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Rainbow 4 (1) (2015) RAINBOW 4 (1) (2015) Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS AND THEIR PROBLEMS FOUND IN THE NOVEL THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN Khofiana Mabruroh Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni,Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Info Artikel Abstract ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Sejarah Artikel: Idiom is one of part language used in spoken language, written text and mass media. The purpose of this Diterima Juni 2015 research is to find out idioms, their types, dominant type, and problems in understanding idioms. The object of Disetujui Juli 2015 the study was the English idiom in the novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. The data were the phrases or Dipublikasikan Agustus words or collocations found in the novel. The data were taken by reading, identifying, and inventorizing. Then, 2015 the data were analyzed by using the theories offered by Makkai related to the topic and find out the problems in ________________ that analysis. The result of this study, there were 796 idioms found in the novel and classified into 6 types of Keywords: idiom offered by Makkai used. The dominant type of idiom used in the novel is phrasal verb idiom with 446 idiom, problem, idioms (56.03%). In understanding the meaning of idiom, there are 4 problems existed, that are distinction understanding, meaning. between phrasal verbs that is idiom or not idiom; translation of idiom; understanding the closest meaning of ____________________ idiom; and no grammatical rule of forming idiom. Therefore, readers should comprehend the idiomatic expressions used in novel to understand the meaning of idioms and the whole context of novel. © 2015 Universitas Negeri Semarang Alamat korespondensi: ISSN 2252-6463 Gedung B3 Lantai 1 FBS Unnes Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Khofiana Mabruroh / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 4 (1) (2015) INTRODUCTION The research problems of this study are 1) English has many ways to express an is there any idiom found in the novel; 2) what is idea. One of them is by using idiomatic the type of idiom found in the novel; 3) what is expressions. The use of idioms can be intended the dominant type of idiom found in the novel; to make a mock and give advice to someone. 4) what are the problems in understanding Consequently, there are many idiomatic idiomatic meanings found in novel The expressions found in spoken language (daily Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain? conversation) and written texts (novels, short McCarthy and O’Dell in their book stories, letters, poetry etc.). They make the ‘English Idioms in Use’ (2002: 6) stated that language richer and more colorful. The use of ‘Idioms are expressions which have a meaning idiom is unique. Idiom is one of the that is not obvious from the individual words’. It characteristics of English, but not all non-native means that the meaning of idioms is not literal speakers are aware of it. Idiom is combination of meanings, but they have non literal meanings. one word and other word which conveys a The best way to understand idioms are by certain meaning. The problem is that, do all looking at the contents. For example, ‘drive people understand the meaning of idiom? somebody’ is an idiom meaning ‘make somebody The answer is that not all people angry or frustrated’. understand the meaning of idioms. There are In addition, Walker in the New three reasons why understanding idioms are International Webster’s Comprehensive difficult. First, idiomatic expression cannot be Dictionary of the English Language (2003: 627) translated word by word from its literal context. explained that, ‘An idiom is an expression For example in, ‘take someone for a ride’, we peculiar to a language, not readily analyzable cannot translate it into ‘remove some one for her from its grammatical construction or from the journey on a horse or bicycle or in a vehicle’, but the meaning of component parts, as to put up with’. meaning is ‘deceive or cheat someone in some way’. The point of that statement is that there is no Second, it usually has double or more than two grammatical rule in idiom. It is such a kind of meanings, for example ‘look at’, in the sentence habit of native speakers. Therefore, it is ‘Management is looking at ways of cutting costs’. understandable that foreign learners have ’It means ‘to think about a subject carefully so that problems to understand the meaning of idiom. you can make a decision about it’, and in ‘If I'd had Makkai in the book ‘Idiom in Structure in children I might have looked at things English’ (1972: 25) divides idioms into two differently.’ The meaning is ‘to consider something categories: in a particular way’, and also ‘Can you look at my 1. Idioms of Encoding (identifiable) essay sometime?” It is ‘to read something in order Idioms of encoding are those to check it or form an opinion about it’. Third, there idiosyncratic lexical combinations that have is no grammatical rule in forming idioms. It transparent meaning involving collocational means if the structure is changed, it will have preferences and restrictions, exemplified by different meanings or it will be meaningless. For at in ‘he drove at 70 m.p.h’. example take a word ‘look’; if we add another 2. Idioms of Decoding (non-identifiable) word like ‘in, after, up’, it will have different Idioms of decoding refer to those senses. The combination ‘look in’ means ‘get a nonidentifiable and misleading lexical chance to take part or succeed in’. ‘Look after’ means expressions whose interpretations could not ‘take care of or be in charge of someone or something’. be comprehended on the basis of only And ‘look up’ is ‘try to find a piece of information by learned linguistic conventions. In other looking in a book or computer’. If we add ‘off’, it words, the meaning of decoding idioms is does not make senses. not predicable. Expressions such as ‘beat 2 Khofiana Mabruroh / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 4 (1) (2015) about the bush’ and ‘fly off the handle’ are 6) The leading verb is BE, for example ‘to be examples of this type of idioms. above board’ means to be out in the open, honest. Makkai also classifies idiom of decoding 7) The form contains the compulsory it. into two types. Those are lexemic and sememic c. Irreversible Binomial idioms idioms (1972: 135-179). The explanation is: Irreversible binomial idioms consist of 1) Lexemic Idioms two words, which are separated by the The lexemic idioms are idioms which conjunction. The word orders in this collate with the familiar part of speech structure are fixed, for example ‘high and (verbs, nouns, adjective and preposition) dry’ (without resources), and ‘Romeo and and they are composed of more than one Juliet’ (institutionalized symbols of ideal minimal free form and each lexon of which love or symbol of true love). can occur in other environments as the d. Phrasal Compound Idioms realization of a monolexonic lexeme. The Phrasal compound idiom contains lexemic idioms are devided into six types. primarily nominal made up of adjective plus There are: noun, noun plus noun, or adverb plus a. Phrasal Verb Idioms preposition. For example ‘black mail’ means A phrasal verb is a verb that contains of any payment forced by intimidation and two kind of words. The first word is a verb, ‘bookworm’ means a person committed to and the second word is a particle. The reading or studying. particle can be an article (a, an, the), e. Incorporating Verb Idioms preposition/adverb (up, in, out), and or affix Incorporating verb idioms have four (un-, in-, -ness, -ly); for example ‘take off’ forms. Those are noun-verb, adjective-noun, means leave the ground. noun-noun, and adjective-noun. b. Tournure Idioms Incorporating verb idioms are separated by Tournures idioms are the largest (-). lexemic idioms, usually containing at least 1) Noun-verb, ‘sight-see’ means ‘visit the famous three words and are mostly verbs. A places in a city, country, etc’. tournures idiom mostly falls into sentences. 2) Adjective-noun, ‘blackmail’ means ‘the crime Based on its structure, tournures idioms are of demanding money from a person by treating to devided into: tell somebody else a secret about them’. 1) The form contains the compulsory definite 3) Noun-noun, ‘bootleg’ means ‘made and sold article, for example ‘to do a guy’ means to illegally’. disappear secretly. 4) Adjective – verb, ‘whitewash’ means ‘an 2) The form contains the compulsory indefinite attempt to hide unpleasant facts about article. somebody/something’. 3) The form contains an irreversible binomial f. Pseudo-Idioms introduced by preposition, for example ‘to be Pseudo-idioms can mislead or at seven and eight’ means to be in condition of misinform an unwary listener. For example confusion, at odds. cranberry, cranberry according to oxford 4) A direct object and further possible dictionary is bright red acid berry produced modifiers follow the primary verb, for by any plant of genus oxycoccus. In the example ‘to build castles in the air’ means to phrase ‘make a cranberry face’ means ‘the face make impossible plans. become red’. 5) The leading verb is not followed by the 2) Sememic idioms direct object but by the preposition plus a Makkai said, ‘Sememic idioms noun or nothing, for example ‘to dance on the usually convey pragmatic meanings related air’ means to get hanged. to a particular culture’ (1972: 128). They include: 3 Khofiana Mabruroh / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 4 (1) (2015) a.
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