"Segmentary State" and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya
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Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy Downloaded from by Guest on 23 September 2021 Samantha Besson*
The European Journal of International Law Vol. 22 no. 2 © EJIL 2011; all rights reserved .......................................................................................... Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/22/2/373/540688 by guest on 23 September 2021 Samantha Besson* Abstract In my reply to Jeremy Waldron’s article ‘Are Sovereigns Entitled to the Benefit of the Inter- national Rule of Law?’, I draw upon and in some ways expand Waldron’s important con- tribution to our understanding of the international rule of law. First of all, I suggest that Waldron’s argument about the international rule of law can be used to illuminate how we should understand the legitimate authority of international law over sovereign states, but also how some of sovereign states’ residual independence ought to be protected from legit- imate international law. Secondly, I argue that the democratic pedigree of the international rule of law plays a role when assessing how international law binds democratic sovereign states and whether the international rule of law can and ought to benefit their individual sub- jects. Finally, I emphasize how Waldron’s argument that the international rule of law ought to benefit individuals in priority has implications for the sources of international law and for what sources can be regarded as sources of valid law. 1 Introduction In his article ‘Are Sovereigns Entitled to the Benefit of the International Rule of Law?’, Jeremy Waldron focuses ‘on some of the theoretical issues that arise when we consider the [rule of law] in light of the absence of an international sovereign and the extent to which individual national sovereigns have to fulfil governmental functions in the [international law] regime’ (at 316). -
Varieties of American Popular Nationalism.” American Sociological Review 81(5):949-980
Bonikowski, Bart, and Paul DiMaggio. 2016. “Varieties of American Popular Nationalism.” American Sociological Review 81(5):949-980. Publisher’s version: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/81/5/949 Varieties of American Popular Nationalism Bart Bonikowski Harvard University Paul DiMaggio New York University Abstract Despite the relevance of nationalism for politics and intergroup relations, sociologists have devoted surprisingly little attention to the phenomenon in the United States, and historians and political psychologists who do study the United States have limited their focus to specific forms of nationalist sentiment: ethnocultural or civic nationalism, patriotism, or national pride. This article innovates, first, by examining an unusually broad set of measures (from the 2004 GSS) tapping national identification, ethnocultural and civic criteria for national membership, domain- specific national pride, and invidious comparisons to other nations, thus providing a fuller depiction of Americans’ national self-understanding. Second, we use latent class analysis to explore heterogeneity, partitioning the sample into classes characterized by distinctive patterns of attitudes. Conventional distinctions between ethnocultural and civic nationalism describe just about half of the U.S. population and do not account for the unexpectedly low levels of national pride found among respondents who hold restrictive definitions of American nationhood. A subset of primarily younger and well-educated Americans lacks any strong form of patriotic sentiment; a larger class, primarily older and less well educated, embraces every form of nationalist sentiment. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and partisan identification, these classes vary significantly in attitudes toward ethnic minorities, immigration, and national sovereignty. Finally, using comparable data from 1996 and 2012, we find structural continuity and distributional change in national sentiments over a period marked by terrorist attacks, war, economic crisis, and political contention. -
State-In-Society 2.0: Toward Fourth-Generation Theories of the State
Review Article State-in-Society 2.0: Toward Fourth-Generation Theories of the State Yuhua Wang James C. Scott, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017). David Stasavage, The Decline and Rise of Democracy: A Global History from Antiquity to Today (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020). Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty (New York: Penguin Press, 2019). Keywords: the state, state formation, state development, democracy, state–society relations. The state is the most powerful organization in human history. Since the first signs of an early state in Mesopotamia around 4000 to 2000 BCE, the state as an institutional structure has undergone numerous transformations in size, function, form, and strength. It has become an organization we cannot live without. How were states formed? Why did they take different paths of development? Why are some states strong and others weak? Why are some states ruled by a democratically elected leader, while others are ruled by an autocrat? These are among the most time- honored questions that have produced generations of remarkable scholarship in the social sciences. I characterize modern social scientific studies of the state as comprising three generations. The first generation, represented in pluralist, structural-functionalist, and neo- Marxisttraditionsdatingbacktothe1950s–70s, takes a society-centered perspective: it views the state as an arena in which different social groups and classes vie for power. The second generation, best reflectedinthemovementto“bring the state back in” in the 1980s, takes a state-centered perspective: it treats the state as an independent actor that is doi: 10.5129/001041521X16184035797221 1 Comparative Politics October 2021 autonomous from society. -
Late Classic Maya Political Structure, Polity Size, and Warfare Arenas
LATE CLASSIC MAYA POLITICAL STRUCTURE, POLITY SIZE, AND WARFARE ARENAS Arlen F. CHASE and Diane Z. CHASE Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Central Florida Studies of the ancient Maya have moved forward at an exceedingly rapid rate. New sites have been discovered and long-term excavations in a series of sites and regions have provided a substantial data base for interpreting ancient Maya civili- zation. New hieroglyphic texts have been found and greater numbers of texts can be read. These data have amplified our understanding of the relationships among subsistence systems, economy, and settlement to such an extent that ancient Maya social and political organization can no longer be viewed as a simple dichoto- mous priest-peasant (elite-commoner) model. Likewise, monumental Maya archi- tecture is no longer viewed as being indicative of an unoccupied ceremonial center, but rather is seen as the locus of substantial economic and political activity. In spite of these advances, substantial discussion still exists concerning the size of Maya polities, whether these polities were centralized or uncentralized, and over the kinds of secular interactions that existed among them. This is espe- cially evident in studies of aggression among Maya political units. The Maya are no longer considered a peaceful people; however, among some modern Maya scholars, the idea still exists that the Maya did not practice real war, that there was little destruction associated with military activity, and that there were no spoils of economic consequence. Instead, the Maya elite are portrayed as engaging predo- minantly in raids or ritual battles (Freidel 1986; Schele and Mathews 1991). -
Emergence of Chiefdoms and States: a Spectrum of Opinions
Emergence of Chiefdoms and States: A Spectrum of Opinions Leonid E. Grinin Volgograd Centre for Social Research Andrey V. Korotayev Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow INTRODUCTION As has been already mentioned in the introductory editorial com- ment that opens this issue, the discussion has demonstrated a pro- found interest in its subject, and we would like to express our grati- tude to Carneiro and all the discussants. This discussion presents a very wide spectrum of opinions on a rather wide range of impor- tant topics. One can also find a wide spectrum of opinions, a sort of unique snapshot of the current state of Political Anthropology as regards the study of the emergence of chiefdoms and states, as well as the driving forces of sociopolitical evolution. The discussion has demonstrated that none of the proposed ap- proaches can be characterized as being absolutely right. In certain respects the presented critique of some points of Carneiro's theory looks convincing, but in some other cases Carneiro's reasoning ap- pears more persuasive. Below we shall try to make as more an ob- jective assessment of the present discussion as possible. CARNEIRO'S UNEXPECTED DECISION Carneiro's circumscription theory has become very widely recog- nized in the sense that it is always taken into account when the leading approaches to the study of state formation are analyzed. Almost all the discussants (further also referred to as participants) recognize certain merits of this theory, even when disagreeing with Carneiro or criticizing its certain points. Some participants of our Social Evolution & History, Vol. -
Politics2021
politics 2021 new and recent titles I polity Page 7 Page 13 Page 13 Page 3 Page 11 Page 7 Page 51 Page 2 Page 6 CONTENTS Ordering details General Politics ............................................ 2 Books can be ordered through our website www.politybooks.com or via: Customer Care Center, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Introductory Texts ....................................... 16 9200 KEYSTONE Crossing STE 800 INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46209-4087 Toll-Free: (877) 762-2974 Fax: (877) 597-3299 Global and Comparative Politics .................. 18 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. European Distribution Centre, New Era Estate, Oldlands Way, Environmental Politics ................................. 19 Bognor Regis, WEST SUSSEX. PO22 9NQ, UK Freephone (UK only): 0800 243407 Overseas callers: +44 1243 843291 Political Economy ....................................... 22 Fax: +44 (0) 1243 843302 Email: [email protected] For Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein: War and International Security ..................... 28 Phone: +49 6201 606152 Fax: +49 6201 606184 Email: [email protected] Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding .......... 29 For Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands: Toll-free within Australia: 1800 777 474 Toll-free with New Zealand: 0800 448 200 Phone: +61 7 33548455 Development and and Human Rights ............ 30 UK and European Politics ............................ 31 Inspection Copies Most paperback editions featured in this catalogue are Russian Politics ........................................... 32 available for inspection. A maximum of three books may be considered for relevant courses with at least 12 students. A reply form must be returned to this effect. Middle Eastern Politics ................................ 33 Phone (US & Canada): (800) 225-5945 Email: ccopy@wiley,com Freephone (UK only): 0800 243407 Email: [email protected] Phone (Rest of World): +44 1243 843294 Asian Politics ............................................. -
Book Review Essay
Cliodynamics: the Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical History State Formation in Hawai’i A Review of How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai'i by Patrick V. Kirch (University of California Press, 2010) Michael E. Smith Arizona State University Are the indigenous societies of Hawaii best classified as chiefdoms, or should we instead consider them states? While this may sound at first like a rather limited, academic, question, in fact it has wide-ranging implications. In this book archaeologist Patrick Kirch overturns decades of anthropological orthodoxy (including his own earlier views) to argue strongly that the Hawaiian polities were in fact states, not chiefdoms. In anthropological research on cultural evolution the indigenous societies of Hawaii have long been viewed as the archetypical examples of chiefdom societies. Chiefdoms are a type of society intermediate in scale between relatively egalitarian and small-scale village farming societies on the one hand (variously called tribes, intermediate societies, or Neolithic villages), and state- level societies on the other (large, socially stratified societies with a centralized government). Although traditional evolutionary typologies—such as the well- known sequence of band-tribe-chiefdom-state—have been criticized by postmodern archaeologists and others (e.g., Yoffee 2005; Pauketat 2007), the chiefdom concept has become established as a useful framework for archaeologists employing a materialist and scientific perspective on the past (Earle 1997; Drennan and Peterson 2006; Wright 2006; Gavrilets et al. 2010; Kradin 2011). Patrick Kirch is an archaeologist who has conducted much fieldwork on Hawaii and other Pacific islands. In this book he reverses his earlier analyses of Hawaii as a chiefdom (e.g., Kirch 1984; Kirch and Sahlins 1992; Kirch 2000). -
Gender Relations, Family Systems and Economic Development: Explaining the Reversal of Fortune in Eurasia
Gender Relations, Family Systems and Economic Development: Explaining the Reversal of Fortune in EurAsia Sarah Carmichael, Alexandra M. de Pleijt and Jan Luiten van Zanden Utrecht University Email corresponding author: < [email protected] > Preliminary version, please do not quote Abstract This paper argues that gender relations matter for economic development, and in particular help to explain growth trajectories in EurAsia between the Neolithic Revolution and the present. Firstly, we offer a set of hypotheses drawn from the literature about the links between gender relations and economic development. Secondly, we approach gender relations via the classification and measurement of historical family systems, and offer a set of global maps of the institutions concerning marriage, inheritance and family formation that determine the degree of agency that women enjoyed at the micro level. Thirdly, we use these concepts to explain the genesis of the EurAsian pattern in family systems and gender relations as a by-product of the spread of agriculture and the process of ancient state formation that followed the Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago. Finally, we link these patterns in family systems and female agency to economic growth after 1300; we empirically demonstrate that high female agency was conducive to growth between 1500 and 1800 and was also positively correlated to growth during the Great Divergence between 1800 and 2000. The ‘reversal of fortune’ that happened within EurAsia between 1000 and 2000, whereby the ancient centers of state formation and urbanization in the Middle East, India and China were overtaken by regions at the margin of the continent (Western Europe, Japan, Korea), can be explained by the spatial patterns in gender relations and family systems found there (and reconstructed here). -
The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India
chapter 1 Caste Radicalism and the Making of a New Political Subject In colonial India, print capitalism facilitated the rise of multiple, dis- tinctive vernacular publics. Typically associated with urbanization and middle-class formation, this new public sphere was given material form through the consumption and circulation of print media, and character- ized by vigorous debate over social ideology and religio-cultural prac- tices. Studies examining the roots of nationalist mobilization have argued that these colonial publics politicized daily life even as they hardened cleavages along fault lines of gender, caste, and religious identity.1 In west- ern India, the Marathi-language public sphere enabled an innovative, rad- ical form of caste critique whose greatest initial success was in rural areas, where it created novel alliances between peasant protest and anticaste thought.2 The Marathi non-Brahmin public sphere was distinguished by a cri- tique of caste hegemony and the ritual and temporal power of the Brah- min. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Jotirao Phule’s writings against Brahminism utilized forms of speech and rhetorical styles asso- ciated with the rustic language of peasants but infused them with demands for human rights and social equality that bore the influence of noncon- formist Christianity to produce a unique discourse of caste radicalism.3 Phule’s political activities, like those of the Satyashodak Samaj (Truth Seeking Society) he established in 1873, showed keen awareness of trans- formations wrought by colonial modernity, not least of which was the “new” Brahmin, a product of the colonial bureaucracy. Like his anticaste, 39 40 Emancipation non-Brahmin compatriots in the Tamil country, Phule asserted that per- manent war between Brahmin and non-Brahmin defined the historical process. -
The Myth of the Nation-State: Theorizing Society and Polities in a Global Era
034428 Walby 3/7/2003 10:31 am Page 529 Sociology Copyright © 2003 BSA Publications Ltd® Volume 37(3): 529–546 [0038-0385(200308)37:3;529–546;034428] SAGE Publications London,Thousand Oaks, New Delhi The Myth of the Nation-State: Theorizing Society and Polities in a Global Era ■ Sylvia Walby University of Leeds ABSTRACT The analysis of globalization requires attention to the social and political units that are being variously undermined, restructured or facilitated by this process. Sociology has often assumed that the unit of analysis is society, in which economic, political and cultural processes are coterminous, and that this concept maps onto that of nation-state.This article argues that the nation-state is more mythical than real.This is for four reasons: first, there are more nations than states; second, sev- eral key examples of presumed nation-states are actually empires; third, there are diverse and significant polities in addition to states, including the European Union and some organized religions; fourth, polities overlap and rarely politically saturate the territory where they are located. An implication of acknowledging the wider range and overlapping nature of polities is to open greater conceptual space for the analysis of gender and ethnicity in analyses of globalization. Finally the article re-conceptualizes ‘polities’ and ‘society’. KEY WORDS difference / globalization / nation-state / polities / theory Introduction odern societies have often been equated with nation-states, although pre- modern social associations have been conceptualized differently M (Giddens, 1984; Habermas, 1989; Meyer et al., 1997). But nation-states are actually very rare as existing social and political forms, even in the modern era. -
POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: an Introduction, Third Edition
POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: An Introduction, Third Edition Ted C. Lewellen PRAEGER Political Anthropology POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY An Introduction Third Edition Ted C. Lewellen Foreword by Victor Turner, Written for the First Edition Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lewellen, Ted C., 1940– Political anthropology : an introduction / Ted C. Lewellen ; foreword to the first edition by Victor Turner.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–89789–890–7 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0–89789–891–5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Political anthropology. I. Title. GN492.L48 2003 306.2—dc21 2003052889 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 2003 by Ted C. Lewellen All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003052889 ISBN: 0–89789–890–7 0–89789–891–5 (pbk.) First published in 2003 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS Foreword, Written for the First Edition vii Victor Turner Preface ix 1. The Development of Political Anthropology 1 2. Types of Preindustrial Political Systems 15 3. The Evolution of the State 43 4. Religion in Politics: Sacred Legitimacy, Divine Resistance 65 5. Structure and Process 81 6. The Individual in the Political Arena: Action Theory and Game Theory 95 7. -
CONFLICTING CONCEPTIONS of the STATE: Siam, France and Vietnam in the Late Nineteenth Century
CONFLICTING CONCEPTIONS OF THE STATE: Siam, France and Vietnam in the Late Nineteenth Century MARTIN STUART-FOX UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND The first advance of French imperialism in Indochina had by ranee of the position of others. This paper seeks to analyze these 1867 gained for France the colony of Cochinchina and a protec conceptions of the state and show how they influenced the torate over some two-thirds of present-day Cambodia. The actions and responses of the three nations involved. Franco-Prussian war and events in Europe briefly distracted French attention from the Far East, but not for long. Once the expedition of Doudart de Lagree and Francis Garnier had CONCEPTIONS OF THE STATE shown conclusively that the Mekong could never serve as "a river road to China," interest shifted to the Red River. Hanoi was Historians of Southeast Asia often face problems in using terms seized in November 1873. Attempts by Vietnamese Emperor Tu drawn from and applicable to European polities and societies to Due to reactivate Vietnam's tributary dependence on China refer to non-European equivalents that do not conform to (1879) only provided an excuse for further French encroach European models. Even terms like "divinity," "kingship," and ments. Tonkin was occupied and brought under French control "power" need to be glossed to bring out regional cultural differ (1883-1885), though resistance of one form or another contin ences, and to reveal the complexities that distinguish non ued well into the 1890s. European from European understanding of relationships and The seizure of Tonkin and imposition of French protection meanings implicit in their connotations.