Revolution, Ciwaru, Kuningan, Karesidenan Cirebon

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Revolution, Ciwaru, Kuningan, Karesidenan Cirebon ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 KECAMUK REVOLUSI KEMERDEKAAN DI KUNINGAN (1947-1950) Rinaldo Adi Pratama Pendidikan Sejarah, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka Jakarta Timur 13220, DKI Jakarta Email: [email protected] Abstract: This research aims to find the role of locality in the revolution period. As we know that revolution period was a period that was quite important for the history of the nation because many areas are involved in this important event. The research method used is historical methods that include, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the research conducted that during the period of Indonesia's independence revolution, Kuningan had a central role in the struggle to maintain the sovereignty of the country in the eastern region of West Java, especially the Karesidenan Cirebon. Kuningan in particular Ciwaru has a stake in the struggle for independence which is the capital of refugee from the Karesidenan Cirebon government after being bombarded the center of government in Cirebon by the events of the first Dutch Military Aggression. In addition there are also wars involving civilians with the formation special troops in Kuningan. As a place of refuge in the civil administration, the Karesidenan Cirebon certainly made Kuningan as a battleground that was quite powerful in the eastern region of West Java. Keywords: Revolution, Ciwaru, Kuningan, Karesidenan Cirebon Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peranan daerah atau lokalitas dalam kancah revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal ini dikarenakan masa revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia merupakan suatu masa yang cukup penting bagi perjalanan sejarah bangsa karena suasana revolusi tidak hanya dirasakan di lingkup nasional saja melainkan banyak pula daerah yang melibatkan diri dalam peristiwa penting ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode historis yang mencakup, heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan bahwasanya selama periode revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia, Kabupaten Kuningan memiliki peranan yang cukup sentral dalam perjuangan mempertahankan kedaulatan negara di wilayah timur Jawa Barat khususnya Keresidenan Cirebon. Kabupaten Kuningan khususnya Ciwaru memiliki andil dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan yakni menjadi ibu kota pengungsian dari pemerintahan Keresidenan Cirebon pasca dibombardirnya pusat pemerintahan di Cirebon oleh peristiwa Agresi Militer Belanda I. Selain itu pula di Kuningan terjadi peperangan yang melibatkan rayat sipil dengan dibentuknya laskar dan kesatuan-kesatuan khusus yang ada di Kuningan. Sebagai tempat pengungsian pemerintahan sipil Keresidenan Cirebon tentu saja membuat Kuningan sebagai medan pertempuran yang cukup dahsyat di wilayah timur Jawa Barat Kata Kunci: Revolusi, Ciwaru, Kuningan, Keresidenan Cirebon 94 ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 PENDAHULUAN kehadiran Belanda di Kuningan pernah terjadi di wilayah Cilimus dan Selama masa revolusi kemerdekaan Mandirancan yang merupakan wilayah berlangsung dalam kurun waktu 1945 Kuningan bagaian utara dan berbatasan hingga tahun 1950 Indonesia mengalami langsung dengan Kabupaten Cirebon. perjalanan sejarah yang diwarnai oleh Selanjutnya selain peristiwa yang terjadi perjuangan untuk mempertahankan dan di Cilimus dan Mandirancan peristiwa menegakkan kemerdekaan (Dienaputra, lain pun terjadi di Ciwaru. Di wilayah 2011). Kemerdekaan yang telah Ciwaru terdapat suatu peristiwa penting diproklamasikan pada tanggal 17 dimana Ciwaru dipilih sebagai Ibukota Agustus 1945 tidaklah secara langsung Pemerintahan Darurat Keresidenan membawa Indonesia menjadi sebuah Cirebon ketika wilayah Cirebon yang negara yang berdaulat penuh, melainkan menjadi pusat pemerintahan sebelumnya masih diperlukan perjuangan panjang di hancurkan oleh pasukan Belanda. untuk mewujudkan harapan dan cita-cita Setelah Ciwaru dijadikan sebagai bagi Indonesia yang benar-benar lepas pusat pemerintahan Keresidenan dari pengaruh asing khususnya Belanda Cirebon, berdatanganlah para laskar- yang dalam hal ini menjadi lawan laskar pejuang yang bermarkas maupun Indonesia selama masa revolusi yang hanya singgah sebentar di Ciwaru. kemerdekaan. Salah satunya adalah Pasukan Divisi Pada masa revolusi beberapa wilayah Bambu Runcing dibawah pimpinan di lingkup Jawa Barat tidak terlepas dari Letnan Kolonel Sutan Akbar. Pasukan perjuangan mempertahankan Bambu Runcing dalam perjalanannya kemerdekaan seperti pada peristiwa ternyata berkhianat terhadap Divisi Bojong Kokosan, Bandung Lautan Api Siliwangi. Hal ini mengakibatkan dan Pertempuran Gekbrong (Ekadjati, ketegangan terjadi antara Pasukan 1980). Selain di wilayah yang telah Bambu Runcing dan pihak tentara disebutkan tadi, Kuningan pun ikut andil Indonesia khususnya Divisi Siliwangi dalam upaya mempertahankan semakin meruncing. Selain itu juga kemerdekaan. Keterlibatan Kuningan muncul kesatuan-kesatuan lain yang pada masa revolusi kemerdekaan dibentuk oleh masyarakat Kuningan Indonesia dapat dilihat dalam dua ketika wilayah Kuningan ditinggalkan konteks, yakni Kuningan sebagai suatu pasca ditetapkannya Perundingan lokasi tempat terjadinya peristiwa Renville( Agung, 1983). sejarah dan orang Kuningan sebagai Alasan pemilihan Kuningan para pelaku sejarahnya (Zakaria, 2011). khususnya Ciwaru sebagai objek Keberadaan Belanda di Kuningan penelitian, dikarenakan pada menyebabkan terjadinya perlawanan kenyataannya tulisan sejarah pada dari rakyat Kuningan dan menimbulkan periode revolusi ini, lebih-lebih untuk banyak pertempuran dengan pihak sejarah lokal, khususnya Kuningan, Belanda (Zakaria, 2011). Penghianatan masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian tentang Belanda terhadap Perundingan Kuningan pada masa revolusi Linggajati telah menyadarkan kemerdekaan yang penulis lakukan masyarakat Kuningan untuk menentang dalam rangka mengisi kelangkaan kembali kehadiran Belanda dalam upaya historiografi periode tersebut. Kalaupun mempertahankan kemerdekaan Republik ada yang membahas mengenai sejarah Indonesia. Masyarakat Kuningan yang yang menyangkut Kuningan hanya merupakan bagian dari masyarakat mengulas mengenai sejarah Kuningan Indonesia merasa bahwa kehadiran dari masa prasejarah sampai kerajaan- Belanda akan membuat rakyat kembali kerajaan masa Hindu-Buddha. sengsara. Walaupun ada mengenai tentang kajian Peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di revolusi hanya mengulas sedikit saja Kuningan dalam usaha menentang mengenai revolusi dan tidak ada paparan 95 ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 lain secara terperinci berupa deskripsi Dalam melakukan penelitian sejarah peristiwa kejadian dari revolusi tersebut. ini, yang dilakukan oleh penulis tidak Alasan lain dari penulis adalah ingin hanya mengungkapkan peristiwa yang mencoba untuk mendokumentasikan sudah terjadi secara kronologis, memori ataupun ingatan para tokoh dan melainkan pula dilakukan analisis saksi sejarah peristiwa yang terjadi di berdasarkan data dan fakta yang telah Kuningan sekitar revolusi. Hal ini didapatkan di lapangan. Penggunaan dikarenakan penulisan sejarah metode historis dalam penelitian ini menyangkut dengan waktu, hal ini dipilih karena data dan fakta yang berdampak pada sejarah revolusi di dibutuhkan untuk menunjang kajian Kuningan tidak akan terangkat dengan yang penulis angkat merupakan fakta- baik dikarenakan para saksi sejarah atau fakta yang berasal dari masa lampau. pelaku sejarah telah berusia lanjut. Adapun tahapan yang dilakukan dalam Kondisi seperti ini akan berdampak pada penelitian historis ini diantaranya, kesempatan untuk menggali peristiwa (Sjamsuddin, 2012): dari sumber primer menjadi semakin 1. Memilih suatu topik yang sesuai; kecil. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2. Mengusut semua evidensi (bukti) rentang waktu periode tahun 1947 dan yang relevan dengan topik; berakhir pada tahun 1950. Hal ini di 3. Membuat catatan tentang itu apa pilih karena menurut sumber data dan saja yang dianggap penting dan dokumen yang terdapat di Ciwaru relevan dengan topik yang dikatakan bahwa pada tahun 1947 ditemukan ketika penelitian Kuningan khususnya Ciwaru sedang berlangsung; memainkan peranan penting sebagai 4. Mengevaluasi secara kritis semua basis pertahanan Keresidenan Cirebon, evidensi yang telah dikumpulkan tidak hanya pemerintahan sipil namun (kritik sumber); militer pun ada di Kuningan. Sedangkan 5. Menyusun hasil-hasil penelitian tahun 1950 dipilih karena seluruh (catatan fakta-fakta) ke dalam pemerintahan dan basis militer suatu pola yang benar dan berarti Keresidenan Cirebon di Ciwaru kembali yaitu sistematika tertentu yang ke Cirebon setelah Belanda mengakui telah disiapkan sebelumnya; kedaulatan Indonesia melalui KMB dan 6. Menyajikan dalam suatu cara Kuningan tetap termasuk wilayah yang dapat menarik perhatian dan Keresidenan Cirebon yang telah mengkomunikasikannya kepada memberikan jasanya selama perjuangan para pembaca sehingga dapat revolusi kemerdekaan. dimengerti dengan sejelas mungkin. METODE PENELITIAN Dalam penelitian ini penulis HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN menggunakan metode historis untuk menggali peristiwa revolusi yang terjadi BELANDA MENYERANG PUSAT di Kuningan. Menurut Louis Gottschalk KERESIDENAN CIREBON (1975) metode historis mengandung arti proses menguji dan menganalisis secara Belanda melakukan serangan- kritis rekaman dan peninggalan masa serangan di berbagai wilayah Republik lampau. Pernyataan Louis Gottschalk di Indonesia mulai akhir tahun 1945 atas menyiratkan bahwasanya
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