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Gary L. Brosch, Editor Pam Clark, Assistant to the Editor SUBSCRIPTIONS Complimentary subscriptions can be obtained by contacting: EDITORIAL BOARD Pam Clark, Assistant to the Editor Robert B. Cervero, Ph.D. William W. Millar Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) University of California, Berkeley American Public Transportation Association University of South Florida Fax: 813•974•5168 Email: Chester E. Colby Steven E. Polzin, Ph.D., P.E. [email protected] Web: www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/journal.htm E & J Consulting University of South Florida Gordon Fielding, Ph.D. Sandra Rosenbloom, Ph.D. University of California, Irvine University of Arizona SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS David J. Forkenbrock, Ph.D. Lawrence Schulman The Journal of Public Transportation is a quarterly, international journal containing original University of Iowa LS Associates research and case studies associated with various forms of public transportation and related transportation and policy issues. Topics are approached from a variety of academic Jose A. Gómez-Ibáñez, Ph.D. George Smerk, D.B.A. disciplines, including economics, engineering, planning, and others, and include policy, methodological, technological, and financial aspects. Emphasis is placed on the identifica- Harvard University Indiana University tion of innovative solutions to transportation problems. Naomi W. Ledé, Ph.D. Vukan R. Vuchic, Ph.D., P.E. All articles should be approximately 4,000 words in length (18-20 double-spaced pages). Texas Transportation Institute University of Pennsylvania Manuscripts not submitted according to the journal’s style will be returned. Submission of the manuscript implies commitment to publish in the journal. Papers previously published or under review by other journals are unacceptable. All articles are subject to peer review. 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Public JOURNAL OF Transportation Volume 10, No. 1, 2007 ISSN 1077-291X TheJournal of Public Transportation is published quarterly by National Center for Transit Research Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida • College of Engineering 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CUT100 Tampa, Florida 33620-5375 Phone: 813•974•3120 Fax: 813•974•5168 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/journal.htm © 2007 Center for Urban Transportation Research Volume 10, No. 1, 2007 ISSN 1077-291X CONTENTS Reforming Innercity Bus Transportation in a Developing Country: A Passenger-Driven Model Syed Saad Andaleeb, Mahmudul Haq, Rubina I. Ahmed ........................................................1 Making Regional Railroads More Attractive— Research Studies in Germany and Patronage Characteristics Dietmar Bosserhoff...................................................................................................................................27 Design and Evaluation of Passenger Ferry Routes Avishai (Avi) Ceder, Majid Sarvi ..............................................................................................................59 Allocation and Use of Section 5310 Funds in Urban and Rural America Tom Seekins, Alexandra Enders, Alison Pepper, Stephen Sticka ........................................81 An Evaluation of Los Angeles’s Orange Line Busway Richard Stanger ......................................................................................................................................103 Our troubled planet can no longer afford the luxury of pursuits confined to an ivory tower. Scholarship has to prove its worth, not on its own terms, but by service to the nation and the world. —Oscar Handlin iii Reforming Innercity Bus Transportation in a Developing Country Reforming Innercity Bus Transportation in a Developing Country: A Passenger-Driven Model Syed Saad Andaleeb, The Pennsylvania State University at Erie Mahmudul Haq, BRAC University, Bangladesh Rubina I. Ahmed, East West University, Bangladesh Abstract The transportation system in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, requires significant improve- ments. The shortage of motorized vehicles and the excessive number of nonmotorized vehicles on the city’s streets have been the cause of unbearable traffic congestion, leading to negative externalities such as productivity loss, increase in stress levels, and adverse health effects from pollution. In a city inhabited by more than 12 million people, predominantly representing the middle- and lower-middle class, a well-organized low-cost bus transportation system is yet to emerge to resolve the city’s transportation problems. This study explores ways of improving bus transportation services in Dhaka. Eight factors were identified to address satisfaction levels of regular bus users whose opinions and concerns are deemed vital in making bus services in the city better organized, need based, and service oriented. Using factor analysis and multiple regression, five of the eight selected factors were found to have significant effects on passenger satisfaction. These include comfort levels, staff behavior, number of buses changed to reach destination, supervision, and waiting facilities. Policy implications are discussed in view of the findings. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2007 Introduction The transportation needs of major cities will present significant challenges for policy makers as the unpredictable shifts in population dynamics in response to need for employment, housing, and sustenance continues. For example, bustling cities in India, China, Mexico, and Thailand today are struggling to keep pace with the demand for more and better transportation as the number of people in these cities begins to swell with economic growth and development. With a rise in demand for transportation comes congestion and other problems. Delays, uncertainty, and stress levels are also beginning to take their toll on both individuals and society (Morris et al. 005). Improving public transportation is seen by many as critical (Ison and Wall 00). The UK has already begun to look 0 years ahead to shape its transportation policy (Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions 000). In South Korea also, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has “completely reorganized bus services, installed (rapid transit) corridors, improved coordination of metro and bus services, and fully integrated the fare structure and ticketing systems between routes, as well as modes” (Pucher et al. 005). The transportation system in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, catering to more than million people, faces numerous and significant challenges. The complex and het- erogeneous traffic pool, largely dominated by nonmotorized vehicles (especially rickshaws), poorly maintained motorized vehicles, and the lack of enforcement of traffic rules, creates serious and often unbearable congestion and heavy pollution in the city’s streets. These factors also contribute enormously to the travel-related suffering of city dwellers, a situation that by many accounts is deteriorating rap- idly. Unfortunately, research on Dhaka City’s transportation problems is seriously lack- ing. According to Mannan and Karim (00), the number of vehicles per 00,000 people in the city is only ,630; of these, ,95 are nonmotorized. More signifi- cantly, rickshaws (a traditional, human-powered vehicle) and other nonmotorized vehicles account for 50 percent of the traffic flows. About 60 percent of the people travel on foot while almost half of the remaining people use nonmotorized vehicles. Moreover, roughly 40 percent of passenger trips and 5 percent of the freight movements are by rickshaws, estimated to be about 50,000 in number (Mannan and Karim 00) and registered with Dhaka City Corporation. If we consider the number of unregistered rickshaws,

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