DOCSLIB.ORG

Collecting Transit's Earnings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collecting Transit's Earnings Georgist Journal / No.105 / Autumn 2006 Collecting Transit’s Earnings (and What to Do When There Aren’t Any) by Adam Kerman On Friday, July 21st, the 150th anniversary of Illinois Central suburban service was observed. The Illinois Central was founded by a land speculator to promote development of Cairo on the Ohio River, and by politicians, including Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. Douglas, then a United States Senator, was instrumental in securing the federal land grant for the railroad, the first in the nation. The land grant was turned over to the state. Lincoln used his connections in Springfield to quash bids for rival railroads. The city of Chicago wanted a breakwater built to protect homes built too close to the lakefront on the south side. Because no one elsewhere benefited, its construction was politically unpopular. Solution? Force the railroad to enter the city on a right-of-way it did not want — submerged lands along the lakefront, far from industry. Douglas, who owned some of these submerged lands, sold right-of-way to the railroad and was rewarded with a seat on the board for his efforts in securing the land grant. Paul Cornell was another land speculator. He owned 300 acres in what is now the fine neighborhood of Hyde Park, home of the University of Chicago and Museum of Science and Industry. Then, it was badly located, well outside the city limits. He deeded right-of-way to the railroad in return for daily suburban service to his property. Significantly, the service was operated at a loss for several years and had to be subsidized by Cornell. Eventually, the railroad would stimulate suburban development along the lakefront. Today’s politicians have not forgotten the relationship between transportation and land value. House Speaker Dennis Hastert, who represents an area at the far western edge of metropolitan Chicago, has held farmland in Kendall County for years. He recently received a $2 million profit on land he sold. He has also secured $207 million in federal funding for the Prairie Parkway through Kendall County, a few miles from parcels he owns. Ten years ago, the Regional Transportation Authority hired a consultant to learn of the effect of passenger railroad stations on residential property values. The consultant found a positive effect on single-family home values within 5000 feet of the stations. At 500 feet, premium is 25.8% — nearly $52,000 in 1996 prices. Is it possible to capture some portion of land value to pay for the cost of necessary public transportation? For instance, a typical minimal Metra cost — three-man crew (one in the engine and two on the train) plus fuel and running maintenance — amounts to about $1 million a year, equal to the premium enjoyed by 20 of the best- located homes. The Orange Line to the southwest side and Midway Airport opened 13 years ago. Intriguingly, the authors of a 1994 study found that residential land values within one- half mile of the stations were 17% higher than they otherwise would have been in 1990 — three years before the line would open. On opening day, it was 20% higher. They also found that the increase from improved transportation was 1.9% per mile from the central business district for sites within one half mile of train stations. They felt that, even by 1994, the market had not yet fully adjusted to the presence of the new rapid transit line. A 2005 Brookings Institute study argues that the cost of transportation is critical to determining true affordability of housing. After all, it is the second highest cost in the household budget. They’d like their affordability index used in calculating mortgage and rental qualifications to avoid social policies that would force lower-income families to outlying areas with poor public transportation options because transportation costs are ignored in computing the cost of housing. They found that, regardless of income, people in areas near train stations had lower transportation expenditures because they drove less and owned fewer vehicles. They argue that social policies should change so that housing suitable to families with a variety of income levels should be built near train stations. In the Chicago area, they found that the area around 32 stations in the city was higher density, 32 units per acre, and had the highest percentage of non-auto commutes, 38%. At 178 stations, 30 in the city, they found wasted potential as low as four units per acre and 11% non-auto commute. They found greater income diversity in the suburbs near railroad stations; in the city, they found greater racial diversity. Curiously, the study’s authors observed that the forces of gentrification were resulting in both more expensive housing replacing affordable housing and fewer total units of housing within a short distance of rail stations. In the last ten years, housing prices have increased dramatically. This has not resulted in recovery of many neighborhoods in the city — even those areas near rapid transit stations. In certain parts of the west and south side, looking out the window of a rapid transit car, one sees lot after lot either with dilapidated buildings or long-vacant lots, probably cleared at taxpayers’ expense. This is still true years after the rapid transit lines were rebuilt at tremendous cost to the taxpayers. Would implementation of site value taxation be enough to overcome social problems that could allow these neighborhoods to recover? In the Victorian era through the 1920’s, when the rapid transit was new and the city was filling out, pleasant communities would develop with transportation, shops, and services all within walking distance. Efficiently-placed rapid transit and commuter railroad stations were a key factor in encouraging this pattern of development. In that era, there weren’t zoning restrictions preventing the construction of multiple-family housing. There weren’t minimum requirements for off-street parking. Would eliminating these restrictions be enough to allow these neighborhoods to recover? What we’re doing today just isn’t working. Spending money to replace and restore rapid transit lines isn’t enough to affect useful social change. It doesn’t result in land use reform. Someday, perhaps, urban planners and local politicians will catch up with the ideas of Henry George. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Greeting from Paul Cornell President of the Board of Directors, Augustana Heritage Association
    THE AUGUS ta N A HERI ta GE NEWSLE tt ER VOLUME 5 SPRING 2007 NUMBER 2 A Greeting From Paul Cornell President of the Board of Directors, Augustana Heritage Association hautauqua - Augustana - Bethany - Gustavus – Chautauqua...approximately 3300 persons have attended these first five gatherings of the AHA! All C have been rewarding experiences. The AHA Board of Directors announces Gatherings VI and VII. Put the date on your long-range date book now. 2008 Bethany College Lindsborg, Kansas 19-22 June 2010 Augustana College Rock Island, Illinois 10-13 June At Gathering VI at Bethany, we will participate in the famous Midsummers Day activities on Saturday, the 21st. We will also remember the 200th anniversary of the birth of Lars Paul Cornell, President of the Board of Directors Paul Esbjorn, a pioneer pastor of Augustana. We are planning an opening event on Thursday evening, the 19th and concluding on of Augustana - Andover, Illinois and New Sweden, Iowa, and Sunday, the 22nd with a luncheon. 4) Celebrating with the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden in Gathering VII at Augustana will include: 1) Celebrating attendence. the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the Augustana I would welcome program ideas from readers of the AHA Synod, 2) Celebrating the anniversary of Augustana College Newsletter for either Bethany or Augustana. I hope to be present and Seminary, 3) Celebrating the two pioneer'. congregations at both events. How about YOU? AHA 1 Volume 5, Number 2 The Augustana Heritage Association defines, promotes, and Spring 2007 perpetuates the heritage and legacy of the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2005 the Augustana Heritage Association (AHA) Co-Editors Arvid and Nancy Anderson Is to Define, Promote and Perpetuate
    THE AUGUSTANA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER V O L U M E 4 S P R I N G 2 0 0 5 N U M B E R 2 A Letter from Paul Cornell President of the Augustana Heritage Association On Pearl Harbor Day, 2004 Many of our membership remember where we were and what we were doing on that day. Me? Playing ice hockey on Lake Nakomis in Minneapolis, Minnesota on a Sunday afternoon. I can better remember this year’s Gathering IV of the Augustana Heritage Association at Gustavus Adolphus. From the Jussi Bjoerling lecture Thursday through the luncheon on Sunday afternoon. It filled us with joy and thanksgiv- ing. Paul Cornell I realize more and more, and am thankful for, the legacy of Augustana that continues to guide and inspire me in the 7th decade of my life. The renewing of friendships, the words and music of “Songs from Two Homelands,” the presentations of pro- gram teachers, and the ambience (including the weather) of GA made for a great four days. Also to the GA committee for their pre- planning, their on-site operations, and all the behind-the-scenes – a very huge “tack så mycket”. I ask for your prayers and support as the second president of the AHA, stepping into the shoes of Reuben Swanson, is a momen- tous task. We are grateful for his four years of leadership. I am so pleased that he is continuing as a member of the AHA Board. Thank you, Reuben! The Program Committee for the September 14-17, 2006 Gathering V at Chautauqua Institute, Chautauqua, New York has met.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyde Park Township; Chicago Annexed Neighborhood
    Living History of Illinois and Chicago® Living History of Illinois and Chicago® – Facebook Group. Living History of Illinois and Chicago Digital Library Living History of Illinois Gazette - The Free Daily Illinois Newspaper. Illinois History Store® – Vintage Illinois and Chicago logo products. Hyde Park Township; A Chicago Annexed Neighborhood Hyde Park Township was founded by Paul Cornell, a real estate speculator and cousin of Cornell University founder Ezra Cornell. He paid for a topographical survey of the lakefront south of the city in 1852. In 1853, following the advice of Senator Stephen Douglas, he bought 300 acres of speculative property between 51st Street and 55th Street. Cornell successfully negotiated land in exchange for a railroad station at 53rd Street setting in motion the development of the first Chicago railroad suburb. This area was 7 miles south of the mouth of the Chicago River and 6 miles south of downtown Chicago. In the 1850s, Chicago was still a walkable urban area well contained within a 2 miles radius of the center. He selected the name Hyde Park to associate the area with the elite neighborhood of Hyde Park in New York as well as the famous royal park in London. Hyde Park quickly became a popular suburban retreat for affluent Chicagoan's who wanted to escape the noise and congestion of the rapidly growing city. By 1855 he began acquiring large land tracts, which he would subdivide into lots for sale in the 1870s. The Hyde Park House, an upscale hotel, was built on the shore of Lake Michigan near the 53rd Street railroad station in 1857.
    [Show full text]
  • Read This Issue
    Look to the rock from which you were hewn Vol. 31, No. 4, Fall 2007 chicago jewish historical society chicago jewish history Henry Horner, “The Real Goods” BY EDWARD H. MAZUR Governor Henry Horner, trade, on November 30, 1878, he Chicago Politics, and the Great managed to skillfully straddle the Depression. By Charles J. Masters. divide between the respectable good 2007, Southern Illinois University government crowd and the rough Press, 245 pages. Cloth $24.95 and tumble ward politicians of Chicago during the World War I Henry Horner and his Burden of era, the Roaring Twenties, and the Tragedy. By Thomas B. Littlewood. Great American Depression. 2007, Author House, 314 pages. Attorney and author Charles J. Paper, $12.20 Masters in his important mono- he story of Henry Horner, graph reveals that at various times in the first Jewish Governor of his political career, Horner found T the State of Illinois, from himself an ally of Chicago’s powerful January 9, 1933 until his death in Democratic Machine—founded by office on October 6, 1940, holds Irish politicos Roger Sullivan and Henry Horner (1878-1940) many contradictions. George Brennan, perfected by Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Born Henry Levy into a family Bohemian Anton “Tony” Cermak, of successful Jewish entrepreneurs in and managed by Patrick Nash, legendary First Ward duo of “Hinky the retail and wholesale grocery Edward Kelly, and the 24th Ward’s Dink” Kenna and “Bathhouse John” Jacob Arvey. At other times, Horner Coughlin—decidedly not good found himself to be the object of the government types! IN THIS ISSUE Democratic Machine’s wrath.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Hyde Park, Kenwood, and Woodlawn Neighborhoods Collection 1883-2004
    University of Chicago Library Guide to the Hyde Park, Kenwood, and Woodlawn Neighborhoods Collection 1883-2004 © 2020 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Historical Note 3 Scope Note 5 Related Resources 5 Subject Headings 5 INVENTORY 6 Series I: History 6 Subseries 1: Hyde Park 6 Subseries 2: Woodlawn 6 Subseries 3: Southside and Chicago 7 Subseries 4: Directories 7 Subseries 5: Hyde Park Businesses 8 Subseries 6: Publications 8 Series II: Urban Renewal 8 Subseries 1: University of Chicago Campus Development and Neighborhood 8Housing Subseries 2: Community Development 9 Subseries 3: Religious Organizing 10 Subseries 4: Reports and Proposals 10 Series III: Oversized 11 Subseries 1: Press Releases 11 Subseries 2: Newspapers and Journals 11 Subseries 3: Hyde Park Herald 12 Subseries 4: University of Chicago Newspapers 13 Subseries 5: Chicago Tribune 13 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.HPKW Title Hyde Park, Kenwood, and Woodlawn Neighborhoods. Collection Size 5.25 linear feet (7 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. Abstract The Hyde Park-Kenwood and Woodlawn Records contain articles, journals, small publications, brochures, correspondence, neighborhood directories, flyers, newsletters, advertisements, neighborhood guides, pamphlets, proposals, reports, and newspapers concerning the history of Hyde Park and its surrounding neighborhoods, as well as the urban renewal movement. Information on Use Access This collection is open for research. Citation When quoting material from this collection, the preferred citation is: Hyde Park, Kenwood, and Woodlawn Neighborhoods. Collection, [Box #, Folder #], Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library Historical Note Before European settlement, the Chicago area functioned as a trade center for various Native American nations, such as the Potawatomi, Myaamia (Miami), and Illiniwek Confederacy nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyde Park Wel Come to the Neighborho Od Hyde Park by Brett Ashley Mckenzie Senior Writer, Chicago Association of REALTORS ®
    Hyde Park Wel come to the Neighborho od Hyde Park by Brett Ashley McKenzie Senior Writer, Chicago Association of REALTORS ® “Welcome to the Neighborhood” profiles a Chicago community each issue and highlights the major draws of buying and selling property within that community, as well as local perspectives on the neighborhood and interesting facts for you to share with your clients. hat do boxing champion Muhammad Ali, Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow, department store founder Marshall Field, and presidential candidate Barack Obama all have in common? They have all lived in Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood, a South Side haven celebrated for its arts, culture, and prestigious academic institutes. From the Museum of Science and Industry to the WUniversity of Chicago, Hyde Park is home to some of the city’s most notable attractions. Hyde Park History Chicago picked a block in Kenwood. Each of ten builders built one mid-range home on that block. They called it the ‘Parade of Homes.’” Named aQer one of London’s most famous Royal Parks, Hyde Park was established in 1853 by real estate speculator Paul Cornell (whose famous Hyde Park Hot Spots family went on to found Cornell University in 1865). When Cornell purchased the 300-acre lakeside plot, he intended to transform the land Hyde Park has practically become synonymous with world-class education, seven miles south of downtown Chicago into a resort community. To thanks to the University of Chicago, University of Chicago Laboratory bolster Hyde Park’s notoriety, Cornell shrewdly offered the Illinois Continued on page 26 Central Railroad right of passage through his land in exchange for a passenger stop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law School
    CORNELL UNIVERSITY OFFICIAL PUBLICATION The Law School 1949-1950 MYRON TAYLOR HALL: Gift of Myron C. Taylor of the class of 189-1. Designed for and occupied by the Cornell Law School. Faculty EDMUND EZRA DAY, Ph.D., LL.D., President of the University. ROBERT SPROULE STEVENS, A.B., LL.B., Dean of the Faculty, and Professor of Law. LYMAN PERL WILSON, B.S., J.D., LL.D., Professor of Law. GEORGE JARVIS THOMPSON, B.S., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor of Law. HORACE EUGENE WHITESIDE, A.B., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor of Law. HERBERT DAVID LAUBE, B.L., A.M., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor of Law, Emeritus. WILLIAM HURSH FARNHAM, A.B., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor of Law. GUSTAVUS HILL ROBINSON, A.B., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor of Law, Emeritus. JOHN WINCHESTER MacDONALD, A.B., A.M., LL.B., Professor of Law. ARTHUR JOHN KEEFFE, A.B., LL.B., Professor of Law. ARTHUR EUGENE SUTHERLAND, JR., A.B., LL.B., Professor of Law. SHERMAN PEER, LL.B., Professor of Law. HARROP ARTHUR FREEMAN, A.B., LL.B., J.S.D., Professor of Law. ARTHUR LARSON, A.B., B.A. Jurisp., M.A., Jurisp., Professor of Law. BERTRAM FRANCIS WILLCOX, A.B., LL.B., Professor of Law. LEWIS WILBUR MORSE, A.B., LL.B., Librarian, and Professor of Law. RUDOLF BERTHOLD SCHLESINGER, J.D., LL.B., Associate Pro­ fessor of Law. WILLIS DAVID CURTISS, A.B. LL.B., Assistant Professor of Law and Secretary of the Law School. ERNEST NEAL WARREN, A.B., LL.B., Assistant Professor of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Amicus Curiae Brief
    IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICTC OURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS, EASTERNDIV ISION Protect Our Parks, Inc., CharlotteAdelman, ) Maria Valencia, and Jeremiah Jurevis, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) Case No. l 8-cv-3424 ) V. ) Honorable John Robert Blakey ) Chicago Park District and City of Chicago, ) ) Defendants. ) BRIEF OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FOUNDATION AS AMICUSCURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS' OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS OR FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS Charles Birnbaum,F ASLA, FAAR President and CEO THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FOUNDATION 1711 Connecticut A venue NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20009 202-483-0553 Pro Se BRIEF OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FOUNDATION AS AMICUS CURIAE IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS THE CASE INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE Established in 1998, The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) is a national non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., whose dual mission is to educate the public about significant cultural landscapes and to advocate for their informed stewardship. As such, TCLF maintains the nation's most comprehensive database of cultural landscapes and their designers, a vast repository of vetted historical essays, images, and related content, and publishes guidebooks and scholarly volumes in the field of landscape studies. 1 TCLF also provides technical assistance, offers free tours, hosts major conferences and symposia, produces video oral histories, and creates traveling exhibitions. Moreover, TCLF is a recognized authority on the Secretary ofthe Interior's Standards for
    [Show full text]
  • ARCH 4410: Architectural Design
    AUTUMN 2014: 20th JAMES E. GUI ’54 COMPETITION CHICAGO: Dormitories at the University of Chicago Design Project Description Residential environments for undergraduate students on college campuses have provided idealized places of living and learning for centuries. In the Middle Ages, when the Oxford and CamBridge courtyard complexes evolved from monastic cloisters, a persistent typology was formed. Courtyard block housing eventually provided the campus faBric for Yale and other early campuses, while Thomas Jefferson developed a uniquely American campus model at the University of Virginia. Modern student dormitories have more recently evolved into programs and patterns that conform with new academic lifestyles. Often situated on historic campuses, these recent dorms have established new archetypes while adapting to existing university urban plans, types and expressions. Noteworthy modern examples include Alvar Aalto’s Baker House on the Charles River and Eero Saarinen’s Morse and Stiles complexes at Yale. More recently Lewis Tsurumaki Lewis’ dormitory at the College of Wooster and Stephen Holl’s Simmon’s Hall at MIT have continued a tradition of expressive campus residence halls. Contemporary housing markets and university educational oBjectives have set interesting new agendas and expectations for residential complexes that enhance the communal quality of student life. University of Chicago—Site Description Our project to accommodate 800 undergraduates at all ranks (freshman through seniors) is sited on 55th Street and University Ave forming a gateway to campus from the Hyde Park neighBorhood to the north. Peirce Hall, 1960’s housing by Harry Weese, will be replaced with landscapes, promenades, and student rooms, with social, study, commercial and dining facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch Icago's Fi Nest Transportation the Illinois Central Electric
    Published by the Hyde Park H istorical Society Ch icago's Fi nest Transportation Th e Illi nois Centra l Electric Chicago lake front and ICRR trac ks, fro m Ran dolph Street looking south in the ea rly 1860s. This article is the first ofa series about the history ofthe coachhouses, townhouses, and six-flats, the railroad is lILinois Certtral Railroad. an integral and evocative part of neighborhood li fe . This great piece of transportation infras tructure has By John G. Allen and Roy G. Benedict no parallel elsewhere in Chicagoland. It has few peers in North America, or indeed in the world. Even as he South Side's great electric railroad celebrates its Metra Electric ce lebrates its 80th anniversary in 2006, Teightieth anniversary in 2006. Metra Electric~r it remains, in its design and physical p lant, at the as many long-time residents still think of it, the pinnacle of achievement in the nation's rai lroad capital. Illi nois Central- is a solid, imposing presence in Public transportation on Chicago's South Side and Hyde Park and the other South Side neighborhoods it south suburbs rook a g reat stri de fo rward in 1926 traverses. With its raised embankment and its latticed when the Illinois Central Railroad (IC) completed steel towers, it has a solid, almost timeless feel ro it. electrification of its commuter service. To this day, th~ Like the Gothic build ings of the University of Chicago physical plant of what is now Metra Electric reflects the or Hyde Park's tree-lined streets with their mansions, vision of an age when the railroads were confident > 8 ~.~ 2 ~!~ ""'8 of themselves and the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Society Dinner Casts a Broad Net
    HP Hyde Park Historical Society Non-Profit Org. 5529 S. Lake Park Avenue U.S. Postage HS Chicago, IL 60637 PAID Chicago, IL Permit No. 85 H VOL. 39y dN0. 2 e PublishedPa by ther Hydek Park H istoricalH Society istoSPRINGr 2017y SPRING 2017 Annual Society Dinner Casts a Broad Net ocal theater, architectural design and preservation, a very special book store, and good friends and memories all produced a wonderful meld of originality and satisfaction Lat the annual dinner of the Hyde Park Historical Society on February 25, 2017, at the Quadrangle Club. The Society’s Paul Cornell Award went to Nicholas Rudall, Founding Artistic Director of Court Theater and Professor Emeritus in Classics at the University of Chicago. Mr. Rudall entertained the audience by describing his background growing up in Wales and studying classical Greek at Cornell University. This Newsletter is published by His descriptions of how he met the challenges of the Hyde Park Historical Society, a / MARC MONAGHAN PHOTOS establishing a first-rate theater in Chicago held the Master of Ceremonies Jay Mulberry impersonates Donald Trump. audience in rapt attention. The award was presented Hyde Park Historical Society not-for-profit organization founded COLLECTING AND PRESERVING HYDE PARK’S HISTORY in 1975 to record, preserve, and by Cornell Award Committee chairman, Frances Vandervoort. Time for you to join up or renew? promote public interest in the history of Hyde Park. Its headquarters, The Marian and Leon Despres Preservation Award Fill out the form below and return it to: located in an 1893 restored cable car was bestowed upon the Pioneer Cooperative, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyde Park and University of Chicago History HISTORY of HYDE PARK
    Hyde Park and University of Chicago History HISTORY OF HYDE PARK Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House, located in the culturally diverse and intellectually active neighborhood of Hyde Park, is in some ways a visual expression of Hyde Park’s spirit during the turn of the century. Paul Cornell, a lawyer and real estate developer, bought a 300-acre tract of lakefront property in 1853. By 1856, Cornell had struck a deal with the Illinois Central Railroad to arrange for a stop in the area, thereby laying the groundwork for making Hyde Park accessible to, but distinctly separate from, Chicago. By 1869, Hyde Park’s excellent transportation, spacious parks, and success with public improvements made it a desirable suburb for city-weary businessmen. Many upper- middle class families moved into the area. In June 1889, the village of Hyde Park was annexed into the city of Chicago. Although now an urban neighborhood, Hyde Park residents worked to preserve its suburban look by maintaining its public parks, sprawling estates, and year-round greenery. Daniel Burnham, chief architect and planner of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition, chose to locate the fair in Hyde Park because of the neighborhood’s open grassy areas and its proximity to the lake and city. Frederick Law Olmsted, a prominent landscape architect who had designed New York City’s Central Park in the 1850s and 1860s, was brought in to refurbish Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance for the fair. Architects, sculptors, and workers moved to Hyde Park in the spring of 1891 for the exposition’s construction.
    [Show full text]