ABC Pronunciary American English Pronunciation Dictionary
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ABC Pronunciary American English Pronunciation Dictionary Mary Gretchen Iorio Charles E. Beyer Vocalis Ltd. Copyright © 2001 Vocalis Ltd., Waterbury, Connecticut USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or any other form, without prior written permission of the publisher. Published by: Vocalis Ltd., 100 Avalon Circle, Waterbury, CT 06710 USA ISBN# 0-9709948-0-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-90574 Printed in the U.S.A. Table of Contents Introduction ............................ pages 4-5 Letters of the alphabet ........... pages 6-83 R-controlled vowels ................ pages 84-89 Vowel digraphs ....................... pages 90-93 Consonant digraphs ............... pages 94-103 Consonant blends .................. pages 104-105 Silent letters ........................... pages 106-107 Vowel contrasts ...................... page 108 Consonant contrasts .............. page 109 Practice sentences ................. pages 110-111 Pronunciation key ................... pages 112-113 Introduction English is one of the most widely-spoken languages in the world today, necessary for international business, cultural and travel purposes. The English language has a rich vocabulary and flexible grammar use. However, its pronunciation can be challenging at times because of the many complexities. ABC Pronunciary, an American English pronuncia- tion dictionary, is set up to help students learn clear and effective pronunciation. It is aimed at beginning-to- intermediate English learners but can benefit all who wish to improve their speaking abilities. The approach used is the phonics method, in which all of the sounds of the alphabet are taught. Once the sounds and their symbols are familiar, students can “sound out” whole words from the various letters within. There are 51 sounds described: vowels, consonants and digraphs (two consecutive letters forming a single sound when spoken together). Also included are silent letters, consonant blends, vowel contrasts, consonant contrasts and practice sentences. 4 For each sound, the following segments are presented. First, there is a step-by-step explanation of the mouth movements, highlighting the changing shape of the mouth, placement of the teeth, position of the tongue and air flow, if any. Next, a close-up photo of the mouth is shown for further demonstration. Then, three words containing the sound are displayed; their definitions and pictures are given to convey full meaning. Many helpful hints are offered in ABC Pronunciary. Special attention should be paid to the vowels, each of which contains several sounds. For example, all of the vowels can have the “schwa” sound when appearing in unstressed syllables (such as the “o” in command). Some of the consonants also have more than one sound. For an overview of the 51 American English sounds, a simple pronunciation key* is listed at the back. In order to speak English more clearly and improve communication skills, it is very worthwhile to study this ABC Pronunciary. *The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is included solely for reference. 5 wel short a (a) vo The short a (a) sound is made by opening the mouth wide. The teeth are apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue touch the bottom back teeth. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the short a (a) sound is pronounced: æ 6 Africa (af ri k ) Africa is the large continent between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is a land of deserts, safaris and jungles. apple (ap l) An apple is a round, edible fruit with red, yellow or green skin and firm, white flesh. astronaut (as tr nät) An astronaut travels into space in a rocket to explore the solar system. 7 wel medium a (ä) vo The medium a (ä) sound is made by opening the mouth and pushing the lips outward to form an oval. The teeth are apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth. Hint: Medium a (ä) sounds like short o (o). It is often written as ah, au, or aw. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the medium a (ä) sound is pronounced: a 8 almanac (äl m nak) An almanac is a yearly calendar containing infor- mation about the weather, astronomy, tides and other miscellaneous data. almond (äl m nd) An almond is a brown nut shaped like a teardrop. It is the nut eaten most often thoughout the world. auto (ä t ) An auto, also called a car, is a vehicle with four wheels and an engine which can be driven long distances. 9 wel long a ( ) vo The long a ( ) sound is made by opening the mouth and lowering the bottom lip. The teeth are slightly apart, with more of the bottom than the top front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue touch all of the back teeth. Hint: Long a ( ) is often written as ai or ay. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the long a ( ) sound is pronounced: ei 10 acorn ( korn) An acorn is the nut of an oak tree. Squirrels gather acorns for food. ape ( p) An ape is a primate without a tail which can stand upright and walk on two legs. apron ( pr n) An apron is a protective cloth covering for the clothes. It is smart to wear an apron while cooking. 11 b (b) consonant The b (b) sound is made by closing the mouth and pushing the lips apart (as in blowing a bubble). The teeth are apart, but not shown. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth. Hint: B (b) sounds like p (p), but without air. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the b (b) sound is pronounced: b 12 barn (bärn) A barn is a house for farm animals, such as cows and horses, with hay on the ground. bell (bel) A bell is a chiming musical device. A school bell rings to begin and end classes. butterfly (but r fl ) A butterfly is a beautiful insect with four brightly- colored wings and a slender body. 13 hard c (k) consonant The hard c (k) sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are slightly apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue touch the top back teeth. Air is blown through quickly. Hint: Hard c (k) has the same sound as k (k). C always has the hard sound when followed by the vowels: a, o or u. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the hard c (k) sound is pronounced: k 14 calendar (kal n d r) A calendar shows the days, weeks and months of a year, sometimes listing major holidays. clock (klok) A clock is an instrument used to tell time. An alarm clock has a buzzer or bell which sounds off at a pre-set time. corn (korn) Corn is a vegetable which has yellow or white kernels and a green husk. It can be ground into cereal or eaten on the cob. 15 soft c (s) consonant The soft c (s) sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are shown clenched together. The tongue touches all of the bottom teeth. Air is blown through slowly. Hint: Soft c (s) has the same sound as s (s). C always has the soft sound when followed by the vowels: e, i, or y. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet,the soft c (s) sound is pronounced: s 16 cellular (sel l r) A cellular telephone is a wireless mobile device for talking while outside, in the car, on the train or almost anywhere. city (sit ) A city is a large town in which many people live and work. cymbals (sim b lz) Cymbals are a pair of brass plates which are clashed together to make a loud, clanging sound. 17 d (d) consonant The d (d) sound is made by opening the mouth and lowering the bottom lip. The teeth are slightly apart, with more of the bottom than the top front teeth shown. The tip of the tongue touches the top of the mouth. Hint: D (d) sounds like t (t), but without air. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the d (d) sound is pronounced: d 18 daisy (d z ) A daisy is a flower which grows wild in sunny places. Common daises have white petals and a yellow center. desk (desk) A desk is a table, usually with drawers, which can be used for business or school work. dog (dog) A dog is a furry, four- legged animal. There are many breeds of dogs, most of which make great pets. 19 wel short e (e) vo The short e (e) sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are slightly apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue barely touch the bottom back teeth. Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet,the short e (e) sound is pronounced: e 20 egg (eg) An egg is an oval- shaped food. On the outside is a brown or white shell and on the inside is a yellow yolk. elephant (el f nt) An elephant is the largest land animal. It is gray with big ears, two ivory tusks and a long, curled trunk. envelope (en v l p) An envelope is a folded paper cover, inside which a letter can be sealed and sent by mail. 21 wel “schwa” e ( ) vo The schwa e ( ) sound is made by opening the mouth and lowering the bottom lip a bit. The teeth are just barely apart, with more of the bottom than the top front teeth shown.