 223, Pis. 5, 497, 63 and Macedonia, 75, 76, 122, 128, 156, 158 Mausoleum o f Galla Placidia (Chapel o f St Lawrence), 42-3, Pi. 49h Popović, I., and C erškov, E., 201 Exarchate Palace, 116-17, Fig. 50 Population T ransfers, 78, 188, 198, 219, 226, 228 S. Apollinare Nuovo, 117, 122, 147, 151, 158 Poreč, Cathedral, 147, 151, Pi. 49/» £ S. Apollinare-in-Classe, 163 P orphyrios, St, 112, 113, 114, Pi. 21 Baptisteries, 178, 225 P orter, W . H., 57, 58 Ambos, 226 P oseidon, 52 National Museum, Pi. 5a, d, n Presbyters, 25, 26, 103, 104 Archiépiscopal Chapel, Pis. 49Γ, d Presbytery Seats, 1 100 ; 2 107, 108, Pi. 136 ; 6 130, 138 ; 7 158 ; Cathedra of Maximianus, Pi. 49p 10 163 ; 13 170 ; 16 181 ; 17 183 ; 19 190 ; 21 201 ; Relics, Reliquaries (see also C rypt, Reliquary), 34, 35 ; 2 107 ; 25 206 ; 28 213 ; 29 214 ; 30 221 ; 31 227 6 128, 130, 137, 143 ; 16 183 ; 30 226 Prespa, Lakes Great and Little, 3, PL 2 Resurrection (see A fter-Life) Priests (see also B ishops, D eacons) Rhea, 8, 52 Pagan Rhesus, King o f Thrace, 57-8 Egyptian, 6 Rhodes, 4, 72 Hittite, 7 Rhodope, M ount, 3, 57, 58 Persian, 9 Rice, D. T albot, xi, 122, 154-5 Slav, 81, 87 Rice, T. T albot, 18-19, 83 and sanctuary, 23-4 River G od, 14, 176, 178, Pis. VI, VII Christian R omanos, St, 112,115 Early Roman Church, 25-6 R ome, C ity of Early Persian Church, 28 Syrian Christians, 43, Fig. 24 Salona, 41 Sack of, 18, 78, 79, 128, 176 Philippi, 100, 104 Pagan monuments, 114, 116 Thasos, 107-8 Pantheon, 70, 109 Thessalonica, 136, 137, 148, 155, Pi. 33 Christian monuments Caričin Grad, 220 Mosaic o f Christ Helios, 9 Saints officiating in liturgy, 119 Catacombs, 17, 147, 166, Pis. 22 n., 491 and sanctuary, 120-1 Cemetery of Callixtus, 17, 199 Pripet M arshes, 79 St John Lateran, 33, 35, Fig. 10 Priscos, St, i 13, 114, Pi. 22 St Peter, 33, 35, 163-4, 211, Figs. 10, 76 Pris eus, Byzantine general, 80 St Paul-outside-the-Walls, 43, 166, Fig. 24 Priština, Museum o f Kosovo and Metohije, 88 Sta Costanza, 109, in -1 2 , 113, 177, 225 Prizren (Theranda), Church, 22 202, Fig. 127 ; 204, 207 Sta Maria Maggiore, 113 Proconnesus, 108, 132, 139, 172 Lateran Museum, 122 Procopius, 45, 89,169, 188, 228 Sta Sabina, 122, 177, Pi. 49/ Prokuplje, Church, 20 195, Fig. 105 ; 207 S. Urbano, 147 Propylaeum, 34, 35 ; *3 170 Sta Maria-in-Domnica, 147 Prothesis, 32, 40-4, 101 Sta Maria Novella, 154 I 100, 101, 102 ; 2 108 ; 6 139 ; 8 159 ; 13 170, 171 ; 16 183 ; Sta Maria Antiqua, 155, 166 19 191, Fig. 99 ; 20 196 ; 21 201 ; 29 219 ; 31 228 S. Saba, 166 Psalms, 17 S. Symphoroso, 199 ‘Psamatia* C hrist, 14 R ome, Imperial Pseudo-D ionysius the A reopagite, 13 Oriental influence, 5, 11, 43, 119 Ptolemy Philadelphos, i i Pagan religion, 5, 24, 55, 56 Pula, Church of Sta Maria-in-Canneto, Pi. 49h Contributions to Byzantine civilisation, 20 Pumpkin (see Plants) Christianity (see also Pope) Pre-Constantinian period, 25-6 Liturgy, 27, 30, 31 Q uatrefoil, 12 (Baptistery) 68-9, 209, Fig. 79 ; 25 (Baptistery) Fourth century, 28-31, 33-5, 43 208-9, Fig. 131 ; 32 (Baptistery), 229 in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia, 37, 39 Etchmiadzin, 208, Fig. 134 in Salona, 40-1 Vagharshapat, 208, Fig. 135 in Northern Adriatic, 42 in Constantinople, 45 RadojčiĆ, S., ix, 188, 200, 222 et seq. Square halo, 151 R adolišta, Church, 33 229-33, Figs. 159-60 ; 169, 229, 233 Expansion into Asia, 49 Ram (see A nimals, Lamb, etc.) Conquest o f Macedonia, 49-52, 62, 63, 228 Ramsay, W ., and B ell, G. L., 175, 199, 208, 213, 219 Balkan highways, 50-1, 71, 161 (see also V ia Egnatia) R aška Style of A rchitecture, 94, 200, 213, 235 Thracian troops, 60 Ras Siagha, Palestine, Church, 199 Decline, 20, 71, 72, 74, 78, 80, 128, 176

258 Index

Rosalia, 52 Sassanians (see Persia) R ostovtzeff, M., 15, 16-17, 55, 56, 58 S avaria, Pannonia, Cellae tr ichor ae, 199 Rowland, B., 12 Saxo Grammaticus, 86 R owland, B., Junior, 14 (note 2) SCAMPAE (ElBASAn), 5Ι, 78 R ufus, Bishop o f Thessalonica, 128 Scodra (Scutari, Shkoder), 51 R ügen, Temple of Svjatovit, 86, 87 Screen, Sanctuary (see C hancel Screen) Rujkovac, Church, 20 197-8, Fig. 120, 201, 223 Sculptural D ecoration of C hurches (see also C apitals) R unciman, S., 29 i 103, Pis. 10, i i ; 2 107 ; 3 121-3, Pis. 23, 24, Figs. 54, 55 ; R ussia 4 123, Pi. 24 ; 6 130, 132, 167, Pi. 26, Figs. 62, 63, 65, 67 ; Steppes, 17-18, 56, 79» 80, 83 7 156-7 ; 9 160 ; 10 163, 167, Pi. 40 ; 13 171-3 ; 15 181 ; Ruweha, Church, 117, Figs. 17b, 53 17 184 ; 18 185-6 ; 19 191, 192, Fig. 100 ; 20 196, Figs. Rybakov, B. A., 82, 83-5 117, 119 ; 23 203, 204 ; 25 209 ; 30 223-5, 226, Pis. 63, 64 ; 31 227 Sculpture in Relief (Pagan) Saale, River, 80 Achaemenian, 8-9 Saint-H onorat, Provence, Church, 199 Parthian, 10 Sakicol, Church, 20 196-8, Figs. 114, 115 Palmyra, 15 Salin, E., 56 Rome, 17 Salona Thessalonica, 17, 124, Pis. 8, 9b, c Fourth- to sixth-century Christianity, 40-3, 182-3 Western Asia, 24 Barbarian attacks, 87 Thrace and Eastern Macedonia, 53-62, Pi. 6, Figs. 29-31 Christian graves, 104 Philippi, Figs. 29-31 Churches, 134, 161 Slav, 83-87, Fig. 42 Oratory A, 40-1, Figs. 19-20 Sculpture ‘ in the Round* (Pagan) Southern Basilica, 41 Parthian, 10 Episcopal Church or Basilica Urbana, 41, 42, ιο ί, 181, Fig. 90 Palmyra, 15 Basilica at Manastirine, 41, 101, Fig. 21 Greek, 24, 120 Five Martyrs* Church, Kapljuč, 41 Slav, 85, 87 Basilica ‘Juxta Portum’, 41, Fig. 22 Scupi (see also Skopje), 51, 161, 173, 186, 188, 189, 220 Basilica o f St Anastasius, Marusinac, 42, Fig. 23 Scutari (see Scodra) Basilica Occidentalis, 42 Scymnus o f C hios, 50 Cruciform Basilica, 181, Fig. 90 Scythia, Scythians Marusinac Cemetery Church, 211 Iranian origins, 8, 11, 16, 17-18 Salonica (see T hessalonica) Kushans, 12 Salvation Religion, 18-19, 58, 61, 83, Fig. 5 God o f and Thracians, 50, 55-9 Semitic, 17 and Slavs, 79, 82, 83, 87, 88 ; 6 130, Pi. 26 Slav, 82 Sea Horse (see A nimals, Fish) Hellenistic, Fig. 87 Secundus o f T hessalonica, 65 Gesture o f Seleucid R ulers o f Syria, 4, 8, 12 6 152, 153 ; 14 176-7, Pi. VI Seleucus N icator, Ruler o f Syria, 12 Samothrace, 8, 49, 62, 63, 173 Semele, 147 Tripartite sanctuary, 21, Fig. 8 Semitic Peoples (see also A rabs, Hurri, Jews) Cabiri, 52 Religion and culture, 5, 14-17, 21, 24, 59, 61, 141-2 Great Goddess, 149 Link between East and West, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, 39, 88 Samuel, 16 Sendjerli, 15, 38-9 San’a, Hadhramaut, 16 Senoufias, 144, 178-9 Sanchi, Stupa, 14, 17, Fig. 4 Septimus Severus, Roman Emperor, 51 Sanctuary (see also B ema, D iaconicon, Prothesis) Serapis, 52, 62 Semitic tradition, 14-15 Serbia (see also Raška), 235, 236 Pagan tripartite, 21, Figs. 8, 9 Serbs, 80 Christian evolution, 23-44, 101, 118-21, 134, 139, 158, 171, 191, Sergius, St, 6 153-4, Pi. 336 206-7, 219, 226, 228, 235 Serpent (see A nimals) Privilege of Emperor, 31 Seure, G., 58 I 100-2, 105 ; 2 107 ; 3 109, 116, 118 ; 6 130, 132-7, 138-9, 192, Seuthes I, King of Thrace, 57 211 ; 7 156, 158 ; 8 159 ; 10 163-4, 211 ; 12 169 ; 13 170, Coin of, Pi. 6d 171, 172-3 ; 14 175 ; 15 179 ; 16 183 ; 17 183 ; 19 189, Sheep (see A nimals, Lamb, etc.) 191, 192 ; 20 193, 195, 196 ; 21 201 ; 23 203 ; 25 206-7, Shkoder (see Scodra) 209 ; 28 213 ; 29 214, 216, 219, 220, Pi. 59e ; 30 224 ; Sicyon, Greece, Church, 128 31 228 Sidamara, Asia Minor, 122 Sardica (Sofia), 51, 93, 9 4 ,161, 220 Silas, Companion o f St Paul, 63-4, 170 Saria, Β., 162 Silchester, Church, 43 Sarmatians, 68, 72, 78 Silesia, 79, 80 and Slavs, 79, 80, 82 Sinai, Icons of, 108, 147, 153, 154, 155, 166

259 Index

SlNGIDUNUM (BELGRADE), JI Stobi (contd.) SlNKIANG, 4, 10 Bishops, 162, 167, 185, 186 Sirmium (Mitrovica), 51, 60, 69, 71, 73, 89, 90, 92 Jews, 181 Cellae trichorae, 199 Aerial view of excavations, Pi. 37 Sitalces, King o f Thrace, 52 Churches Sjarina, Church, 20 195, 198, Figs. 106, 107 Basilica o f Bishop Philip, 10 161-7, Pis* 37-44, Figs. 73-5 ; 134, Skopje (see also Scupi) 137, 168, 169, 173, 185, 211, 213, 225, 226 Archaeological Museum, 3, 232, 234 Cemetery Basilica, II 167-8, Pi. 37c, Fig. 77 Church o f Sv. Spas, 61, Pi. 7/ Quatrefoil Baptistery Basilica, 12 168-9, Pis. 37, 52, Figs. 78, Kursumli-Han Museum, 224 79 ; 232 Slabs, C hancel or Parapet ‘ Synagogue' Basilica, 15 179-81, Pi. 37, Fig. 88 ; 168, 193 Torcello, Pi. 5 ‘ Summer Palace', 208, Pi. 52/t I 102, 103, Pi. 10 ; 6 130, 136, 138, Figs. 63, 65, 67 ; 9 160 ; 10 Strabo, i i 162-3, 167, Pi. 40 ; 13 171, 172, Pi. 47, Fig. 83 ; 16 Pi. 51, Stričević, G., ix, 161, 167, 196, 228 Fig. 91 ; 18 185, 186, Pi. 52 ; 19 191, Fig. 100 ; 20 Fig. Struma, River (see Strymon) 119 ; 23 203, P i 56 ; 30 222, 223-6, Pis. 63, 64, Figs. 150, Strymon (Struma), River, 3, 54, 57, 93, Pi. 1 b 154, 155 Strzygowski, J., 80 Slavs Studenčišta, Church, 33 229-33, Fig* 158 ; 169, 229, 233 and Macedonian synthesis, vii, 3 Stylobates, N ave and Sanctuary and Scythians, 19, 61 i 102, 105, 106, Pi. n e ; 2 107, 108 ; 3 139 ; 9 159, 160, Pi. 36e ; and St George, 61 10 162, 163 ; 13 169, 171, Pi. 47c ; 16 181, Pis. 501 ; Early history, culture and religion, 78-88, 220, 230, 233, 234, 19 190, Pi. 54c ; 23 203 ; 28 213 ; 31 227 ; 33 229 Fig. 42 Succi Pass, 51 Balkan invasions, 80, 88-95, 105, 139, 188, 196, 204, 219 Sumer, 6, 16, Pi. 36 and Thessalonica, 89-94, i32, 143» 148, 151 Sun God or G oddess, 6, 7, 9, 12 Byzantine attempt to assimilate, viii, 87-9, 220, 225, 230, 233, Sun chariot, 7, 9, 12, 56, 86, 87 234* 235 Sun worship, 50, 59, 87, 88, 120, 123-4, Figs. 6, 38, 39, 40 Settlement in Balkans, 88, 89-95, 162, 219, 220, 225, 228 in Illyrian Macedonia, 66 Smith, E. B aldwin, 119 Slav, 82 Snake (see A nimals, Serpent) Susa, 12, 140 Sofia (see Sardica) Sût KiLissE, Church, 198 SOFRONIOU, S., X Suvodol, Church, 23 202-4, Pi. 56, Figs. 128, 129 ; 212, 221, SOGDIANA, 4 232 Sohag, Egypt, Churches o f Red and White Monasteries, 199 Sveti Ilija, Church, 20 196-8, Figs. 112, 113 ; 206 SOPATER OF V eRRIA, 65 Svinjarica, Church, 20 193-5, 198, Fig. 102 ; 228 SoTiRiou, G., G. and M., ix, 61, 124-5, *26, 128-55, 158-9, 167 Swan (see A nimals, Birds) Source of Eternal Life Symbolon Pass, 52 Tripartite symbolism, 20-2, 200, Pis. 3-5, Figs. 2, 3, 5-9 Syncretism, 20 6 Pi. 27a ; 10 165, Pis. 41-2 ; 13 Pi. 47*/ ; 14 175-7, Pi. 48a Hellenistic, 4-5 Sozomenus, 31 Semitic, 17 Spain, 30, 43 Early Christian, 24-5 Spice Route, 16 Slav, 88 Split (see also Salona), 70, 109 Synthronon, ioo (see also Presbytery Seats) Spremo-Petrović, N., 209, 210 Syria Spring (see also Fountain, Source of Eternal Life, W ater Holy) Geographical factors, 5, 7, 14-15 Slav religion, 86, 230, 233, 234 Hurri-Hittite traditions, 7-8, 26, 40 6 137 (Chapel o f the Spring), 146 ; 12 168 ; 25 207-8 ; 33 Semitic traditions, 14-17 (Studenčišta) 230, 233 ; 34 234 and Northern Mesopotamia, 26, 28 Squinch, 23, 36 Atargatis relief, Pi. 4a ; Mounted hero reliefs, 59, Pi. 7 Srejović, D., 61 Architecture Stag (see A nimals) Tripartite sanctuaries Stara Z agora (see V erria, Thrace) Pagan, 21, Fig. 9 Staroje K aschirakoje, Russia, 85 Christian, 40, Figs. 17, 22-4 Stefan N emanja, King o f Serbia, 61 Constantinian churches, 35 Stephanus, ‘ Président', 187, 188 Post-Constantinian churches, 36, 39, 40, 117, 120, 175, 199, 225 Stephens, Mrs. F., x Trefoil architecture, 199 Steppes, 5, 18, 24, 79, 81, 90 Christianity SmiCHO, Pi. 22p Liturgies, 27, 30-2, 40, 118, 120 Stobi Iconography of Virgin, 147 Roman city, 51, 67, 161 Iconography o f Christ, 176 Pagan cults, 59, Pi. 46, Fig. 34 Influence on Salona, 40-3 Sacked by Goths, 78, 161, 162, 173, 228 on Rome, 42-3 Byzantine city, 94, 161-2, 169, 188 on Constantinople, 118-19 Earthquake, 161, 162, 169 on Thessalonica, 70, 108, 118-19, *47

260 Index

Syria (contd.) T hessalonica (contd.) Christianity (contd.) and Avars, 91, 93 Influence (contd.) and Vlachs, 93 on I ιο ί ; 5 125 ; 6 134, 147, 153 ; 9 161 ; 10 166 ; 13 171, Christian graves, 104 191 ; 15 181 ; 19 191 ; 20 199 ; 25 206-7, 219 ; 29 219 ; and the Virgin Mary, 122, 145-9, 154-5, 155-6 30 225, 226 ; 31 228 Tyche, 124 Artistic and cultural influence, viii, 147-8, 167, 190, 198, 219, 226, 228, 232, 234, 235 T abernae, 51 Latin kingdom, 148 Τ αβγπ-V esta, Scythian goddess, 18-19 Mesopotamian influences, 8 159, 232 ; 14 175 T afrali, O., 91, 93, 109-11, 141, 145, 148, 152 Monuments T aiyiba, Palestine, Church, 199 Arch o f Galerius, 17, 70, 108, 109, 113, 123, 124, Pi. 8 T arsus, Cilicia, 52 Baths, 70 T atra M ountains, 78, 79, 80 Palace o f Galerius, 124, Pi. 9 T ebessa, Algeria, Church, 199, 209 Rotunda o f St George, 3 108-23, Pis. Ill, 14-24, Figs. 46-55 ; T ell Halaf, 15 viii, 9, 61, 70-1, 124, 128, 132, 143, 147, 157, 158, 170, 178, T ertullian, 66 184, 225, 234 T eshub, Weather god, 7, 82 Palace Octagon Church, 4 123-4, Pi. 24, Fig. 56 ; 108 T etovo, 3 Basilica o f St Demetrius, 6 125-55, Pis. IV, 25-34, Figs. 58-67 ; T etraphyllia (see C ross) 14, 19, 61, 66, 70, 91, 118, 124, 158, 164, 167, 169, 170-1, T euta, Illyrian queen, 50 179, 188, 192, 211, 226 T eutonic M igrations, 71, 79-80 Basilica o f the Holy Virgin ‘ Acheiropoietos’, 7 155-8, Pis. V, T exier, C., and Pullan, R. P., h i , 138, 157 35, Figs. 68-70 ; 66, 118, 124, 134, 142, 148, 159, 163, T hasos, Pi. i a 169, 179 Early history, 3, 4 Basilica at Tumba, 8 158-9, Fig. 71 ; 101, 134, 169, 232 Pagan religion, 52, 58, 62, 173, 183, 234, Pi. 6b Chapel o f Hosios David, 14 173-9, Pis. I, VI-VIII, 48, 49, Figs. Museum, 183 84-6 ; 9, 14, 17, 68-9, 118, 144, 165, 223 ‘Agora’ Basilica, 2 106-8, Pi. 13, Fig. 45 Church of Asomati or Archangels, 108, 124 Cruciform Basilica, 16 181-3, Pis. 50, 51, Figs. 89-93 Monastery o f the Latomos (see above Chapel o f Hosios T heatres, 67, 1 1 6 ,120, Fig. 49 David) T hebes (see A nchialos) Church o f Aghia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), 124, 141, 147 T heodora, daughter o f Galerius, 68-9, 145, 174, 179 Basilica o f St Menas, 144 T heodora, Empress, 44, 218 Panaghia Halkeon, 148 T heodore of M opsuestia, 31 Archaeological Museum, Pis. 6g, i T heodore, St, 108 ; 6 145, 154, 155, Pis. 29a (?), 34 T hessaly, 19, 55, 77, 88, 93, h i , 132, 172, 190 T heodoric the A mal, 78, 161, 162, 166, 181, 228 Thiasi, 62 T heodoric Strabo, 105, 169 T hrace, T hracians T heodosian A rt, 118, 140, 166 Partners in Macedonian synthesis, vii, 3, 4, 50 T heodosius T he Great, Emperor (379-95), 31, 74,75,77,108,Pi. 220 and Scythians, 18-19 and Thessalonica, 75-6, 77, 108 Transfer to Patriarchate o f Constantinople, 29 and Stobi, 161 Roman conquest, 49, 51-2 T heodosius II, Emperor (408-50), 76, 78, 105, 128, 167 Religion, 50, 52-62, 64-5, 66-7, 83, 87, 103, 149, Pi. 6, Figs. T heranda (see Prizren) 29-31 T herapeutae, 13 Kings, 52, 57-8 T herinos, St, 3 113, 114, Pi. 22 and Christian legend, 62 T hessalonica (see also M acedonia), vii-ix, 49,68,138,139,188,235 Gothic invasions and wars, 71-2, 77-8 Situation and communications, vii-viii, 3, 51, 71, 89, 161 Settlement o f Isaurians, 78 Massacre, 31, 75-6 Slav invasions, 90, 91, 188 Pagan religions, 52, 59, 75, 149, 155 T hracian Horseman (see Horseman) Cult centre o f St Demetrius, 60-1, 69-70, 164 T iberius II, Emperor (578-82), 90, 91, 92 and St Paul, 63-5, 73 T imber C eiling or Roof, 26, 34, 35, 43 Bishops, 68-9, 74, 75, 76, 89, 91, 92, 93, 128, 148, 150-2, Pis. 29, 3 109 ; 6 130, 137 ; 8 159 ; 13 170 ; 22 202 ; 25 206 ; 29 214 ; 32, 33 33 (Studenčišta) 229 Nestorian controversy, 66, 155-6 T imotheus, 65 Gothic wars, 71, 72, 77, 78 T orcello, Chancel slab, Pi. 5c Ambitions to be imperial capital, 73 T otila, King o f Goths, 74 Relations with Constantinople, viii, 73-6, 77, 128, 144, 156, 158, T ougard, Abbé, 91 198 T oynbee, J., and Perkins, J. W ard, 34, 163-4 Relations with Church o f Rome, viii, 74-6, 77, 128, 156, 158 ‘T raditio Legis’, 177, 178, Pis. VII, 5d Relations with Alexandria, viii, 74-5, 77, 108, 144, 156, 179 T rajan, Roman Emperor, 51, 71, 83 Fourth-century Christianity, 74-6, 77, 128 T ransept (see also C ruciform C hurch), 33-6, 41, 163-4 and Theodosius the Great, 75, 108, Pi. 9a i 102, 105 ; 6 130-4, 137-9 ; 13 169, 170, 171, Pi. 45 ; 16 181-2 ; Edict of, 75, 108 19 105, 190 ; 29 214, 216, 217, 219 and Slavs, 89-94, 132, I43> *48, i5 i T ransfiguration, 9

261 Index

T ransylvania, 4 U nderworld (contd.) T rebenište, 3 Chthonian beasts, 55, 56 T ree, Sacred, or T ree of Life Rhesus, 57 Indian, 14, Fig. 4 Slavs, 83-5, Fig. 42 with Thracian Horseman, 54-60, Pi. 6 U spensky, T., 141, 144-50 Mycenean, 56-7, Fig. 32 Celtic, 56 Greek, 56, Fig. 35 V agharshapat, Church o f St Hripsime, 208, Fig. 135 Slav, 82, 86, 87 V alens, Roman Emperor, 9, 75, 77 I 103 ; 3 in , 113, Pis. 14-17 ; 6 143, 144, Pi. IV ; 7 157 ; 13 Pi. V alentinian III, Emperor (419-55), 78 47

262 W aldemaar, King o f Denmark, 87 X erxes, 51 W all Paintings X yngopoulos, A., 141, 148, 158, 183-5 Pompeii, 11 Dura Europos, 12, 16 Y aghdebash, Anatolia, Church, 198, Fig. 122 India, 12 Rome, 17 I 102, 103, 104, Pi. 12c ; 3 h i ; 6 132 ; 10 165-6, Pis. 43, 44 ; Z brucz, Idol of, 83-5, 87-8, Fig. 42 20 196 ; 29 214 ; 30 223 ; 31 227 Z dravković, I. M., 200 W ater, Holy (see also Spring), 136-7 Z echariah, Prophet, 145, 174, 175, 177 W eather God (see also Sun God), 7, 12 Z eus, 52, 55, 56, 176, Pi. 8, Fig. 87 W ends, 79 Temple o f Zeus Theos at Dura Europos, 12, W ilberg, W ., 116 Temple o f Zeus at Kanawat, Fig. 9 W iranshehr, Northern Mesopotamia, 39 Z lata, Church, 20 197-8, Figs. 118, 119 W olf (see A nimals) Byzantine city, 200 W ooden C eilings (see T imber C eilings) Z oroastrianism, 9

the end