Marko DIZDAR GROB LT 11 IZ ZVONIMIROVA – PRIMJER DVOJNOG POKOPA LATENSKE KULTURE
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Marko DIZDAR GROB LT 11 IZ ZVONIMIROVA – PRIMJER DVOJNOG POKOPA LATENSKE KULTURE GRAVE LT 11 FROM ZVONIMIROVO – AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE LA TÈNE BURIAL UDK: 904(497.5 Zvonimirovo):726.8”6383” Marko Dizdar 726.8.031.1(497.5 Zvonimirovo) Institut za arheologiju Primljeno/Received: 15. 09. 2004 Ulica grada Vukovara 68 Prihvaćeno/Accepted: 03. 10. 2004 HR 10 000 Zagreb [email protected] Rezultati višegodišnjih zaštitnih interdisciplinarnih istra- The results of many years of interdisciplinary rescue- ex živanja na groblju latenske kulture na Velikom polju u cavations at the La Tène cemetery in Veliko polje near Zvonimirovu u srednjoj Podravini znatno su obogatili Zvonimirovo in central Prodravina have considerably dosadašnje skromne spoznaje o materijalnoj ostavštini i enriched the previously meager knowledge of the mate- duhovnom svijetu mlađega željeznog doba na području rial remains and spiritual world of the Late Iron Age in sjeverne Hrvatske. U istraživanjima 1998. godine na ju- northern Croatia. During excavations conducted in the žnom dijelu groblja pronađen je dvojni grob LT 11 koji je southern section of the cemetery in 1998, the double grave na osnovi priloga datiran u mlađu fazu srednjega latena, LT 11 was found, which, based on its goods, was dated odnosno u stupanj Mokronog IIB. Antropološka analiza to the late phase of the Middle La Tène, i.e. the Mokro- spaljenih kostiju pokazala je kako su u grob položeni ostaci nog IIB phase. Anthropological analysis of the incinerated djeteta, dok pokopu muškarca pripadaju prilozi ratničke bones indicates that the remains of a child were interred opreme i njegove nošnje. Zooarheološkom analizom iz- in the grave, while to burial of a man belong goods such as dvojeni su i spaljeni ostaci svinje koji su prineseni kao žr- military equipment and his attire. Upon archeozoological tva za pokojnike. analysis, the incinerated remains of a pig placed as a sac- Ključne riječi: Zvonimirovo, latenska kultura, groblje, Po- rifice to the deceased were also found. dravina, Taurisci, dvojni grob, srednji laten, antropologija, Key words: Zvonimirovo, La Tène Culture, cemetery, zooarheologija Drava valley, Taurisci, double grave, Middle La Tène, an- thropology, archeozoology Na nekadašnjoj obali rijeke Drave kod sela Zvoni- mirova nedaleko od Virovitice na blago povišenom On the former banks of the Drava River near the položaju iznad ravnice smjestila su se prapovijesna village of Zvonimirovo, not far from Virovitica, pre- i srednjovjekovna naselja s grobljima latenske i bje- historic and medieval settlements were formed on a lobrdske kulture koja svjedoče o, dosad u hrvat- slightly elevated site above the plains which contain skoj arheologiji rijetko proučavanom, višeznačnom cemeteries of the La Tène and Bijelo Brdo cultures 41 Marko DIZDAR GROB LT 11 IZ ZVONIMIROVA – PRIMJER DVOJNOG POKOPA LATENSKE KULTURE odnosu manjih ruralnih naselja prema pripadaju- that testify to multifarious relationship of small rural ćim grobljima na kojima su bili pokopani premi- settlements toward cemeteries in which deceased nuli pripadnici zajednice. Rezultati prikupljeni pri members of their community were buried, other- istraživanju groblja latenske kulture u Zvonimirovu wise a very sparsely researched topic in Croatian ar- zato su vrlo značajni jer se radi o jedinom sustavno chaeology. The results gathered during research into istraživanom groblju mlađega željeznog doba koje the La Tène cemetery in Zvonimirovo are very sig- je na velikom području sjeverne Hrvatske obilježila nificant, as this constitutes the only systematic study latenska kultura. Ona predstavlja materijalnu ostav- of a Late Iron Age cemetery which, in the expanse štinu dviju keltskih zajednica, Tauriska i Skordiska, of northern Croatia, is characterized by the La Tène naseljenih na južnopanonskom i jugoistočnoalp- culture that represents the material remains of two skom prostoru. Upravo rezultati istraživanja gro- Celtic communities, the Taurisci and Scordisci, who blja u Zvonimirovu predstavljaju jedno od polazišta inhabited the southern Pannonian and southeastern za proučavanje odnosa između dviju spomenutih Alpine region. It is actually the results of research at keltskih zajednica koje su boravile na jugoistočnom the cemetery in Zvonimirovo that constitute one of predziđu keltskog svijeta, kao i za upoznavanje nji- the central nodes for the study of relations between hovog odnosa prema autohtonom stanovništvu these two Celtic communities which lived at the koje su pri naseljavanju međuriječja Drave, Save i southeastern boundary of the Celtic world, and for Dunava susreli tijekom druge polovine 4. st. pr. Kr. an understanding of their relationship with the in- (Karta 1). digenous population whom they encountered when Groblje na Velikom polju u Zvonimirovu smjestilo settling the Drava, Sava and Danube interfluve dur- se na izduženoj gredi prekrivenoj eolskim pijeskom ing the second half of the fourth century BC (Map 1). i položenoj iznad nekadašnjeg meandra rijeke Dra- The cemetery at Veliko polje in Zvonimirovo is lo- ve (Tomičić 1997: 37–43, sl. 18–19). Istraživanja u cated on an elongated ridge covered with eolian Zvonimirovu pokazala su da je područje uz rijeku sand and situated above a former meander of the Dravu prekriveno debelim naslagama riječnoga pi- Drava River (Tomičić 1997: 37–43, fig. 18–19). The jeska koji potječe od kristalnih škriljevaca što ih je area along the Drava River, as indicated by the exca- Drava donijela iz Alpa. Pijesak je potom za vruće vations in Zvonimirovo, is covered by thick layers of stepske klime poslije ledenoga doba raznosio vjetar riparian sand composed of crystalline schist brought pa su nastale pješčane naslage koje danas za deset by the Drava from the Alps. Under the hot steppe do dvadeset metara nadvisuju nizinsko vodoplavno climate that emerged after the last Ice Age, the sand tlo (Geografija 1974: 130). Upravo se na jednom was dispersed by the wind and sand deposits were takvom povišenom položaju nalazi groblje na Veli- formed which today stand ten to twenty meters over kom polju u Zvonimirovu, dok su na opisanim bla- the lowland, floodplain soil (Geografija 1974: 130). It gim pješčanim uzvišenjima, posebno oko Suhopolja is precisely on one of these elevated positions that the i Koprivnice, otkrivena brojna otvorena naselja la- cemetery at Veliko polje in Zvonimirovo is located, tenske kulture. while numerous open La Tène settlements were dis- Nalazište na Velikom polju otkriveno je 1992. godine covered on the gentle sandy elevations so described, kada su prilikom obrade zemljišta pronađeni nalazi particularly around Suhopolje and Koprivnica. ranosrednjovjekovne bjelobrdske kulture. Zaštitna The site at Veliko polje was discovered in 1992, iskopavanja uslijedila su 1993. godine i pritom je when artifacts of the early medieval Bijelo Brdo cul- otkriven dio rodovskoga ranosrednjovjekovnog ture were found during ploughing. Rescue excava- groblja na redove bjelobrdske kulture. Uz bjelobrd- tions ensued in 1993, and at the time part of a tribal ski grob 3 pronađen je grob sa spaljenim ostacima early medieval cemetery of the Bijelo Brdo culture pokojnika i nalazima koji su pripadali latenskoj was discovered. A one cremation grave was found kulturi mlađega željeznog doba. To je predstavljalo next to Bijelo Brdo grave 3 which contained the in- veliko iznenađenje jer su s prostora srednje Podravi- cinerated remains of the deceased and artefacts that ne dotad bili poznati tek malobrojni slučajni nalazi belong to the La Tène culture of the Late Iron Age. latenske kulture. U nastavku istraživanja 1994. go- This was a great surprise, because until then there dine otkrivena su još dva paljevinska groba latenske were only very few chance La Tène finds known kulture od kojih je jedan sadržavao brojne priloge from central Podravina. During further research oružja i karakteristične dijelove muške nošnje. Na conducted in 1994, two more La Tène incineration osnovi tipoloških karakteristika opisanih nalaza iz graves were discovered, of which one contained nu- triju paljevinskih grobova datiranih u sredinu 2. st. merous weapons and characteristic components of pr. Kr. groblje latenske kulture na Velikom polju u male attire. Based on the typological characteris- Zvonimirovu pripisano je području rasprostiranja tics of the finds described from three incineration 42 Marko DIZDAR GRAVE LT 11 FROM ZVONIMIROVO – AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE LA TÈNE BURIAL Karta 1. Položaj groblja u Zvonimirovu u Podravini (autor: M. Dizdar). Map 1. Location of the cemetery in Zvonimirovo in Podravina (by M. Dizdar). Tauriska (Tomičić 1994: 62; Tomičić 1997: 37–43; graves dated to the second century BC, the La Tène Pavišić 1997: 63–68). Istraživanja su nastavljena cemetery at Veliko polje in Zvonimirovo has been 1998. godine i u kontinuitetu traju do danas. Na po- ascribed to the territory of Taurisci (Tomičić 1994: vršini od oko 1872 m2 dosad su pronađena 63 palje- 62; Tomičić 1997: 37–43; Pavišić 1997: 63–68). Re- vinska groba latenske kulture koji se mogu datirati search continued in 1998 and it continues to the od prve polovine 3. st. pr. Kr. do druge polovine 2. present. On a surface of over 1,872 m2, so far 63 La st. pr. Kr., odnosno pripadaju kraju ranolatenske te Tène incineration graves have been found that can srednjolatenskoj fazi razvoja mokronoške skupine be dated to the first half of the third century BC to Tauriska. Tijekom iskopavanja na prostoru groblja the second half of the second century BC, meaning dokumentirano je i više