The Landscape of Dodger Stadium
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Journal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society Eden Spring 2014 • Vol. 17 No. 2 EdenJournal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society Eden Editorial Board Editor: Virginia Kean Editorial Board: Kelly Comras (Chair), Phoebe Cutler, Steven Keylon, Ann Scheid Consulting Editors: Marlea Graham, Barbara Marinacci Regional Correspondents: Bay Area: Phoebe Cutler San Diego: Vonn Marie May Graphic Design: designSimple.com Submissions: Send scholarly papers, articles, and book reviews to the editor: Virginia Kean at [email protected] Memberships/Subscriptions: Join the CGLHS and receive a subscription to Eden. Individual $40 • Family $60 Sustaining $100 and above Student $20 Nonprofit/Library $50 Visit www.cglhs.org to join or renew your membership. Questions or Address Changes: [email protected] CGLHS Board of Directors President: Judy M. Horton Vice President: Nancy Carol Carter Recording Secretary: Phoebe Cutler Membership Secretary: Ann Scheid Treasurer: Christy E. O’Hara Directors at large: Carolyn Bennett, Kelly Comras, Contents Steven Keylon, Larkin Owens, Sarah Raube Honorary Life Members Elysian Park: A Century of Municipal Neglect Virginia Gardner Andrea Thabet 3 Marlea Graham William A. Grant (Founder) The LAPD Cascade at Elysian Park Barbara Marinacci Phoebe Cutler 10 The California Garden & Landscape History Society (CGLHS) is a pri- The Landscape of Dodger Stadium vate nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization devoted to celebrating the beauty and diversity of California’s historic gardens and landscapes; Steven Keylon 15 promoting wider knowledge, preservation, and restoration of Califor- nia’s historic gardens and landscapes; organizing study visits to historic President's Messsage 19 gardens and landscapes as well as to relevant archives and libraries; and offering opportunities for a lively interchange among members at meetings, garden visits, and other events. Eden: Journal of the California CGLHS News 19 Garden & Landscape History Society (ISBN 1524-8062) is published quarterly. Subscription is a benefit of CGLHS membership. On the Cover: Bench advertisement by the Committee to Save Elysian Park. For more information, visit www.cglhs.org. Picture No. 572, Official Photograph from the Office of Edmund D. Edelman, Councilman 5th District, February 9, 1966, Box D-441, F: Elysian Park Cor- © 2014 California Garden & Landscape History Society respondence 1965-66, Marvin Braude Papers. Photo courtesy of the City of Los Angeles. © City of Los Angeles Above: Fremont Gate, Elysian Park. Photo courtesy of the California Histori- cal Society, n.d. Opposite: Elysian Park and adjacent farmland, showing an open water irriga- tion ditch (Zanza Madre) for an early water system, ca.1898-1900. Photo courtesy of USC. page 2 Eden: Journal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society Elysian Park A Century of Municipal Neglect Andrea Thabet lysian Park is arguably the least known magnitude of the city’s urban character. a convention center in Elysian Park that Epark space in Los Angeles, yet its cen- Founded in 1886, Elysian Park is would prove to be a watershed moment in tral location means most Angelenos have protected by L.A.’s City Charter, which the park’s history. traveled through the park without even guarantees all designated park land will realizing it. Located just outside of down- remain in “perpetual public use.”1 Over Historical Perspective town Los Angeles (L.A.), the 575-acre the course of more than a century, Ely- While the founding of Elysian Park in 1886 park is accessible by Interstate 5 and the sian Park has undergone “periods of suggests that the L.A. City Council acted 110 freeway, which literally passes through careful maintenance and valued use,” but in step with a nationwide municipal parks its easternmost section. Elysian Park hugs more frequently has suffered from “cycles movement, the evidence points to a much Dodger Stadium on three sides, and the of neglect” and inconsistent funding to different explanation. During the late ballpark’s Stadium Way runs directly maintain grounds and programming. 19th century, public parks began to play through it. The park’s landscaped picnic Since the 1930s, the park has repeatedly an important role in debates about urban grounds, recreational spaces, and several lost acreage to various municipal projects environments and the need for green space water features are surrounded by steep or development schemes.2 Such attempts to encourage the development of a “good hills, rocky terrain, deep ravines, and to appropriate park land for non-park pur- society.”3 While these “largely Atlantic overgrown hiking trails. Home to Chavez poses have taken a toll on the landscape by Coast ideas” about public parks found Ravine Arboretum, Southern California’s irrevocably altering both the character and support in Eastern cities, establishment oldest arboretum, the park and its serene usage of the park. While the construction of such spaces in less developed West- spaces provide a welcome respite from of Dodger Stadium has had perhaps the ern cities was a more difficult prospect. urban life, while its monumental vistas most visible impact, it was the decision by With its semi-agricultural economy and offer stunning views that reveal the sheer the L.A. City Council in 1965 to construct (continued) page 2 Eden: Journal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society Spring 2014 • Vol. 17, No. 2 page 3 Elysian Park (continued) Department, which aided the protection of both parks and playgrounds under the a ready availability of land, the L.A. of City Charter, but also made park needs this period had little need for public parks. subservient to recreation. The merger Moreover, city officials typically deplored occurred on the heels of a $39.5 million public land ownership because they could bond issue passed in 1945, the largest bond not derive property tax revenue from it. issue ever in an American city at that time.9 L.A.’s oldest city parks came from direct Yet even with an expanded Recreation and donation (Griffith Park, 1896) or through Parks Department and the 1945 bond default (MacArthur Park, 1887), and typi- funds, the need for additional park space cally these lands were considered worthless in L.A. remained acute. The long his- or at least unfit for any profitable venture.4 tory of indifference toward the need for Thus, boosting land values likely moti- public green space translated into only 4 vated city leaders to create Elysian Park percent of dedicated park space in L.A. more than any belief in the need for public by 1965. By comparison, San Francisco green space. The “dollar-minded” City and New York City had 13 and 17 per- Council supported the creation of a down- cent, respectively, of their acreage devoted town public park because it enhanced the to parks.10 A 1966 California Department “attractiveness of the city” for long-term of Parks and Recreation study reinforced investment and increased the land value the concern that L.A. desperately needed of the park’s immediate surroundings. more park space—not only was the city Soon after Elysian Park’s establishment, deficient in adequate green space for cur- several upper-class neighborhoods devel- rent residents, but by 1980 it would need oped nearby, including Angelino Heights an additional 80,000 acres to provide suf- (1887) and Echo Park (1891).5 ficient facilities for its population.11 Thus Although Elysian Park’s design it is all the more perplexing that in 1965, was based on the tenets of the Ameri- the L.A. City Council and Mayor Samuel can Park Movement, which emphasized Yorty approved a proposal to build a con- beauty and tranquility, it also drew on vention center on 63 acres of prime park an emerging national playground move- land in a park-poor city. ment that promoted specialized features like play equipment and picnic areas. Assaults on Elysian Park’s Acreage Like earlier park proponents, playground Despite City Charter protections, in advocates believed organized recreational practice L.A.’s public parks remained spaces would provide social value, help vulnerable to encroachment. Prior to prevent juvenile delinquency, and create the 1965 convention center proposal, better citizens.6 By the turn of the 20th Elysian Park repeatedly was a target for century, Elysian Park had become “an non-park development, and the projects attractive, rustic municipal wilderness,”7 that succeeded limited, circumvented, or a “prime tourist attraction,” and “one denied park space to the public. A prime of the foremost ‘City Beautiful’ parks in example of this phenomenon was the the country.”8 Still, city leaders remained City Council’s approval for the establish- ambivalent about park spaces during the ment of a police academy training facility first half of the 20th century, as evidenced in 1936 on 21 acres at the center of Ely- by inconsistent maintenance and improve- sian Park. Another was the construction ment policies. Elysian Park thus remained of L.A.’s first freeway in the 1930s. The somewhat neglected and overgrown, Pasadena Freeway (I-110) eliminated 30 aided by the decline of its surrounding acres by cutting directly through the park neighborhoods. and effectively isolating one small section Nevertheless, even in L.A., Pro- from the rest.12 Post-World War II federal gressive Era ideas emphasizing the link policies also contributed to the destruction between public parks and a better society of park spaces by sanctioning condemna- retained their power well into the 20th cen- tion if the land was needed for a “public tury. In 1947, the City decided to merge purpose,” such as highway construction. its Recreation Department with the Park California officials used the policy liber- ally all over the state. Elysian and Griffith Parks, among many others in Los Ange- les, saw their acreage reduced for highway construction.13 Opposite: Justice William O. Douglas addressing the More significantly, in 1959 the City Citizens Committee to Save Elysian Park, March 1965, Los Angeles Times photo archive, ©Regents gave away approximately 300 acres of of the University of California,UCLA Library.