LITTLEWORTH COMMON SSSI

1

MANAGEMENT PLAN 2012­2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the many people who

contributed to the production of this management plan.

Either through the provison of expert advice and

information or from the many comments arising from

the technical and public consultation exercises. South Bucks District Council

Environmental Services Andy McVeigh, BCC

Denham Julia Wise, BCC

Buckinghamshire Helen Read, City of London

UB9 4LH Andy Barnard, City of London

www.southbucks.gov.uk Douglas Wallace, Natural England

Cllr Bill Lidgate and members of the SBDC

01895 837200 Environment Policy Advisory Group

Councillor Jennifer Woolveridge, SBDC

Keith Shearman, SBDC

Tim McKenzie, SBDC

Prepared for South Bucks District Council by; Chris Marchant, SBDC

Simon Gray, SBDC

The residents of Littleworth Chris Gledhill BSc DMS MTS AIEMA

Environmental Director

Maps

South Bucks District Council

www.futuredirections.org.uk

LD3 8YT Original Artwork

[email protected]

Kate Thelwell

01874 638 979LD3

Photographs

Chris Gledhill

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CONTENTS

Introduction 4

Site Description

Ownership and designations 7

SSSI site status 7

Present Land Use 7

Physical Features

Geology 8

Landscape 9

History and Archaeology 9

Access and Visitors 12

Habitats and Biology

Heathland and Woodland 13

Ponds/Open Water 13

Rare Species 14

Protected and Notable Species 15

Species Records 16­17

Objectives and Methodology

Our Vision 18

Aims, Objectives, Actions and Targets 18

What we would like to see our work achieving 19

Conservation 21

Ponds 22

Lowland Heathland 23

Native semi­natural woodland 25

People 27

Resource Management 28

Capital Projects 29 Figure 1 Location of Littleworth Common SSSI

Part Two: Management Prescriptions 30

Appendices 35

3

INTRODUCTION

Littleworth Common Site of Significant Scientific Interest

(SSSI) was once part of a much larger area of Heathland

landscape covering South Buckinghamshire. Until the 1950’s the common would have played an important role in the

economic and social life of the community. The common was rough grazing land with a mixture of open grassland, scrub

and gorse, woodland and heather dominated areas. Changes

in land management practices resulted in the cessation of grazing leading to the inevitable encroachment of scrub and

trees. Today it is a registered common.

In the 1990’s, it was largely wooded although remnants of the

important heathland habitat survived as a result of the

maintence of way­leaves routes under the power lines. The

common has three ponds; Wigmore, Limes and Quaves. Only Littleworth Common circa 1900

the latter retains water throughout the year. It has been

th An insight into the history of the common has been recorded recorded that in the early 20 century Limes and Quaves

in the Burhams historical book on Dropmore and Littleworth ponds were used in the summer time as boys and girls

Commons. This book paints a very pastoral scene of an area

swimming pools. Quaves pond is the known location of the

of heathland with woodland, clear of undergrowth. Annually

critically endangered Starfruit (Damasonium alisma) plant; a

wood would be cut, some of it sold and the rest being burnt to

red data book species and one of the principal reasons why

make into charcoal. Gypsies were known to visit and camp on

Littleworth Common was designated as a SSSI along with its

the common and livestock were grazed. During the summer,

national important heathland. Furze (Gorse) was burnt.

4 th

As a result of the changes in land management during the 20 Sites of Special Scientific Interest are given protection under

century and subsequent neglect of the common it could easily the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, as amended by the

appear to those who did not know of its once important Countryside and Rights of Way (CROW) Act 2000 and the

community benefits and environmental importance, that it was Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act

just another area of woodland. Despite this neglect the 2006. It is the responsibility of South Bucks District Council to

importance of the site was recognised and in 1951 the area manage the site in accordance with the provisions of the

was notified as a SSSI because of its ponds and associated Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Appropriate

plant life; and lowland heathland habitat. This designation management is very important to conserve the special wildlife

places a legal responsibility on the owner and/or manager of a and geological features of SSSIs. The activities described in

SSSI to safeguard and manage it appropriately. this management plan relate specifically to the proposed

Higher Level Stewardship Agreement which will be given

The common is owned by Dropmore Estate Holdings, but its consent by Natural England. For any activities not described

management is the responsibility of South Bucks District in this plan a written notice must be given to Natural England

Council (SBDC) as the successors to an agreement entered before work begins on any of the operations listed in the

into in 1952 by the former Eton District Rural Council. notification, or if someone else is to carry out these activities.

None of the listed operations may go ahead without consent

from Natural England

With the work carried out by SBDC over the last 10 years, a

recent survey by Natural England has described the SSSI as

in an “unfavourable but in a recovering” condition. The

condition assessment reads;

“The restoration of the open heathland is progressing well. A significant part of the eastern compartment has now been cleared of trees. There is now an urgent need to control the growth of bracken so that this does not hinder the development of heather and grass. .”

5

The District Council has been working closely with Natural

England and drawing on further advice from the Ecologist at The new management plan is required to;

Buckinghamshire County Council and others to progress the common to a more favourable management regime. The � Conduct an Environmental Review and Plan of

Council has produced two management plans and in 2000, Littleworth Common the Common was entered into the Countryside Stewardship � Prepare a 10 year management plan to follow on from

Scheme (CSS). The main objectives of this scheme were; the current plan

1. The sensitive restoration and regeneration of the � Be of assistance with the preparation of the Higher

Lowland Heath Level Stewardship application to provide grant support

2. The restoration and management of the ponds of the management aims. This is the successor

3. Manage access to encourage regeneration of rare scheme to the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.

plants and provide public information on the benefits of � Engage the local community in the future management

conservation management of the Heathland. of the common

The recent restoration work carried out has started to improve

the habitat management, principally in clearing areas of

woodland on the eastern common and treating some of the bracken and birch regrowth. The areas around the ponds

have also been cleared with help from Plantlife International.

In 2004 the Starfruit was once again recorded on site.

The CSS expired in October 2010 and a new agri­environment scheme has been introduced by Government. To ensure that the conservation work continues to restore Littleworth Common

SSSI to a favourable condition a new application for funding has to be made and in the preparation of this plan the District

Council has fully consulted with Natural England.

6 Ownership and Designations Littleworth Common is a

SITE DESCRIPTION registered common (CL183) and is part of the Manorial estate

of Dropmore. It no longer has any registered commoners

rights and is managed by South Bucks District Council

Littleworth Common SSSI lies in the parish of Dropmore in

(SBDC) by virtue of being successors in title to an agreement

South Buckinghamshire. Several minor roads dissect the

entered into by the former Eton Rural District Council in 1952

common, creating four distinct areas. To the north lies the

under the Commons Act 1899. In 1951 the common was

town of Beaconsfield and to the south the major urban

notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) along

conurbations of Slough and Maidenhead. The common

with Burnham Beeches under the National Parks and Access

occupies a central location in the complex of heaths and

to the Countryside Act 1949. In 1986, the Common was re

pasture woodlands that span from the River Thames at

registered as a SSSI following the Wildlife and Countryside

Cookham eastwards to the junctions of the M4/M40 with the

Act 1981 as a separate site. The designated SSSI features

London orbital motorway the M25. The common covers 16

are the heathland, woodland and Starfruit. As a registered

hectares (ha) of which 15.5 ha is designated as the SSSI. It is

common it has further been designated as Open Access land

unfenced and criss­crossed with a series of Rights of Way

under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW)

and several other informal paths and tracks. The site is an

area of formerly open heathland, which has developed

SSSI Site status As a SSSI the site is legally protected. through natural succession into an Oak­Birch woodland.

There are a number of operations which cannot be

undertaken without the prior written consent of Natural In the last 10 years an area of about 3 hectares has been

England. A list of these Potentially Damaging Operations is partly cleared on the eastern common allowing more

provided in the appendix at the end of the management plan. favourable conditions for the restoration of the lowland

Natural England must be consulted in relation to any heathland habitat. On the western fringe of the common there

operations or activities that are not described in this are wet flushes as the ground slopes away. The eastern

management plan, for which consent may be required. commons three ponds support plant communities which are

both rare and declining in lowland Britain. Littleworth Common

In a recent SSSI condition assessment by Natural England is also one of the last recorded locations for the nationally rare

(NE), the site was described as being in an unfavourable but Starfruit (Damasonium alisma).

recovering condition.

7 (following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992). Local

Present land use Authorities have specific responsibilities under section 28 of

the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and as amended by

There are no remaining commoners so the present use of the the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006)

common is limited to recreation. Grazing probably ceased 50

have a duty to conserve and enhance biodiversity. In the

to 60 years ago and this combined with the decline of the LBAP for Buckinghamshire (2000), it was recognised that

rabbit population due to myxomatosis in the 1950’s allowed the lowland heathland was a rare and declining habitat.

area to become progressively covered by scrub and trees. Over the past 15 years the management work carried out has been for the benefit of nature conservation and public safety.

The major tree felling works started in the early 2000’s attracted

significant local concern and criticism of the District Council

brought about by poor communications and liaison.

Despite the designation as a SSSI in 1951 the conservation

value of the common had been largely associated with the

ponds and not the heathland. Only a narrow strip of heathland

had survived immediately under the power lines as this area

was cut on a regular basis. However, by the time of the 1995­

2000 management plan, the wider wildlife and conservation

value of the common was becoming more widely recognised

as an important remnant of the South Buckinghamshire

heathlands. This was a key reason for the Countryside

Stewardship Scheme agreement in 2000 which aimed to

restore substantial areas to lowland heath.

As a result of the immense national losses in habitat, heathland is one of the 33 priority habitats in the UK as identified in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP). This plan is in response to the Convention on Biodiversity

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Physical Features Located to the north of the major conurbations of Slough and

Maidenhead and west of the more highly developed area to

Geology the west of London it is a part of rural England, and a remnant

of a formerly more extensive working countryside. The

Littleworth Common is situated on a dry, acid plateau which network of farmed countryside and blocks of woodland

dips away in the west to form a series of wet, boggy flushes. It interspersed with commons and heathland is the historical

overlies the fluvio­glacial of the Reading sand and gravel landscape of South Buckinghamshire and Littleworth

beds. It was over these, that the melt waters from the last Ice Common is an important element in that rural landscape.

Age (Devensian Ice Age) washed over creating rivers in which

coarse gravel and clay sediments were laid. After this period, This is a landscape under great pressures. In a time of ever

the area was cut through by the River Thames which moved declining heathland habitats brought about by changes in

agricultural practices and land development, Littleworth in a southerly direction to its current position.

Common is nationally important area. The origins of the ponds are unclear and subject to

speculation but are thought to be ancient in origin.

Observations and anecdotal evidence point to them being

filled by surface waters with all but one remaining filled

throughout the year.

Landscape

England has been divided into a series of Landscape types

known as Joint Character Areas (JCA) by Natural England.

Littleworth Common is in the Thames Valley Joint Character

Area. It is known from records that Littleworth Common was

part of a much larger tract of heathland that stretched from the

River Thames at Cookham to what are now the Black and

Langley Country Parks.

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Historical and Archaeological significance

The Tithe maps of 1782 and 1841 show the common as unenclosed land. At this time the common was known by two names, Widmore Common and Littleworth Common, both of

which date back to at least 1770. Littleworth Common was more favoured by the Clergy and more recent maps have

used this name. Early maps also refer to the area as Wigmore,

Wigmer and Widmere, often using the word 'heath' instead of

'Common'. The common was the focus of Dropmore Parish,

which in the period 1792­1938 was dominated by the

Dropmore Estate, built up by Lord Grenville but sold by his

heirs to pay death duties.

Most of the outer boundary of the common is clearly marked

by an old boundary bank with occasional old trees.

The following description of the common is taken from the

book by Burnham Historians (1996).

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The Historic Landscape Characterisation study for Figure 2 Historic Landscape Map

Buckinghamshire records the following landscape types:

Commons & Heathland are characterised as open land

traditionally used for rough grazing, collecting fuel and for

certain industries. The 19th century Enclosure acts resulted in

the significant loss of commons and heaths across the

country. Commons generally date to the medieval period, over

the past 100 years have declined rapidly and are of high

sensitivity. Ordnance Survey maps of the 20th century clearly

show the gradual encroachment of scrub and secondary

woodland across the common at Littleworth and also the

creation of a number of ponds.

Historic settlement refers to areas of occupation predating

the OS 1st edition map. The vast majority of historic

settlement in Buckinghamshire dates to the medieval period at

least. It is considered of high significance. Common Edge

Settlement is characteristic of south Buckinghamshire and is a

settlement type that is vulnerable to change. The survival of

common edge settlement in direct association with the

common at Littleworth is noteworthy and is an important factor

in the preservation of the subtle character of the landscape.

The holdings contain some recorded monuments of local

importance.

HER 12146 in parcel 5427 is the site of a formerly listed 19th

century forge, destroyed by fire in 1989 or 1990. In parcel

3512 HER 08932 is the site of a 19th and 20th century gravel

pit, probably destroyed by the construction of the covered

reservoir in the 1970s; the gravel pit is the possible findspot of

a Lower to Middle Palaeolithic hand axe, HER 01295.

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Access and Visitors

Strategic setting

The common is a popular place for informal recreation.

Several public foot paths and bridleways cross the site (Figure

3) and lies on the route of the Beeches Way; a 16 mile long

distance footpath, which crosses South Buckinghamshire.

Visitor facilities

Apart from the two car parks adjacent to the public houses

there are no formal visitor facilities on site.

Rights of Ways and path networks

Walkers, cyclists and horse riders all use the site and it is

popular for families and dog walkers. The site is now

designated as “Open Countryside” under the CROW Act

2000. With its two public houses, it is a very popular starting

or stop off point for walkers enjoying the wider network of

public rights of way in the area. The County Council are

looking to develop a disabled access route from Burnham

Beeches to Littleworth Common which will require a review of

access opportunities and constraints.

Figure 3 Rights of Way Map

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Habitats and Biology

There are three principal habitats on Littleworth Common;

Lowland Heath; Ponds; Mixed Broadleaved Woodland.

Heathland and Woodland

The common was once open heathland but in the last 50

years lack of grazing has allowed the growth of trees, to a

point where 10 years ago it was predominantly woodland

dominated by young Oak (Quercus spp), Birch (Betula spp) and in places Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Since 2005 clearance

work has felled some of these trees and the vegetation in the

open areas is beginning to reflect dwarf heath shrub with the

re emergence of heather, gorse (Ulex spp.), wavy hair grass

(Deschampsia flexuosa), purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea)

and pill sedge (Carex pilulifera). Bracken, brambles and

young Birch regrowth is an ongoing problem. The trees that

are still present are associated with a more open heathland

mosaic include alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus), crab apple

(Malus sylvestris), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna),

blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and field maple (Acer campestre).

The western edge of the common has ancient trees on the

boundary. The understory of the woodland has in places

dense stands of Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and the invasive

species Rhododendron and Shallon (Gaultheria shallon). The

latter two are non­native introductions.

Figure 4 Principal Habitat Areas Map

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Ponds/Open Water Rare Species

The ponds were once viewed as the most important biological

The species records for the common are generally poor and aspect of the common. Species such as marsh pennywort

this is one area where improvements could be made.

(Hydrocotyle vulgaris), marsh St. John's­wort (Hypericum

Appendix 2 provides details of the species records currently elodes), Starfruit ( Damasonium alisma) have all been recorded

held by the local records centre. around the pond margins. Starfruit was last seen in Quaves

Pond in 2004 after an absence of 33 years. Invertebrates Following a survey of Quaves pond in 2001,

some 56 species of macro invertebrates were identified

including 11 which are classified as nationally scarce

(including Hydacticus seminiger, Hydroglyphus geminus,

Hydrogrotus decoratus and Hylecoetus dermestoides), these

are all water beetles. Some 20 species of moths have been

recorded on the common, although it is likely that with habitat

improvements there may be changes to these.

Amphibians and Reptiles The Great Crested Newt, Grass

snake and Slow worm all schedule 5 species have been

recently recorded. No recent records have been noted for the

Smooth snake.

Birds Twelve nationally scarce birds have been recorded

including the Spotted flycatcher, Marsh tit and the Bullfinch.

The Red Kite can often be seen soaring above the common.

The last record for the Hawfinch was 1948. With

improvements in the conservation management of other local

sites in south Buckinghamshire, it is possible that species

such as the Dartford Warbler and Hobby may become

occasional visitors.

Plants Some 15 different species of rare or endangered

Quaves Pond, Littleworth Common SSSI plants have been recorded. Most notable of these is the

14 Starfruit which is a red data book listed plant. The last record PROTECTED AND NOTABLE SPECIES for Bell Heather (Erica tetralix) was in 1926. In St Anne’s churchyard there is a very healthy stand of this. There is also RECORDS a record for the Serotine and Natters bats roosting at St Plants and Animals There are many different designations

Anne’s Church, but there are no bat records for the common.

that can be given to plants and animals to classify their

importance at a local, national and international level. The

Mosses and Liverworts In preparation for the 1995

following are used to give an indication of the status of some management plan, Rod Stern surveyed the site for mosses

of the species on the common where records are known. and liverworts. Over 40 species were recorded.

European Protection gives protection to certain bird species under the EC Birds Directive and to specific plants and animals listed by the EU Habitats Directive.

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) gives certain species legal protection. Schedule 1 (s1) lists those where it is against the law to disturb their nests or young. Schedule 5 (s5) lists species where it illegal to kill or injure and/or disturb them. Schedule 8 (s8) lists plants protected by law.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) aims to stop the decline

of certain habitats, animal and plant species. Each county draws up a Local BAP identifying those most at risk. The relevant plan is the Buckinghamshire Biodiversity and Milton Keynes Action Plan.

The National Environmental and Rural Communities Act further lists species of Principal Importance (PI) which

should be managed for. The RSPB have produced the red

Starfruit, Damasonium alisma.

and amber list for bird species.

15

HERPTILES Beetles

Last Last

Species recorded Status Species recorded Status

Slow­worm 2008 5;BAP;PI Dendroxena quadrimaculata 1999 NS

Common Toad 2008 BAP;PI Helochares lividus 2001 NS

Smooth Snake 1964 5; BAP; PI; EU Helochares punctatus 2001 NS

Grass Snake 2008 5; BAP; PI; Hydaticus seminiger 2001 NS

Great Crested Newt 2008 5; BAP; PI; EU Hydroglyphus geminus 2001 NS

BIRDS Hygrotus decoratus 2001 NS

Mallard 2008 Amber Hylecoetus dermestoides 2008 NS

Hawfinch 1948 BAP;PI;Red Platystomos albinus 2008 NS

House Martin 2008 Amber Moths

Kestrel 2008 Amber Knot Grass 1979 BAP;PI

Swallow 2008 Amber Beaded Chestnut 1978 BAP;PI

Crossbill 2003 1 Green­brindled Crescent 1978 BAP;PI

Red Kite 2009 1; Amber Ear Moth 1979 BAP;PI

Yellow Wagtail 2008 BAP;PI Mouse Moth 1977 BAP;PI

Spotted Flycatcher 2008 BAP;PI ;Red Garden Tiger 1977 BAP;PI

Marsh Tit 2009 BAP;PI ;Red Sprawler 1978 BAP;PI

Green Woodpecker 2009 Amber Minor Shoulder­knot 1977 BAP;PI

Bullfinch 2008 BAP;PI Amber Small Square­spot 1979 BAP;PI

Redwing 2009 1; Red Small Phoenix 1979 BAP;PI

INVERTEBRATES Orange Footman 2008 MPM

Flies MPM;Nationally

Red Data Book 2: Rosy Marbled 1977 Scarce/Nb

Ctenophora flaveolata 2008 Vulnerable September Thorn 1979 BAP;PI

Red Data Book 3: Garden Dart 1977 BAP;PI

Empis woodi 2008 Rare Dark Spinach 1979 BAP;PI

Melanochaeta pubescens 2008 Nationally Scarce Shaded Broad­bar 1979 BAP;PI

Buff Ermine 1979 BAP;PI

Blood­vein 1979 BAP;PI

Oak Hook­tip 1977 BAP;PI

Dark­barred Twin­spot Carpet 1979 BAP;PI

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Last

Species recorded Status

FLORA KEY

Dodder 2009 Vulnerable; CS

Heath Spotted Orchid 1926 CS

EU ­European protection; 1,5,8 ­Schedule of Wildlife & Countryside Act;

8; BAP;PI :NR

PI –Principal Importance NERC Act: RDB – Red Data Book Species;

Starfruit 2004 RDB

Floating Club­rush 2010 CS BAP – Biodiversity Action Plan; NS – Nationally Scarce;

Bell Heather 1926 CS NR – National Plant Rarity (Rare/Scarce); MPM – Medium Priority Moths;

Cross­leaved Heath 1926 CS Red/Amber –RSPB threat list; CS –County Scarce;

Marsh St John's­wort 2010 CS

CR –County Rare: CE –County Extinct;

Heath Rush 1926 CS

CS;

Weasel's­snout 1961 Vulnerable

Upright Chickweed 1951 CE

Small Water­pepper 2010 Vulnerable; CR

Cornfield Knotgrass 1961 CS

8;BAP;PI;Critically

Small Fleabane 1952 endangered

Lesser Skullcap 2010 CS

Field Woundwort 1966 Near Threatened

BAP;PI;Vulnerable:

Pale Dog­violet 1926 NR

St Annes Churchyard

Serotine Bat 1991 5;EU

Natterer’s Bat 1991 5;EU

Box 2010 Rare

Dodder 1983 Vulnerable ;CS

Bell Heather 2010 CS

Potentilla erecta x reptans 1983 CS

Lesser Marshwort 1949 CS

17 SBDC will achieve this through the following.

Objectives and Methodology

Aims, Objectives, Actions and targets

Our Vision for the Common is; Aims

1. To re­establish the lowland heath on the east common and South Bucks District Council will aim to manage

maintain it initially through chemical/mechanical means and

Littleworth Common working with our partners to restore then explore the possibility of the introduction of grazing. In it to a favourable nature conservation status to meet the doing so work with partners to improve the linkage to other criteria of its SSSI designation and to provide for informal important wildlife and biodiversity areas in South recreational access for local residents and visitors. Buckinghamshire.

2. To develop an appropriate woodland structure, creating a

landscape barrier around the east common and manage the

woodland on the west common creating appropriately sited

glades.

3. To remove invasive species in the mixed broadleaf woodland

4. To manage and maintain the 3 ponds for biodiversity and the

encouragement of the Starfruit plant, and other important

species including the invertebrates and reptiles.

5. To provide an important open space for local residents and

visitors creating a series of recreational linkages for walkers,

cyclists and horse riders to Burnham Beeches and Stoke

Common.

6. To engage the local community in the active management of

the common increasing their awareness of its special qualities.

7. Working with the local community and NGOs to seek to

provide an appropriate level of educational access to the

common.

8. With special interest groups and other NGO’s seek to develop

a series of surveys to increase the knowledge of what is

Limes pond, Littleworth Common

present and monitor the success of the management

methods.

18

What we would like our work to achieve:

That 50% of the site has been restored to open

The site is in a favourable biological condition

heath with some mature trees; the rest of the site

The scarce habitats and the number of rare and notable is a well­managed semi natural woodland of

species of birds, animals, insects and plants will thrive here. mainly Oak with Birch and Beech with a diverse

age and height structure. The three ponds have been managed to maintain and improve their biodiversity in particular the rare plant species, micro fauna and reptiles.

The heathland on the eastern common will be a mosaic of

different elements, including heather, dwarf heath and open

ground interspersed with a few mature trees.

The local community will be proud of their

The heather will be a mixture of different ages, height and common and the changes occurring there.

density.

Local residents will use the common for informal recreation.

Cattle have been introduced to graze the east common and

trample the edges of the ponds to improve the diversity of the Clear signposting will indicate the principal paths and trails for

habitats walkers, cyclists and horse riders

A woodland edge has been maintained around the eastern People from the local community have established a friends

common. group to help with the management of the common and raise its educational potential.

The woodland on the western common has small discrete glades and is largely free of holly, bracken and exotic invasive

species such rhododendron and Gaultheria.

19

The targets and actions outlined here will be reviewed

OBJECTIVE TWO: PEOPLE

through the 10 years of the management plan and if

To maintain and manage the common for informal

necessary adjusted. These reviews will be conducted on

recreational activities and encourage local community

an annual basis and include officers from SBDC, Natural

involvement in the management of the common in accordance

England and other appropriate bodies.

with this management plan.

The work that will be carried out at Littleworth Common

will be proportional to the size of the SSSI, the resources

available for its management from South Bucks District

Council and the funding and advice available from

OBJECTIVE THREE: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Natural England and will contribute to the following

To meet all legal requirements that are the the responsibility objectives.

of SBDC as the legal managers of the common

The overall aim of the management of Littleworth Common is

to restore it to a favourable biological condition which would

OBJECTIVE ONE: CONSERVATION

be acceptable to Natural England. Three principal habitats

To restore and/or maintain all key features in a favourable

would be restored, managed or in the case of the three ponds

condition

maintained. The woodland which lies in the north east corner

To maintain the current biological status of the three ponds

of the site would during the course of this plan remains a non

known as Wigmore, Limes and Quaves

intervention area (excluding any public safety works that may

To restore and manage the heathland and associated

be identified).

features on the east common

To manage the semi natural woodlands on the west common

and maintain a woodland fringe around the east common

20

OBJECTIVE ONE: CONSERVATION

South Bucks District Council aim to restore and manage all

notified SSSI features (dwarf shrub heath, mixed broadleaf

woodland and Starfruit), with financial support from Natural

England so that they become classed as being in a favourable

condition.

As a remnant of a much larger complex of heaths and

woodlands in south Buckinghamshire, SBDC will work with

other bodies that have an interest in the restoration and

conservation of these. As a conservation and recreational unit

it is important that it is not managed in isolation. Partnership

working will bring together the necessary skills, knowledge

and experience to maximise the recreational and

conservational potential of the common.

Restoration and management will focus on three principle

features types;

(i) The ponds for Starfruit

(ii) The lowland heath is a much neglected habitat. It

is nationally important requiring significant

restoration

(iii) The mixed broadleaf woodlands

21

THE PONDS

TARGET C1: Encroaching scrub around a 5 metre margin of the

The management of the three ponds must be carried out in

ponds will be gradually removed over the period of the plan.

the broader context of the restoration of the lowland heath.

Action: Regrowth of Birch and Willow will be cut by hand and

The ponds support a variety of nationally scarce and

as appropriate the trunks treated.

important BAP species. Only one of the ponds (Quaves)

retains water throughout the year. In the last 10 years

TARGET C2: Overhanging trees around a 5 metre margin of the

significant restoration works were carried out by Plant Life

ponds will be gradually removed over the period of the plan

international as part of their “back from the brink” project. In following public agreement.

2004, Starfruit was once again recorded following this work.

Action: All trees within a 5 metres margin around Widmore,

The ideal management to maintain the important biological

Limes and Quaves ponds to be removed.

communities would be the reintroduction of grazing. This

would provide a natural means of controlling the regrowth of TARGET C3: The margins of Quaves pond to be trampled to poach

Birch and Willow around the ponds and create an up the mud

environment of poached/trampled areas to give ideal Action: To research the feasibility to reintroduce grazing by cattle to

conditions for Starfruit and the Lesser Fleabane to grow. the SSSI.

Water levels in the ponds appear to be principally fed from

ground waters, although it has been suggested that a pipe did TARGET C4: 15% of the pond margins to benefit from rare plant

once supply Quaves Pond. Further research would be of communities and invertebrates that thrive in disturbed ground

benefit here. Action: Reintroduce grazing

Around Limes and Wigmore Ponds and to a lesser extent at

Quaves pond there are a significant number of overhanging TARGET C5: Species in ponds to be 100% native

trees and branches. Falling leaves and detritus from these are Action: Annual monitoring for non native species and

removal as appropriate. settling on the ponds floors and ideally these trees need to be

removed.

TARGET C6: All management work to avoid damage/disturbance to

native species Action: All work to be timed to avoid damage and/ or disturbance to all known native species.

22

LOWLAND HEATHLAND Restoration

South Bucks District Council aims to restore and maintain up A programme of restoration has been planned to create

to 50% of the common to heathland and associated habitats conditions where the heather and dwarf shrubs will thrive.

over the period of this management plan. Heathland Encroaching Birch, Bracken and to a lesser degree Brambles

restoration is key to restoring Littleworth Common to a and their regrowth will need to be eradicated. On Littleworth

favourable condition. This work will focus on the east common Common this will mean cutting them (Birch and Bracken)

and will also enhance the management of the three ponds. and/or treating the regrowth with chemicals over a period of

The work will be based upon the progress made in the last 10 10 years. In the woodland border around the eastern

years with the restoration work. The area is now more suitable common, selective small numbers of Birch will need to be cut

for the recolonisation by dwarf heath plants. In the restoration to create small scallops free of birch seedlings. While the use

work it will be necessary to work towards reducing the of chemicals is not the best means of restoration, in regrowth of invasive species, principally Birch, Bramble and discussions with Natural England it is felt that until the site is

Bracken. in a position to be grazed this will be the most effective.

To return the common to a favourable SSSI condition it will be Bracken is a native species to the UK but can rapidly colonise necessary to continue with the chemical and on occasions, areas. At Littleworth, bracken accounts for much of the mechanical treatment of the common. This will require a understory of the woodland border on the eastern common

sensitive approach in this important habitats restoration. The and in the central and southern sections has rapidly re work carried out annually will reflect the relatively small scale colonised recently cleared areas. In the immediate absence

of the site. It will require the removal of areas of bracken, of grazing, two methods for eradication will be required. scrub and some trees and the disturbance/harrowing of the Across the central area, it will be necessary to treat with soil to create more favourable conditions for the growth of chemicals, where in the southern section it will be necessary

Heather. This is necessary to restore a varied and balanced to use a mechanical means due to the scale of the growth.

age range and structure of heather and dwarf shrubs. In the

centre of the common the stand of heather is increasing. This

area will be used as the focus for planning the future

heathland restoration management works.

23

Long­term Management Objective although chemical treatment will still be required up to the

time that grazing is introduced.

In the long term the aim is to reintroduce grazing to the

common. This to maintain the area restored and keeps the Target C7: Increase the area of lowland heathland to regrowth of birch and bracken in check. This is the preferred 7ha by 2021 by restoring on average 0.35 ha of management option. The introduction of grazing animals to heathland per annun of which a minimum 25% will the common may require the fencing of it. A project was contain at least two species of dwarf shrubs and 5 herbs undertaken by the Buckinghamshire County Council in 2005 and grasses (see Natural England’s favourable condition and technically it was proved feasible to introduce measures

targets). to fence out the whole common. In consideration of the

Action: Cut regrowth of Birch and Bracken and treat introduction of grazing we would look to introduce cattle to the

as appropriate with chemicals. common. SBDC will work with Natural England and other

Action: Chemically treat the growth of Brambles. relevant organisations to assess the feasibility and

Action: Scarify areas of ground by harrowing or practicability.

The introduction of a low­intensity grazing regime is often raking to create broken surfaces more considered to be one of the most suitable and sustainable suitable for the growth of dwarf heath. methods for managing a lowland heath. It produces a wide Action: Cut and remove dense areas of Bracken in variety of conditions for heathland plants which are the southern section. unobtainable through mechanical and chemical means and is a return to a more traditional method of management. After

the initial expense of establishing grazing, it is a relatively Target C8: By 2016 SBDC will aim to reintroduce grazing to inexpensive means of management but does require regular

the common using a local grazier and a suitable breed of supervision. The details of the grazing regime, such as type of cattle. stock, timing and stocking rate, require careful attention. Action: Assess the feasibility of introducing grazing to

Grazing will not completely control scrub or gorse or the the common. encroachment of bracken so some supplementary Action: Obtain a commitment from Natural England to management is required. On a site such as Littleworth treat this as a special capital project.

Common with its important pond life it is by far the most Action: Identify a local grazier with suitable livestock to preferable long term sustainable option for management graze the common.

24

BROADLEAVED MIXED WOODLANDS to restoring the common to a favourable SSSI condition and

appropriate steps should be taken to reduce this.

South Bucks District Council aims to;

(i) Manage the broad leaved woodlands on the west common, The woodlands fall in to the following distinct sections;

(ii) Maintain a woodland fringe around the east common and

(iii) Establish a non intervention area on the western and north

boundaries of the common. Non­intervention area. Area 3,

Managed mixed woodlands. Areas 1 and 2

Until relatively recently, woodland dominated Littleworth The woodland will be selectively thinned of Holly,

Common. Native semi­natural woodland can be a very Rhododendron and Gaultheria over the 10 year period of the

important habitat for nature conservation. The types of plan, to allow more light onto the woodland floor and through

woodland at Littleworth Common are; selective thinning to create small glades and space around

­Oak/Birch over Bracken and Bramble in the centre of the the Oak and Beech to encourage more diverse flora and

common fauna. This will have the added benefit of improving access if

­Oak/Beech with bramble around the edges further tree work is required.

­Smaller areas of Oak/Birch with wavy hair grass

­On the south western and western boundary of the common The eastern common will be managed to maintain a woodland

there are some mature trees. fringe and where through the selective thinning of Birch,

­Holly in the western common dominates the understory. scallops will be created to provide a better structured

Although a native species its blanket coverage blocks out light woodland and reduce the Birch seed source.

to the understory layers and restricts growth of ground flora. ­­ The block of woodlands to the north of the common will not be

­Towards the western boundary, the holly is replaced by actively managed and left as non intervention area. Only work

Rhododendron and Gaultheria. needed to meet any health and safety issues will be carried

out.

The growth of Birch in the woodland areas provides an

abundant source of seeds which are germinating and growing

both in the understory of the woodlands and in the recently

cleared areas of heathland. This regrowth poses a serious risk

25

TARGET C9: To reduce Birch in the woodland margins of the

east common by 30%

Action: Selectively remove up to 5 Birch trees per year

to create scallops around the woodland margins.

Action: Create woodpiles from cut and fallen trees

TARGET C10: To reduce exotic invasive species, subject to

resources, in the woodland so that they account for less than

1% of the vegetation cover and reduce Holly and bracken

cover by up to 50% to increase native ground flora cover by

between 10% and 30%.

Action: To selectively thin Holly, rhododendron and

Gaultheria and treat their stumps accordingly

TARGET C11: To maintain specimen trees across the

heathland to create a landscape feature.

Action: To identify key specimen trees and inspect

annually.

Littleworth Common 2022

26

OBJECTIVE TWO: PEOPLE

TARGET P1: To establish a friends groups who can carry out

some management and educational work on the common. OBJECTIVE. To maintain and manage the common for

Action: Explore with British Trust for Conservation

informal recreational activities and encourage local community

Volunteers (BTCV) or similar body the feasibility involvement in the management of the common.

of establishing and working with local residents

to create a “Friends of the Littleworth Common”

Littleworth Common is well provided for with a network of

Group. Rights of Way across the SSSI and with a series of ad hoc

Action: Organise a meeting of local residents to discuss

informal paths created by many years of unrestricted access.

the management of the common. As a registered common it is also an area of designated open

Action: Agree a programme of work with the local access under the CROW Act (2000)

residents including how to engage with the local

primary school. The majority of users visiting Littleworth Common are local

residents. Its current use is mainly informal. There are no visitor facilities and signage is restricted to the standard TARGET P2: To offer a minimum of 2 school visits per year.

County Council ROW signage and two SBDC byelaw signs. Action: The friends group to work with local schools to

The current signage is neither inviting nor informative. encourage more educational use of the common as a

Improved interpretive signage should be introduced. This teaching resource.

should include the key messages to advise residents and users of the common as to the need for and the programme of TARGET P3: To design and install new interpretive signage. management works. In addition, the importance of the Action: Discuss with Natural England the needs and common as a remnant of a once much larger area of funding for the design, production and heathland and grazing woodlands should be included. installation of new signage.

SBDC will work with others to find an effective means of engaging with the local residents to encourage participation in voluntary conservation projects on the common.

27

OBJECTIVE THREE: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TARGET RM3: Ensure that the Public Rights of Ways are

100% free from obstructions and in good order.

Action: Annual inspection with BCC ROW officer. SBDC will endeavour to meet all legal requirements that are

Action: If a problem reported, SBDC will take prompt

their responsibility as managers of Littleworth Common.

action in line with the targets set in the BCC

ROWIP

As the legal managers of the SSSI, SBDC are responsible for

the management of the SSSI. SBDC is a relatively small local

authority and are dependant on the continuing support of TARGET RM4: SBDC will work with others to ensure the

Natural England in the management of the SSSI. protection of listed species.

Action: SBDC will encourage special interest groups

Target RM1: SBDC will ensure that reasonable steps are and other relevant organisations to conduct

taken to safeguard the safety of the visitors to Littleworth wildlife surveys.

Common. Action: SBDC will advise all staff and contractors

Action: SBDC will conduct a yearly public safety contracted to carry out work on the common of

inspection to include trees, bridges, gates and the listed species and the appropriate steps to

fences. take to avoid their disturbance and/or damage to

Action: During/after periods of exceptional weather (e.g. their environment.

storms) an officer or contractor will walk the site

to inspect for hazards or risks

Target RM5: SBDC will annually review progress on the

Target RM2: SBDC will maintain open access across the Management Plan and HLS .

common so that the public can gain access unless there is a Action: SBDC will meet with partner bodies and

need to introduce a restriction under the CROW ACT 2000. representatives of local community groups to

Action: SBDC will comply with the CROW Act in open review progress and revise/update targets and

access issues. actions as appropriate.

Action: SBDC will give consideration to the review of

their byelaws in line with their legal

responsibilities under the CROW Act 2000.

28 CAPITAL PROJECTS

(i) LHX­Major preparatory work for heathland

recreation. An area of just under 0.5 hectares needs

to be removed from the southern edge of the east

common.

(ii) Bracken removal. Ongoing works are required to

remove bracken from the common.

(iii) Scarifying/Harrowing

(iv) Scrub clearance payments

(v) Scrub and Bracken control base payment plus

payment per hectare

(vi) Tree clearance. There is a political consideration

here and guidance is required, but this work is

considered essential to restore the common to a

favourable condition.

(vii) The introduction of grazing. This would fall outside

the first three years of capital grant but needs to be

on going discussion and agreement with Natural

England.

(viii) Signage and interpretation. There is a need to raise

awareness of the biodiversity importance of

Littleworth Common and the reasons why the

District Council with the support and guidance of

Natural England are carrying out management

work.

29 LITTLEWORTH COMMON SSSI

MANAGEMENT PLAN

PART TWO

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

2012 to 2022

30 KEY TO TABLES on pages 32 to 34

DC: South Bucks District Council

NE: Natural England

C: Contractors

V: Volunteers/Local Community

CoL: City of London

BTCV: British Trust for Conservation

LWT: Local Wildlife Trust and/or Wildlife Recording Groups

Figure 5 Habitats Options Map

31 Conservation: To restore and/or maintain all key features in a favourable condition

Year of Plan

Objective. To maintain the current biological status of the three ponds Where Whom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1

C1 Clear Birch and other regrowth by cutting and treating stumps P1 Quaves pond V * *

P2 Limes Pond V *

P3 Wigmore V *

pond

C2 Selective thinning of overhanging semi mature birch P4 C © © ©

Limes/Wigmore

ponds

C3/4 Research introduction of cattle on common (see below) DC * * * * * *

C5 Annual monitoring of species LWT * * * * * * * * * *

C6 Appropriate timing of all work SBDC * * * * * * * * * *

Objective. To restore and manage the heathland and associated Where Whom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 features on the east common

C7 Cut regrowth of birch and treat stumps H1 V © © ©

C7 Cut/mulch dense bracken stands H2 C © © ©

C7 Weed wipe regrowth of bracken H3 C * * * * *

C7 Harrow ground/hand rake heathland to create favourable seeding H4 C/CoL © © ©

conditions

Maintain specimen trees on the east common DC * * * * * * * * * *

C8 Introduce grazing on common DC/NE © © * * * *

© Capital item

1

See People Objective Four

32

Objective. (i)To manage the semi natural woodlands on the west Where Whom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 common, (ii) maintain woodland fringe around the east common and (iii) establish a non­intervention area on the western and north east boundaries

C9 Reduce Birch regrowth in the woodland margins of the east common W1 C/V * * * * * * * * * *

C10 Thin Holly, Rhododendrons and Gaultheria in the woodlands W2 C/V * * * * * * * * * *

C10 Create small woodpiles following tree work in the woodlands W2 V * * * * * * * * * *

C11 Maintain specimen trees DC * * * * * * * * * *

RM1 Carry out annual arboricultural safety survey annually DC * * * * * * * * * *

Establish a non­intervention strip/area in the woodland on the west and W3

north boundaries

33

People

Year of Plan

Objective. To maintain and manage the common for informal Where By 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

recreational activities and encourage local community involvement in the Whom management of the common

P1 Establish a friends group DC/ *

BTCV

P1 Engage the members of the group in the practical management of the DC/ * * * * * * * * *

common BTCV

P2 Explore the feasibility of the friends group working with the local school V *

P3 Discuss the needs for improved signage on the common DC/NE

Resource Management

Objective. SBDC will endeavour to meet their legal requirements as managers of Littleworth Year of Plan Common.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

RM1 Public safety inspection check DC * * * * * * * * * *

RM2 Maintain Open Access DC * * * * * * * * * *

RM3 Annual inspection of PROWs and signage DC * * * * * * * * * *

RM3 Review of Byelaws DC * *

RM4 Wildlife surveys LWT * * * * * * * * * *

RM5 Review of Management Plan and HLS DC * * * * * * * * * *

RM5 Annual liaison with County Council, Wildlife Trust, BTCV, other DC/All * * * * * * * * * *

landowners

34 Appendices

Appendix One: Conservation objectives and definitions of favourable

condition for designated features of interest: Littleworth Common SSSI

Appendix Two: Recorded Species on Littleworth Common SSSI

Appendix Three: Potentially Damaging Operations on Littleworth Common

SSSI

Appendix Four: Bibliography

35 APPENDIX ONE

NATURAL ENGLAND

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES and DEFINITIONS OF FAVOURABLE CONDITION for DESIGNATED FEATURES OF

INTEREST: LITTLEWORTH COMMON SSSI

These Conservation Objectives relate to all designated features on the SSSI, whether designated as SSSI, SPA, SAC or

Ramsar features.

Conservation Objectives and definitions of Favourable Condition: notes for users

Conservation Objectives

SSSIs are notified because of specific biological or geological features. Conservation Objectives define the desired state for each site in terms of the features

for which they have been designated. When these features are being managed in a way which maintains their nature conservation value, then they are said

to be in ‘favourable condition’. It is a Government target that 95% of the total area of SSSIs should be in favourable condition by 2010.

Definitions of Favourable Condition

The Conservation Objectives are accompanied by one or more habitat extent and quality definitions for the special interest features at this site. These are

subject to periodic reassessment and may be updated to reflect new information or knowledge; they will be used by English Nature and other relevant

authorities to determine if a site is in favourable condition. The standards for favourable condition have been developed and are applied throughout the UK.

Use under the Habitats Regulations

The Conservation Objectives and definitions of favourable condition for features on the SSSI may inform the scope and nature of any ‘appropriate assessment’ under the Habitats Regulations. An appropriate assessment will also require consideration of issues specific to the individual plan or project.

The habitat quality definitions do not by themselves provide a comprehensive basis on which to assess plans and projects as required under Regulations 20­

21, 24, 48­50 and 54 ­ 85. The scope and content of an appropriate assessment will depend upon the location, size and significance of the proposed project.

English Nature will advise on a case by case basis.

Following an appropriate assessment, competent authorities are required to ascertain the effect on the integrity of the site. The integrity of the site is defined in para C10 of PPG9 as the coherence of its ecological structure and function, across its whole area that enables it to sustain the habitat, complex of habitats and/or the levels of populations of the species for which it was classified. The determination of favourable condition is separate from the judgement of effect upon integrity. For example, there may be a time­lag between a plan or project being initiated and a consequent adverse effect upon integrity becoming manifest in the condition assessment. In such cases, a plan or project may have an adverse effect upon integrity even though the site remains in favourable

condition.

36

Figure 6 Littleworth Common SSSI Designated Area

37

The formal Conservation Objectives for European Sites under the Habitats Regulations are in accordance with para. C10 of PPG 9, the reasons for which the

European Site was classified or designated. The entry on the Register of European Sites gives the reasons for which a European Site was classified or

designated.

Explanatory text for Tables 2 and 3

Tables 2 and 3 set out the measures of condition which we will use to provide evidence to support our assessment of whether features are in favourable condition. They are derived from a set of generic guidance on favourable condition prepared by EN specialists, and have been tailored by local staff to reflect

the particular characteristics and site­specific circumstances of individual sites. Quality Assurance has ensured that such site­specific tailoring remains within a nationally consistent set of standards. The tables include an audit trail to provide a summary of the reasoning behind any site­specific targets etc. In some cases the requirements of features or designations may conflict; the detailed basis for any reconciliation of conflicts on this site may be recorded elsewhere.

Conservation Objectives

The Conservation Objectives for this site are, subject to natural change, to maintain the following habitats and geological features in favourable condition (*), with particular reference to any dependent component special interest features (habitats, vegetation types, species, species assemblages etc.) for which the

land is designated (SSSI, SAC, SPA, Ramsar) as individually listed in Table 1.

Habitat Types represented (Biodiversity Action Plan categories)

Mixed broadleaf woodland

Dwarf shrub heath

Open water

(*) or restored to favourable condition if features are judged to be unfavourable.

Standards for favourable condition are defined with particular reference to the specific designated features listed in Table 1, and are based on a selected set of attributes for features which most economically define favourable condition as set out in Table 2 and Table 3:

38 Table 1 Individual designated Special Interest Features ­ BAP Broad Specific designated features Explanatory SPA bird populations Ramsar criteria applicable to Habitat type / description of the dependency on specific specific habitats

Geological Site feature for terest habitats nterest

Type clarification

3a 20000 waterfowl 3c 1% of population SSSI SSSI designated in features SAC designated i features Annex 1 species Migratory species Waterfowl assemblage 1a Wetland characteristics 2a Hosting rare species &c

Mixed W16 Quercus spp – Betula spp­ Oak and birch broadleaf Deschampsia flexuosa woodland woodland *

woodland

Open water Starfruit Damasonium alisma Nationally rare, * schedule 8 species

Lowland Relict H2 heathland Lowland heath * heathland

NB. 1). Features where asterisks are in brackets (*) indicate habitats which are not notified for specific habitat interest (under the relevant designation) but because they support notified species. 2) The requirements of species (including SPA bird species) are reflected in the Conservation Objectives for habitat

features on which they depend. In some specific situations, direct population measures for species may also be used to provide supporting information to

confirm habitat quality measures. Table 2 Habitat Features ­ Extent Objectives ­

Conservation Objective To maintain the designated habitats in favourable condition, which is defined in part in relation to a balance of habitat extent

for habitat extent (extent attribute). Favourable condition is defined at this site in terms of the following site­specific standards:

Extent ­ Dynamic On this site favourable condition requires the maintenance of the extent of each designated habitat type. Maintenance implies

balance restoration if evidence from condition assessment suggests a reduction in extent.

Habitat Feature (BAP Estimated extent (ha) Site Specific Target range and Comments Broad Habitat level, or and date of data Measures more detailed level if source/estimate applicable)

Oak–birch woodland 11 ha (estimate based Between 20 and 60% of site The presence of woodland as a component of the overall habitat mosaic is

on site visit April area an important feature of the site but its location is less important. It is

2005, measured using desirable to maintain the woodland habitat as a dynamic component of the

MapInfo) heathland mosaic. Clearance of oak­birch stands of relatively recent origin

is acceptable where it will result in the restoration of heathland or where it

will help to maintain open heathy glades in the woodland, or where it is

required in order to open up the canopy around ponds (and so improve

habitat conditions for starfruit).

Open water 0.3 ha No reduction in area. The ponds are rainwater­fed and have naturally fluctuating water levels.

They are not necessarily unfavourable if dry.

Lowland heathland 5.5 ha (estimate No reduction in area. Much of the open “heathland” has only recently been opened up through

based on site visit clearance of oak and birch and is at the very early stage of restoration.

April 2005, measured

using MapInfo)

40

Audit Trail Rationale for habitat extent attribute

(Include methods of estimation (measures) and the approximate degree of change which these are capable of detecting).

Rationale for site­specific targets (including any variations from generic guidance)

Other �otes

41 Table 2a Species population objectives ­

Conservation Objective for To maintain the designated species in favourable condition, which is defined in part in relation to their population attributes.

species populations Favourable condition is defined at this site in terms of the following site­specific standards:

Population balance On this site favourable condition requires the maintenance of the population of each designated species or assemblage.

Maintenance implies restoration if evidence from condition assessment suggests a reduction in size of population or assemblage.

Direct attributes Targets Method of assessment Comments Use for CA?

Presence/absence Damasonium alisma Identification of species If all other targets are met but the species cannot be found the yes

should be present National Botanical Specialist should be consulted (but it is not

essential that the growing plant is present, the key issue is that viable

seed should be present). Additional discretionary attributes:

Population size EITHER No decline of Count of functional At the time of SSSI designation Damasonium alisma had not been yes

more than 10% in individuals seen since 1971. The plant was re­discovered in 2004 after major

overall number restoration management of one of the ponds specifically aimed at this

species. So it appears that the plant is capable of surviving as buried

OR No decline greater seed for long periods. 2 plants were recorded at that time. Starfruit

than one population is known for certain in only one pond on site (the easternmost pond).

size category An increase in the extent of suitable habitat is desirable. Work has

been carried out to improve the condition of the two other ponds.

If the plant is not recorded within the 6 year monitoring cycle the

National Botanical Specialist should be consulted. Ideally, the plant should be seen to flower and fruit at least once every 10 years as a minimum requirement to maintain the population. Indirect attributes Targets Method of assessment Comments

Niche availability Sufficient area of Mapping (area) A range of conditions from wet (sometimes inundated) mud to dry (or damp)

suitable habitat to marginal mud should be maintained. Excessive deposition of silt or organic matter is

maintain population undesirable; starfruit requires a shallow bed of organic mud for establishment. Seed

No loss of area of is thought to degrade in anaerobic conditions.

muddy pond margin

42

Vegetation structure Tall, emergent and Visual assessment. Needs to be minimal or absent as dense growth of these plants will shade out

creeping vegetation (DAFOR scale could be starfruit. The margins need to be unshaded or only lightly shaded to provide suitable

such as flote grass, used) conditions for germination and establishment of starfruit. The development of thick

Crassula helmsii, marginal (and aquatic) vegetation indicates unfavourable condition.

willowherb, nettle,

creeping bent, no

more than rare in

areas of suitable

marginal habitat.

Bare ground > 90% of margin to Visual assessment This applies in early summer before any buried seed germinates. Ponies or cattle are

be open bare mud (of suitable to prevent competing vegetation and to expose the seed bank. If grazing

easternmost pond) stock are absent other means of creating disturbance of margin is required.

Water quality Good water quality Visual assessment Starfruit is thought to require low nutrient levels and high water quality.

(no obvious

indicators of

excessive nutrient

input or pollution).

Audit Trail Rationale for limiting standards to specified parts of the site

Rationale for site­specific targets (including any variations from generic guidance)

Rationale for selection of measures of condition (features and attributes for use in condition assessment)

(The selected vegetation attributes are those considered to most economically define favourable condition at this site for the broad habitat type and any dependent

designated species).

43 Other �otes

Starfruit germinates on bare mud patches in late spring to summer. It is intolerant of competition but benefits from trampling by grazing stock around pond margins.

It requires open or dappled shade conditions. It has a low seed output and requires annual submergence over the winter. It can survive for long periods as buried

seed in the mud of shallow ponds.

44 Table 3 Site­Specific definitions of Favourable Condition ­

CO�SERVATIO� To maintain the oak/birch woodland and heathland habitats at this site in favourable condition, with particular reference to

OBJECTIVE FOR THIS relevant specific designated interest features. Favourable condition is defined at this site in terms of the following site­specific

HABITAT standards: Site­specific details of any geographical variation or limitations (where the favourable condition standards apply)

The attributes below apply to the whole site. Site­specific standards defining favourable condition

Criteria Attribute Measure Targets Comments Use for feature CA?

W16 Structure and Assess by field survey Understorey (2­5m) present over at The relatively recent origin of most of the woodland Yes

Broadleaved, natural processes using structured walk least 20% of total stand area. means that there is currently little diversity of age class. mixed and/or transects. Canopy cover present over 30­90 % woodland of stand area. Holly forms a dense understorey in places. This may not

At least three age classes spread be detrimental from a conservation perspective but may

across the average life expectancy cause problems for management and constrain public

of the commonest trees (oak, birch). access.

Some areas of relatively undisturbed

mature/old growth stands or a

scatter of large trees allowed to

grow to over­maturity/death on site.

W16 Composition Assess by field survey At least 95% of cover in any one Where cover in any one layer is less than 100% then the Yes

Broadleaved, using structured walk layer of site­native or acceptable 95% target applies to the area actually covered by that mixed and/or transects. naturalised species. layer.

woodland Death, destruction or replacement of Damage to species by non­native species that does not

native woodland species through lead to their death is not necessarily unacceptable.

effects of introduced fauna or other Excessive browsing/grazing, even by native ungulates,

external unnatural factors not more may be undesirable if it causes shifts in the composition/

than 10% by number or area in a structure of the stand.

five year period.

45

W16 Quality indicators Assess by field survey At least 80% of ground flora The relict heathland character of the site is an important Yes

Broadleaved, using structured walk referable to W16 NVC community. feature of the special interest. The location of open heathy mixed and/or transects, or as 10­30% to be occupied by heathy glades may alter over time in relation to succession and the woodland appropriate to feature. vegetation, not dominated by opening up of glades.

bracken.

W16 Regeneration Assess by field survey Signs of seedlings growing through A proportion of gaps at any one time may develop into Yes

Broadleaved, potential using structured walk to saplings to young trees at permanent open space; equally some current permanent

mixed and/or transects. sufficient density to maintain open space/glades may in time regenerate to closed woodland canopy density over a 10 yr period. canopy.

No planting.

W16 Negative indicators: Visual assessment of <1% exotic species which may Exotic species should be eradicated if possible. Yes

Broadleaved, Species cover, using structured include: Rhododendron ponticum, mixed walk or transects Gaultheria shallon, Fallopia

woodland japonica.

W16 Negative indicators: Visual assessment of <10% bracken (where it forms a A dense understorey of bracken is undesirable as it will Yes

Broadleaved, Species cover, using structured dense canopy) reduce the diversity of the ground flora.

mixed walk or transects

woodland

Dry dwarf Bare ground ‘Natural’ bare ground in Between 1% & 10% of open Bare ground should form a patchwork with vegetation and Yes shrub heath intimate mosaic within heathland area be present mainly in sunny spots. Exclude rock, stone or

vegetation visible without litter. Tracks or paths can be a source of bare ground of

disturbing the vegetation. value for invertebrates.

Dry dwarf Vegetation cover & Cover of dwarf 25­90% in open heathland areas. Gorse species support a rich invert and vertebrate fauna Yes shrub heath structure of dwarf ericaceous shrubs and and Ulex minor is a characteristic component of H2

shrubs Ulex minor. heathland.

Dry dwarf Vegetation cover & Visual assessment of Pioneer phase 10­40% This should be attributable to the whole site but it may be yes shrub heath structure of dwarf structure. Building/mature phase 20­80% appropriate to have areas with low structural diversity of

shrubs (heather) Degenerate phase <30% particular value for key species.

46

Dead <10% of total ericaceous

cover.

Dry dwarf Vegetation Visual assessment of At least two species of dwarf shrub Calluna vulgaris has a restricted distribution on the site as yes

shrub heath composition: Dwarf composition of dwarf (one of which should be Calluna a result of the development of a dense tree canopy

shrubs. shrubs (ie Calluna vulgaris) frequent. following cessation of management in the 1950s but

vulgaris, Erica cinerea, E. appears to be spreading following the heathland

tetralix, Genista anglica, restoration work.

Ulex minor)

Dry dwarf Vegetation Visual assessment. At least 1 species frequent and 2 It should be noted that the heath is very impoverished as a yes shrub heath Composition: herbs List A: grasses species occasional from list A result of lack of grazing for about 50 years. Restoration to

& grasses. Agrostis spp; Danthonia throughout the sward, but good quality diverse heathland may take many years.

decumbens; D.flexuosa & Festuca

Deschampsia flexuosa; ovina/tenuifolia no more than A dense sward dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa or

Festuca spp; Molinia occasional and <25% cover overall. Festuca ovina is undesirable as it can often create

caerulea; �ardus stricta. conditions unsuitable for Calluna seedling establishment.

2 species from list B at least

List B: forbs occasional throughout. Galium saxatile; Genista

anglica; Hypochoeris In naturally species­poor parts of the

radicata; Lotus site the presence of just one of the

corniculatus; Plantago grasses and one of the forbs will be

lanceolata; Polygala sufficient. serpyllifolia; Potentilla erecta; Rumex acetosella; Viola

riviniana.

Dry dwarf Negative indicators: Visual assessment or use <1% of the habitat heavily eroded or Extensive areas regularly burnt or over­grazed should also yes shrub heath disturbance of aerial photography burnt. be regarded as negative indicators.

47

Dry dwarf Negative indicators: Visual assessment. <1% cover The presence of high cover of “weeds” or exotics may yes shrub heath species Undesirable herbs etc: indicate excessive disturbance or nutrient input.

Ragwort, nettle, spear

thistle, creeping thistle,

foxglove, rosebay

willowherb, Japanese

knotweed, rushes, docks,

Deschampsia cespitosa.

exotics such as Rhododendron, Azalea,

Gaultheria.

Dry dwarf Negative indicators: Visual assessment or use <10% cover where present in dense Dominance by bracken usually results in impoverishment yes

shrub heath bracken of aerial photography stands, not more than frequent of the flora and the build up of topsoil unsuitable for many

overall heathland species.

Dry dwarf Negative indicators: Tree & scrub cover No more than 10% if in discrete A scattering of tree and scrub cover is beneficial to yes shrub heath trees & shrubs including bramble, scrub stands or no more than occasional provide structural diversity and cover and shelter for birds

re­growth & tree saplings throughout the heathland. and invertebrates. Locally, a greater percentage of trees

and shrubs may be tolerated to accommodate the needs of

locally rare birds such as nightjar, Dartford warbler and

woodlark. A gradual transition between heath and

woodland is desirable for birds such as woodlark and

nightjar.

48

Audit Trail Rationale for limiting standards to specified parts of the site

Rationale for site­specific targets (including any variations from generic guidance)

This site is a formerly grazed, open common. All of the woodland on site is secondary in origin.

Rationale for selection of measures of condition (features and attributes for use in condition assessment)

(The selected vegetation attributes are those considered to most economically define favourable condition at this site for the broad habitat type and any dependent

designated species).

Other �otes

Starfruit germinates on bare mud patches in late spring to summer. It is intolerant of competition but benefits from trampling by grazing stock around pond margins. It requires open or dappled shade conditions. It has a low seed output and requires annual submergence over the winter. It can survive for long periods

as buried seed in the mud of shallow ponds.

49 APPENDIX TWO

Species recorded from Littleworth Common SSSI held by the Bucks and Milton Keynes Record Centre

Group Taxon Vernacular

Amphibians and reptiles Anguis fragilis Slow­worm

Amphibians and reptiles Bufo bufo Common Toad

Amphibians and reptiles Coronella austriaca Smooth Snake

Amphibians and reptiles Coronella austriaca Smooth Snake

Amphibians and reptiles Natrix natrix Grass Snake

Amphibians and reptiles Rana temporaria Common Frog

Amphibians and reptiles Triturus cristatus Great Crested Newt

Amphibians and reptiles Triturus helveticus Palmate Newt

Amphibians and reptiles Triturus vulgaris Smooth Newt

Group Taxon Vernacular

Birds Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk

Birds Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck

Birds Alopochen aegyptiaca Egyptian Goose

Birds Anas platyrhynchos Mallard

Birds Buteo buteo Buzzard

Birds Certhia familiaris Treecreeper

Birds Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch

Birds Columba palumbus Wood Pigeon

Birds Corvus corax Raven

Birds Delichon urbicum House Martin

Birds Falco tinnunculus Kestrel

Birds Fulica atra Coot

Birds Gallinula chloropus Moorhen

50

Birds Garrulus glandarius Jay

Birds Hirundo rustica Swallow

Birds Loxia curvirostra Crossbill

Birds Milvus milvus Red Kite

Birds Motacilla flava flavissima Yellow Wagtail

Birds Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher

Birds Parus ater Coal Tit

Birds Parus palustris Marsh Tit

Birds Phylloscopus collybita Chiffchaff

Birds Picus viridis Green Woodpecker

Birds Pyrrhula pyrrhula Bullfinch

Birds Strix aluco Tawny Owl

Birds Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap

Birds Troglodytes troglodytes Wren

Birds Turdus iliacus Redwing

Group Taxon Vernacular

Plants: mosses and liverworts Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Atrichum undulatum Common Smoothcap

Plants: mosses and liverworts Aulacomnium androgynum Bud­headed Groove­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Brachythecium rutabulum Rough­stalked Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Bryum bicolor Bicoloured Bryum

Plants: mosses and liverworts Bryum bornholmense Potato Bryum

Plants: mosses and liverworts Bryum capillare Capillary Thread­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Calypogeia arguta Notched Pouchwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Calypogeia fissa Common Pouchwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Campylopus flexuosus Rusty Swan­neck Moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Campylopus pyriformis Dwarf Swan­neck Moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Ceratodon purpureus Redshank

51

Plants: mosses and liverworts Dicranella heteromalla Silky Forklet­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Dicranoweisia cirrata Common Pincushion

Plants: mosses and liverworts Dicranum montanum Mountain Fork­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Dicranum scoparium Broom Fork­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Dicranum tauricum Fragile Fork­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Ditrichum cylindricum Cylindric Ditrichum

Plants: mosses and liverworts Eurhynchium praelongum Common Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Hypnum cupressiforme Cypress­leaved Plait­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Hypnum jutlandicum Heath Plait­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Leptodictyum riparium Kneiff's Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Leucobryum glaucum Large White­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Lophocolea bidentata Bifid Crestwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Lophocolea heterophylla Variable­leaved Crestwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Mnium hornum Swan's­neck Thyme­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Orthodontium lineare Cape Thread­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Orthotrichum diaphanum White­tipped Bristle­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Pellia epiphylla Overleaf Pellia

Plants: mosses and liverworts Plagiothecium curvifolium Curved Silk­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Plagiothecium denticulatum Dented Silk­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Pohlia nutans Nodding Thread­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Polytrichum formosum Bank Haircap

Plants: mosses and liverworts Polytrichum juniperinum Juniper Haircap

Plants: mosses and liverworts Pseudephemera nitidum Delicate Earth­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans Elegant Silk­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Rhynchostegium confertum Clustered Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Springy Turf­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Riccia fluitans Floating Crystalwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Riccia rhenana Pond Crystalwort

Plants: mosses and liverworts Scleropodium purum Neat Feather­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Sphagnum palustre Blunt­leaved Bog­moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Sphagnum recurvum var. mucronatum a Bog­moss

52

Plants: mosses and liverworts Tetraphis pellucida Pellucid Four­tooth Moss

Plants: mosses and liverworts Thuidium tamariscum Common Tamarisk Moss

Group Taxon Vernacular

Plants Acanthus mollis Bear's­breeches

Plants Acer campestre Field Maple

Plants Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore

Plants Achillea millefolium Yarrow

Plants Aegopodium podagraria Ground­elder

Plants Agrostis canina Velvet Bent

Plants Agrostis capillaris Common Bent

Plants Agrostis gigantea Black Bent

Plants Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent

Plants Alisma plantago­aquatica Water­plantain

Plants Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard

Plants Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal grass

Plants Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley

Plants Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort

Plants Arctium minus Lesser Burdock

Plants Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat­Grass

Plants Arum maculatum Lords­and­Ladies

Plants Ballota nigra Black Horehound

Plants Bellis perennis Daisy

Plants Betula pendula Silver Birch

Plants Betula pubescens Downy Birch

Plants Brachypodium sylvaticum False­brome

Plants Calluna vulgaris Heather

Plants Campanula rotundifolia Harebell

Plants Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter­cress

Plants Carex binervis Green­ribbed Sedge

Plants Carex nigra Common Sedge

53

Plants Carex ovalis Oval Sedge

plants Carex panicea Carnation Sedge

Plants Carex pilulifera Pill Sedge

Plants Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut

Plants Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed

Plants Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse­ear

Plants Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse­ear

Plants Chamerion angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb

Plants Chenopodium album Fat­hen

plants Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle

Plants Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed

Plants Cornus sanguinea Dogwood

Plants Corylus avellana Hazel

Plants Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn

Plants Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's­beard

Plants Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia (C. aurea x pottsii)

Plants Cruciata laevipes Crosswort

Plants Cuscuta epithymum Dodder

Plants Cytisus scoparius Broom

Plants Dactylis glomerata Cock's­foot

Plants Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum Heath Spotted Orchid

Plants Damasonium alisma Starfruit

Plants Danthonia decumbens Heath­grass

Plants Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair­grass

Plants Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair­grass

Plants Digitalis purpurea Foxglove

Plants Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler­fern

Plants Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club­rush

Plants Elytrigia repens Common Couch

Plants Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb

Plants Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb

54

Plants Epilobium montanum Broad­leaved Willowherb

Plants Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb

Plants Epilobium tetragonum Square­stalked Willowherb

Plants Epipactis purpurata Violet Helleborine

Plants Erica cinerea Bell Heather

Plants Erica tetralix Cross­leaved Heath

Plants Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge

Plants Fagus sylvatica Beech

Plants Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn

Plants Fraxinus excelsior Ash

Plants Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp­nettle

Plants Galium aparine Cleavers

Plants Galium palustre Marsh­bedstraw

Plants Gaultheria shallon Shallon

Plants Geranium robertianum Herb­Robert

Plants Geum urbanum Wood Avens

Plants Glechoma hederacea Ground­ivy

Plants Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet­grass

Plants Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet­grass

Plants Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed

Plants Hedera helix Common Ivy

Plants Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed

Plants Hieracium sp. a hawkweed

Plants Hieracium umbellatum Hawkweed

Plants Holcus lanatus Yorkshire­fog

Plants Holcus mollis Creeping Soft­grass

Plants Hyacinthoides non­scripta Bluebell

Plants Hyacinthoides x massartiana Hyacinthoides hispanica x non­scripta

Plants Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort

Plants Hypericum elodes Marsh St John's­wort

Plants Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John's­wort

55

Plants Hypericum pulchrum Slender St John's­wort

Plants Hypochaeris radicata Cat's­ear

Plants Ilex aquifolium Holly

Plants Impatiens parviflora Small Balsam

Plants Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris

Plants Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush

Plants Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush

Plants Juncus effusus Soft­rush

Plants Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush

Plants Juncus tenuis Slender Rush

Plants Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum Garden Yellow Archangel

Plants Lamium album White Dead­nettle

Plants Lamium maculatum Spotted Dead­nettle

Plants Lapsana communis Nipplewort

Plants Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling

Plants Lemna minor Common Duckweed

Plants Lemna minuta Least Duckweed

Plants Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit

Plants Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy

Plants Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet

Plants Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle

Plants Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's­foot­trefoil

Plants Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's­foot­trefoil

Plants Luzula campestris Field Wood­rush

Plants Lycopus europaeus Gypsywort

Plants Lysimachia nummularia Creeping­Jenny

Plants Lythrum portula Water­purslane

Plants Malus domestica Apple / Cultivated Apple

Plants Melampyrum pratense Common Cow­wheat

Plants Misopates orontium Weasel's­snout

Plants Moehringia trinervia Three­nerved Sandwort

56

Plants Moenchia erecta Upright Chickweed

Plants Molinia caerulea Purple Moor­grass

Plants Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce

Plants Myosotis arvensis Field Forget­me­not

Plants Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget­me­not

Plants Narcissus aggregate Cultivated Daffodil

Plants Ornithogalum angustifolium Star­of­Bethlehem

Plants Orinthopus perpusillus Bird's­foot

Plants Oxalis articulata Pink­sorrel

Plants Pedicularis sylvatica Lousewort

Plants Persicaria hydropiper Water­pepper

Plants Persicaria maculosa Redshank

Plants Persicaria minor Small Water­pepper

Plants Phleum pratense Timothy

Plants Pilosella officinarum Mouse­ear­hawkweed

Plants Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine

Plants Plantago coronopus Buck's­horn Plantain

Plants Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain

Plants Plantago major subsp. major Rat's­tail Plantain

Plants Plantago media Hoary Plantain

Plants Poa annua Annual Meadow­grass

plants Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow­grass

Plants Poa trivialis Rough Meadow­grass

Plants Polygonatum x hybridum Garden Solomon's Seal

Plants Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass

Plants Polygonum rurivagum Cornfield Knotgrass

Plants Potamogeton natans Broad­leaved Pondweed

Plants Potentilla erecta Tormentil

Plants Prunella vulgaris Self­heal

Plants Prunus avium Wild Cherry

Plants Prunus domestica Wild Plum

57

Plants Prunus spinosa Blackthorn

Plants Pteridium aquilinum Bracken

Plants Pulicaria vulgaris Small Fleabane

Plants Quercus petraea Sessile Oak

Plants Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak

Plants Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficaria Celandine

Plants Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort

Plants Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup

Plants Rhododendron luteum Yellow Azalea

Plants Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron

Plants Ribes rubrum Red Currant

Plants Rosa canina Dog­rose

Plants Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble / Blackberry

Plants Rubus idaeus Raspberry

Plants Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel

Plants Rumex acetosella Sheep's Sorrel

Plants Rumex obtusifolius Broad­leaved Dock

Plants Rumex sanguineum Wood Dock

Plants Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort

Plants Salix caprea Goat Willow

Plants Salix cinerea Grey Willow

Plants Salix x reichardtii S. caprea x cinerea

Plants Sambucus nigra Elder

Plants Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club­rush

Plants Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort

Plants Scutellaria minor Lesser Skullcap

Plants Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop

Plants Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort

Plants Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard

Plants Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet

Plants Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade

58

Plants Solidago virgaurea Goldenrod

Plants Sonchus asper Prickly Sow­thistle

Plants Sorbus aria Common Whitebeam

Plants Sorbus aucuparia Rowan

Plants Stachys arvensis Field Woundwort

Plants Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort

Plants Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort

Plants Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort

Plants Stellaria media Common Chickweed

Plants Tamus communis Black Bryony

Plants Taraxacum aggregate Dandelion

Plants Taxus baccata Yew

Plants Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage

Plants Torilis japonica Upright Hedge­parsley

Plants Trifolium repens White Clover

Plants Typha latifolia Bulrush

Plants Ulex europaeus Gorse

Plants Ulex minor Dwarf Gorse

Plants Urtica dioica Common Nettle

Plants Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell

Plants Veronica hederifolia Ivy­leaved Speedwell

Plants Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell

Plants Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme­leaved Speedwell

Plants Vicia sativa subsp. sativa Common Vetch

Plants Vicia sepium Bush Vetch

Plants Viola lactea Pale Dog­violet

Plants Viola riviniana Common Dog­violet

Group Taxon Vernacular

59

Fungi Cladonia coniocraea a lichen

Fungi Piptoporus betulinus

Group Taxon Vernacular

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Biorhiza pallida f. sexual Oak­apple causer

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Bombus lucorum sens. str. White­tailed Bumble Bee

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Bombus pascuorum Common Carder Bee

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Bombus terrestris Buff­tailed Bumble Bee

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Echthrus reluctator an ichneumon

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Ophion costatus an ichneumon

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Ophion minutus an ichneumon

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Ophion ventricosus an ichneumon

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Osmia rufa Red Mason Bee

Insects: ants, bees, wasps Zemiotes albiditarsus a braconid wasp

Insects: beetles Abax parallelepipedus

Insects: beetles Acilius sulcatus

Insects: beetles Agabus bipustulatus

Insects: beetles Agabus sturmii

Insects: beetles Agriotes pallidulus

Insects: beetles Amara aenea

Insects: beetles Anacaena globulus

Insects: beetles Anacaena limbata

Insects: beetles Anacaena lutescens

Insects: beetles Cicindela campestris Green Tiger Beetle

Insects: beetles Coccinella septempunctata 7­spot Ladybird

Insects: beetles Coelostoma orbiculare

Insects: beetles Colymbetes fuscus

Insects: beetles Copelatus haemorrhoidalis

Insects: beetles Curculio glandium Acorn Weevil

60

Insects: beetles Cylindrinotus laevioctostriatus

Insects: beetles Dalopius marginatus

Insects: beetles Dasytes aeratus

Insects: beetles Dendroxena quadrimaculata

Insects: beetles Dorcus parallelipipedus Lesser Stag Beetle

Insects: beetles Dytiscus marginalis Great Diving Beetle

Insects: beetles Enochrus coarctatus

Insects: beetles Enochrus testaceus

Insects: beetles Haliplus ruficollis

Insects: beetles Helochares lividus

Insects: beetles Helochares punctatus

Insects: beetles Helophorus brevipalpis

Insects: beetles Helophorus grandis

Insects: beetles Hydaticus seminiger

Insects: beetles Hydraena riparia

Insects: beetles Hydrobius fuscipes

Insects: beetles Hydroglyphus geminus

Insects: beetles Hydroporus angustatus

Insects: beetles Hydroporus gyllenhalii

Insects: beetles Hydroporus incognitus

Insects: beetles Hydroporus planus

Insects: beetles Hydroporus pubescens

Insects: beetles Hydroporus striola

Insects: beetles Hydroporus tessellatus

Insects: beetles Hygrobia hermanni Screech Beetle

Insects: beetles Hygrotus confluens

Insects: beetles Hygrotus decoratus

Insects: beetles Hygrotus impressopunctatus

Insects: beetles Hygrotus inaequalis

Insects: beetles Hylecoetus dermestoides

Insects: beetles Hyphydrus ovatus

61

Insects: beetles Ilybius fuliginosus

Insects: beetles Leistus spinibarbis

Insects: beetles Nebria brevicollis

Insects: beetles Noterus clavicornis

Insects: beetles Otiorhynchus singularis Raspberry Weevil

Insects: beetles Platystomos albinus

Insects: beetles Propylea quattuordecimpunctata 14­spot Ladybird

Insects: beetles Rhagium mordax

Insects: beetles Strophosoma melanogrammum Nut Leaf Weevil

Insects: beetles Subcoccinella vigintiquattuorpunctata 24­spot Ladybird

Insects: beetles Trixagus dermestoides

Insects: beetles Typhaeus typhoeus Minotaur Beetle

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Aeshna cyanea Southern Hawker

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Anax imperator Emperor Dragonfly

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Coenagrion puella Azure Damselfly

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Enallagma cyathigerum Common Blue Damselfly

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Ischnura elegans Blue­tailed Damselfly

Insects: dragonflies, damselflies Pyrrhosoma nymphula Large Red Damselfly

Insects: earwigs Forficula auricularia Common Earwig

Insects: flies Bibio johannis

Insects: flies Bibio marci

Insects: flies Bombylius major

Insects: flies Cordilura albipes

Insects: flies Ctenophora flaveolata

Insects: flies Cyzenis albicans

Insects: flies Dolichocephala irrorata

Insects: flies Elachiptera tuberculifera

Insects: flies Empis praevia

62

Insects: flies Empis vitripennis

Insects: flies Empis woodi

Insects: flies Eristalis tenax

Insects: flies Heleodromia immaculata

Insects: flies Helophilus pendulus

Insects: flies Hilara pilosa

Insects: flies Jaapiella veronicae

Insects: flies Lasiosina intermedia

Insects: flies Lonchoptera lutea

Insects: flies Melanochaeta pubescens

Insects: flies Nemopoda nitidula

Insects: flies Oscinella frit

Insects: flies Palloptera scutellata

Insects: flies Phytomyza ilicis

Insects: flies Psilopa leucostoma

Insects: flies Psilopa nitidula

Insects: flies Rhamphomyia anomalipennis

Insects: flies Scatella tenuicosta

Insects: flies Sepsis orthocnemis

Insects: flies Sepsis punctum

Insects: flies Spelobia ochripes

Insects: flies Suillia variegata

Insects: flies Tachypeza nubila

Insects: flies Tipula oleracea

Insects: grasshoppers, crickets Tetrix subulata Slender Ground Hopper

Insects: lacewings Chrysoperla carnea agg.

Insects: lacewings Hemerobius stigma

Insects: Lepidoptera: butterflies Anthocharis cardamines Orange­tip

63

Insects: Lepidoptera: butterflies Gonepteryx rhamni Brimstone

Insects: Lepidoptera: butterflies Inachis io Peacock

Insects: Lepidoptera: butterflies Maniola jurtina Meadow Brown

Insects: Lepidoptera: butterflies Pyronia tithonus Gatekeeper

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Abrostola tripartita Spectacle

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Acasis viretata Yellow­barred Brindle

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Adela reaumurella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Aethalura punctulata Grey Birch

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrochola circellaris Brick

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrochola lota Red­line Quaker

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrochola lychnidis Beaded Chestnut

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrochola macilenta Yellow­line Quaker

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrotis clavis Heart and Club

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrotis exclamationis Heart and Dart

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrotis ipsilon Dark Sword­grass

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Agrotis segetum Turnip Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Allophyes oxyacanthae Green­brindled Crescent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Amphipoea oculea Ear Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Amphipyra pyramidea Copper Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Apamea lithoxylaea Light Arches

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Apamea monoglypha Dark Arches

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Apamea scolopacina Slender Brindle

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Archiearis parthenias Orange Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Arctia caja Garden Tiger

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Asteroscopus sphinx Sprawler

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Autographa gamma Silver Y

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Axylia putris Flame

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Biston betularia Peppered Moth

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Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Brachylomia viminalis Minor Shoulder­knot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cabera exanthemata Common Wave

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cabera pusaria Common White Wave

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Calliteara pudibunda Pale Tussock

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cameraria ohridella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Camptogramma bilineata Yellow Shell

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cerapteryx graminis Antler Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Chloroclysta truncata Common Marbled Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cilix glaucata Chinese Character

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Colocasia coryli Nut­tree Tussock

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Colotois pennaria Feathered Thorn

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Conistra vaccinii Chestnut

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cosmia trapezina Dun­bar

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Crocallis elinguaria Scalloped Oak

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cryphia domestica Marbled Beauty

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cyclophora albipunctata Birch Mocha

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cyclophora linearia Clay Triple­lines

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Cyclophora punctaria Maiden's Blush

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Diachrysia chrysitis Burnished Brass

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Diarsia rubi Small Square­spot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Discestra trifolii Nutmeg

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Drepana falcataria Pebble Hook­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Drymonia ruficornis Lunar Marbled Brown

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Dypterygia scabriuscula Bird's Wing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ecliptopera silaceata Small Phoenix

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ectropis bistortata Engrailed

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eilema lurideola Common Footman

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eilema sororcula Orange Footman

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Elaphria venustula Rosy Marbled

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ennomos alniaria Canary­shouldered Thorn

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ennomos erosaria September Thorn

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Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Epinotia immundana

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Epirrhoe alternata Common Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Epirrita dilutata November Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Erannis defoliaria Mottled Umber

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eriocrania subpurpurella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Euclidia glyphica Burnet Companion

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eulithis pyraliata Barred Straw

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eupithecia abbreviata Brindled Pug

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eupithecia dodoneata Oak­tree Pug

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eupithecia pulchellata Foxglove Pug

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eupithecia simpliciata Plain Pug

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Euproctis similis Yellow­tail

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Eupsilia transversa Satellite

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Euxoa nigricans Garden Dart

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Falcaria lacertinaria Scalloped Hook­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Furcula furcula Sallow Kitten

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Habrosyne pyritoides Buff Arches

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hadena bicruris Lychnis

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hepialus sylvina Orange Swift

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hoplodrina alsines Uncertain

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hoplodrina ambigua Vine's Rustic

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hydriomena furcata July Highflyer

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hydriomena impluviata May Highflyer

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hyloicus pinastri Pine Hawk­moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Hypena proboscidalis Snout

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Idaea aversata Riband Wave

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Idaea emarginata Small Scallop

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Incurvaria masculella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ipimorpha subtusa Olive

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Lacanobia oleracea Bright­line Brown­eye

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Lampropteryx suffumata Water Carpet

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Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Laothoe populi Poplar Hawk­moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Laspeyria flexula Beautiful Hook­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Lomaspilis marginata Clouded Border

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Luffia ferchaultella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Luperina testacea Flounced Rustic

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Lymantria monacha Black Arches

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Macaria liturata Tawny­barred Angle

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mamestra brassicae Cabbage Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Menophra abruptaria Waved Umber

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mesapamea secalis Common Rustic

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mesoligia furuncula Cloaked Minor

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mythimna ferrago Clay

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mythimna impura Smoky Wainscot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Mythimna pallens Common Wainscot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Neofaculta ericetella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Noctua comes Lesser Yellow Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Noctua fimbriata Broad­bordered Yellow Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Noctua interjecta Least Yellow Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Noctua janthe Lesser Broad­bordered Yellow Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Noctua pronuba Large Yellow Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Nola cucullatella Short­cloaked Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Notodonta ziczac Pebble Prominent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ochropleura plecta Flame Shoulder

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Odontopera bidentata Scalloped Hazel

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Oligia latruncula Tawny Marbled Minor

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Oligia strigilis Marbled Minor

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Opisthograptis luteolata Brimstone Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Orthosia cerasi Common Quaker

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Orthosia gothica Hebrew Character

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Orthosia incerta Clouded Drab

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Pammene argyrana

67

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Panolis flammea Pine Beauty

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Panolis flammea Pine Beauty

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Paradrina clavipalpis Pale Mottled Willow

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Parastichtis suspecta Suspected

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Pelurga comitata Dark Spinach

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Peribatodes rhomboidaria Willow Beauty

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Peridea anceps Great Prominent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Petrophora chlorosata Brown Silver­line

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Phalera bucephala Buff­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Pheosia gnoma Lesser Swallow Prominent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Pheosia tremula Swallow Prominent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Philereme transversata Dark Umber

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Phlogophora meticulosa Angle Shades

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Phragmatobia fuliginosa Ruby Tiger

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Plutella xylostella Diamond­back Moth

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Polyploca ridens Frosted Green

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Pseudopanthera macularia Speckled Yellow

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Ptilodon capucina Coxcomb Prominent

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Scoliopteryx libatrix Herald

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Scopula floslactata Cream Wave

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded Broad­bar

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Selenia dentaria Early Thorn

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Selenia tetralunaria Purple Thorn

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Spilosoma luteum Buff Ermine

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Stigmella aurella

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Taleporia tubulosa

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Thalpophila matura Straw Underwing

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Thera britannica Spruce Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Thera obeliscata Grey Pine Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Thera obeliscata Grey Pine Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Thyatira batis Peach Blossom

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Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Timandra comae Blood­vein

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Trichopteryx carpinata Early Tooth­striped

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Watsonalla binaria Oak Hook­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Watsonalla cultraria Barred Hook­tip

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark­barred Twin­spot Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xanthorhoe montanata Silver­ground Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xanthorhoe spadicearia Red Twin­spot Carpet

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xestia baja Dotted Clay

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xestia c­nigrum Setaceous Hebrew Character

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xestia sexstrigata Six­striped Rustic

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xestia triangulum Double Square­spot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Xestia xanthographa Square­spot Rustic

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Fan­foot

Insects: Lepidoptera: moths Zeuzera pyrina Leopard Moth

Insects: mayflies Caenis horaria

Insects: mayflies Caenis robusta

Insects: mayflies Cloeon dipterum

Insects: true bugs Callicorixa praeusta

Insects: true bugs Corixa punctata

Insects: true bugs Dolycoris baccarum

Insects: true bugs Gerris odontogaster

Insects: true bugs Hesperocorixa sahlbergi

Insects: true bugs Ilyocoris cimicoides

Insects: true bugs Microvelia reticulata

Insects: true bugs Notonecta glauca

Insects: true bugs Notonecta viridis

Insects: true bugs Philaenus spumarius

Insects: true bugs Sigara distincta

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Invertebrates: crustaceans: Oniscus asellus Common shiny woodlouse

woodlice

Invertebrates: crustaceans: Philoscia muscorum Common striped woodlouse

woodlice

Invertebrates: crustaceans: Porcellio scaber Common rough woodlouse

woodlice

Invertebrates: molluscs Arion ater Large Black Slug

Invertebrates: molluscs Ferrissia wautieri

Group Taxon Vernacular

Mammals Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit

Mammals Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat

Mammals Talpa europaea Northern Mole

Mammals Vulpes vulpes Red Fox

70 APPENDIX THREE Operations likely to damage the special interest

Site name: Littleworth Common, Buckinghamshire

Ref. No. OLD1002741 Type of Operation

1 Cultivation, including ploughing, rotovating, harrowing, and re­seeding. 2 The introduction of grazing. 4 The introduction of or changes in the mowing or cutting regime. 5 Application of manure, fertilisers and lime. 6 Application of pesticides, including herbicides (weed killers). 7 Dumping, spreading or discharge of any materials. 8 Burning. 9 The release into the site of any wild, feral or domestic mammal, reptile, amphibian, bird, fish or invertebrate, or any plant or seed. 10 The killing or removal of any wild mammal, reptile, amphibian, bird, fish or invertebrate, including pest control. 11 The destruction, displacement, removal or cutting of any plant or plant remains, including tree, shrub, herb, hedge, dead or decaying wood, moss, lichen, fungus, leaf­mould and turf. 12 The introduction of or changes in tree or woodland management+. 13a Drainage (including the use of mole, tile, tunnel or other artificial drains). 13b Modification of the structure of watercourses (eg streams, springs, ditches, drains), including t heir banks and beds, as by re­alignment , re­grading and dredging. 13c Management of aquatic and bank vegetation for drainage purposes. 14 The changing of water levels and tables and water utilisation (including irrigation, storage and abstraction from existing water bodies and through boreholes). 15 Infilling of ditches, drains, ponds, pools, marshes or pit s. 20 Extraction of minerals, including peat, shingle, sand and gravel, topsoil, subsoil, and spoil. 21 Construction, removal or destruction of roads, tracks, walls, fences, hardstands, banks, ditches or other earthworks, or the laying, maintenance or removal of pipelines and cables, above or below ground. 22 Storage of materials. 23 Erect ion of permanent or temporary structures, or the undertaking of engineering works, including drilling. 26 Use of vehicles or craft likely to damage or disturb features of interest. 27 Recreational or other activities likely to damage features of interest. 28 The introduction of or changes in game management and hunting practice.

+ including afforest at ion, planting, clear and selective felling, thinning, coppicing, modification of the stand or underwood, changes in species composition, cessation of management. APPENDIX FOUR

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Peterken, G. (1993). Woodland Conservation and Management. 2nd edition. London: Chapman & Hall. Ponds Conservation Trust (2001). Survey of the wetland plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Littleworth Pond (Buckinghamshire). Rackham, O. (1990) Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape. The Complete History of Britain’s Trees, Woods and Hedgerows. Revised Edition. London; Phoenix Press. Read, Helen. Burnham Beeches, Local Management Plan 2010­2020. City of London Rodwell, J. S. (ed). (1991). British Plant Communities. Volume 1: Woodlands and scrub. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rodwell, J. S. (ed). (1992a). British Plant Communities. Volume 2: Mires and heaths. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rodwell, J. S. (ed). (1992b). British Plant Communities. Volume 3: Grasslands and montane communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rodwell, J.S., Dring, J.C., Averis, A.B.G., Proctor, M.C.F., Malloch, A.J.C., Schaminee, J.N.J. and Dargie, T.C.D. (2000). Review of coverage of the National Vegetation Classification. JNCC Report No. 302. Peterborough: JNCC Christopher Short, Elizabeth Hayes, Paul Selman and Amanda Wragg. A Common Purpose: A guide to agreeing management on common Land. Countryside and Community Research Unit University of Gloucestershire. 2005 Stace, C. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stern, R.C. (1996) Littleworth Common SSSI. Management Plan for 1996­2000. SBDC (unpublished). Stoke Common Management Plan. Restoration of Heathland at Stoke Common 2008­2018. City of London.