Spainsh Conquest of the Americas (Subject to Prior Sale)
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Ucluelet Final
Culture and Heritage Study, Marine Resource Sites and Activities, Maa-nulth First Nations Ucluelet First Nation Project Final Report Halibut and herring eggs drying on racks at Ucluelet, 1890s. Royal B.C. Museum photo PN 1176. Prepared for Ucluelet First Nation by Traditions Consulting Services, Inc. Chatwin Engineering Ltd. March 12, 2004 “But the ocean is more the home of these people than the land, and the bounteous gifts of nature in the former element seem more to their taste and are more easily procured than the beasts of the forest.... ...Without a question these people are the richest in every respect in British Columbia...” George Blenkinsop, 1874. Note to Reader Thanks is offered to the Maanulth First Nations for their support of the project for which this is the Final Report, and especially to the h=aw`iih (chiefs), elders and cultural advisors who have shared their knowledge in the past, and throughout the project. In this report, reference is made to “Maanulth First Nations,” a recent term. Within the context of this report, that term is intended to refer to the Huuayaht First Nation, the Uchucklesaht Tribe, the Toquaht First Nation, the Ucluelet First Nation, the Ka:'yu:k't'h/Che:k'tles7et'h' First Nation, and to the tribes and groups that were their predecessors. No attempt has been made to standardize the linguistic transcription of native names or words in this report. These are presented in the manner in which they were encountered in various source materials. Management Summary This is the Final Report for the Culture and Heritage Study, Marine Resource Sites and Activities, Maanulth First Nations. -
The Achievements of Captain George Vancouver on The
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST. by William J. Roper A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of HISTORY The University of British Columbia October, 1941 THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST TABLE Off CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I. Apprenticeship. Page 1 Chapter II. The Nootka Sound Controversy. Page 7 Chapter III. Passage to the Northwest Coast. Page 15 Chapter IV. Survey—Cape Mendocino to Admiralty Inlet. Page 21 Chapter V. Gulf of Georgia—Johnstone Straits^-Nootka. Page 30 Chapter VI. Quadra and Vancouver at Nootka. Page 47 Chapter VII. Columbia River, Monterey, Second Northward Survey, Sandwich Islands. Page 57 Chapter VIII. Third Northern Survey. Page 70 Chapter IX. Return to England. Page 84 Chapter X. Summary of Vancouver's Ac hi evement s. Page 88 Appendix I. Letter of Vancouver to Evan Nepean. ' Page 105 Appendix II. Controversy between Vancouver and Menzies. Page 110 Appendix III. Comments on.Hewett's Notes. Page 113 Appendix IV. Hydrographic Surveys of the Northwest Coast. Page 115 Bibliography- Page I* INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION I wish to take this opportunity to express my thanks to Dr. W. N. Sage, Head of the Department of History of the University of British Columbia for his helpful suggestions and aid in the preparation of this thesis. CHAPTER I. APPRENTICESHIP THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST CHAPTER I. APPRENTICESHIP What were the achievements of Captain Vancouver on the British Columbia coast? How do his achievements compare with those of Captain Cook and the Spanish explorers? Why was an expedition sent to the northwest coast at this time? What qualifications did Vancouver have for the position of commander of the expedition? These and other pertinent questions will receive consideration in this thesis. -
Artistic Geography and the Northern Jesuit Missions of New Spain
Artistic Geography and the Northern Jesuit Missions of New Spain By Clara Bargellini Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México [email protected] (working paper, not be reproduced without the author’s permission) George Kubler´s seminal thoughts on artistic geography came out of his involvement with the art and architecture of the Hispanic New World. This paper examines a group of 17th and 18th century Jesuit missions in northern Mexico in order to expand our understanding of New World artistic geography, and also to explore the history of some geographic notions and their place in art historical discussions. Whereas Kubler was concerned with the transmission of styles, my interest here will be the movement of specific objects and individuals within a particular historical configuration. This will involve, of course, considerations about patronage and institutions, with some references to iconography, all of which ultimately has implications for the transmission of styles, as Kubler would no doubt have recognized. The missions in question were established in the first half of the 17th century by the Jesuits in the northern Tepehuan and Southeastern Tarahumara region, and were held by the Society until its 1767 expulsion from New Spain. From their arrival in 1572 the Jesuits focused on ministry among the native population of New Spain. Almost at once they began missionary activity among the indigenous populations in places near Mexico City. By 1580 they were established at Tepotzotlán learning native languages. In 1589 the Jesuits were among the legendary chichimecas at San Luis de la Paz, and two years later they were in Sinaloa, where they established an extraordinary system of missions about which we now have only documents and very sparse remains. -
The Persistent Potato
The Persistent Potato We did not know about this tasty potato until we moved to the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State. Now it is established in our garden where the plants produce small, slender, and somewhat gnarled, pale, yellow potatoes. They are especially delicious when roasted and keep well throughout the winter in our cool garage. Flavorful Ozette fingerling potato INTRODUCTION In recent years, eighteenth century Spanish sailing incursions into the inland seas of the Pacific Northwest have been the subject of increased scholarly research, but in the past little if anything was taught in schools about the presence of Spanish ships north of the 45th parallel. Even fewer in-depth studies were made of the cultures of the people who had for thousands of years made the rim of the north Pacific their home. In hindsight, the impact of the European newcomers, initially few in number, was far-ranging, not only for its political intrigues and influence on the lives of the local indigenous people, but in a very practical way. The Spanish came not so much for conquest (except for that which involved competition for land with their European and American counterparts) but rather for trade. However, this primary objective implied a secondary one — permanence. Land-based occupation, whether with permission or not, was part of the Spanish intent, as they sought to extend their nation’s presence north of their California base. For both the purpose of trade, as well as the option of establishing enduring settlements as directed by their King, the Spanish brought provisions that could support more than a season or two in the northern latitudes. -
Florida Entanglements: the 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion
Florida Entanglements: The 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion by Clinton Hough A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Florida Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida St. Petersburg Chair, Dr. Michael Francis, PhD Dr. Gary Mormino, PhD Dr. Raymond Arsenault, PhD Date of Approval: January 9, 2017 Keywords: (Creek, British, Spanish, Apalache, Borderlands) Copyright © 2017, Clinton Hough Table of Contents List of Figures....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Free Trade Between Florida Creeks and British Bahamas ........................... 17 Chapter 3: Sovereign State of Muscogee ........................................................................ 33 Chapter 4: Rash Decision and Collapse .......................................................................... 46 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 55 References ........................................................................................................................ 60 i List of Figures Figure 1: The American Indian Nations………………………………………………………..6 -
Universidad Complutense RESUMEN: El Conflicto De Nootka
HISPANIA. Revista Española de Historia, 2008, vol. LXVIII, núm. 228, enero-abril, págs. 151-192, ISSN: 0018-2141 GÉNESIS DEL II IMPERIO BRITÁNICO Y OCASO DEL UNIVERSALISMO ESPAÑOL: LA DOBLE VERTIENTE DEL CONFLICTO DE NOOTKA (1790) ANTONIO CALVO MATURANA Universidad Complutense RESUMEN: El conflicto de Nootka es un interesante prisma desde el que analizar la situación de los tres grandes Estados de la Europa occidental a finales del siglo XVIII: Francia, Inglaterra y España. Los dos últimos mantuvieron un fascinante pulso diplomático en el que la monarquía española tenía las de perder por la herida de gravedad que la reciente Revolución Francesa había provocado a su gran apoyo du- rante el siglo XVIII: el Pacto de Familia. El —hasta ahora impracticado— estu- dio conjunto de la correspondencia de los embajadores ingleses y del español nos ayu- dará a acercarnos mejor a este episodio que simboliza el declive definitivo de un imperio y la recuperación inglesa del golpe de 1783. PALABRAS CLAVE: Nootka Sound. Nutka. Tratado de El Escorial. Conde de Floridablanca. William Pitt. Alleyne Fitzherbert. Bernardo del Campo. Pacto de Familia. Carlos IV. GENEIS OF THE II BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE FALL OF SPANISH UNIVERSALISM: RECON- SIDERING THE NOOTKA CONFLICT OF 1790 ABSTRACT: The Nootka-Sound affair is a great opportunity to analyse international relationships during the first phase of the French Revolution as well as the emergence of the contemporary concept of colonialism. The Spanish Monarchy and its long-established family alliances within the House of Bourbon had to face a new diplomatic environment in which Great Britain and revolutionary France had a dominant role. -
Spain's Withdrawal from Nootka Sound, 1793- *795 GHRISTON I
Retreat from the North: Spain's Withdrawal from Nootka Sound, 1793- *795 GHRISTON I. ARCHER The concluding act of the Nootka Sound Controversy took place on 28 March 1795, when representatives of Spain and Britain met at Friendly Cove (Yuquot) on the isolated Northwest Coast. The meeting ended a drama which had threatened to submerge the European powers in a major conflict. For historians, as well as for contemporary observers, the ceremonial raising of the Union Jack, followed by the departure of the military garrison from New Spain's most northerly outpost, marked the end of an epoch. Remarkably, however, the record of what took place during the last days of Spanish Nootka has not been published until the present. In 1917 when the British Columbia historian, Judge Frederick H. Howay, described the withdrawal from Nootka in an article for the Washington Historical Quarterly, he lacked the archival data to explain what had taken place. Instead, he added a colourful, if completely fanci ful, final scenario.1 As the Spaniards sailed away, the abandoned build ings remained as the only sign of civilization's touch. Immediately the Indians reoccupied their summer village site and in their search for scraps of metal and iron nails smashed all vestiges of European habitation. Howay described them "like ghouls"2 exhuming coffins from the grave yards to find nails suitable for fish hooks. No recent historian questioned the lack of documentation for this information. Indeed, when Warren L. Cook researched his volume Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, I543~i8ig (New Haven, 1973), he found no evidence to dispute Howay. -
A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767
A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bayne, Brandon Lynn. 2012. A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Divinity School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37367448 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 – 1767 A dissertation presented by Brandon L. Bayne to The Faculty of Harvard Divinity School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the subject of History of Christianity Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2012 © 2012 – Bayne, Brandon All rights reserved. iv Advisor: David D. Hall Author: Brandon L. Bayne ABSTRACT A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 – 1767 This dissertation tracks Jesuit discourse about suffering in the missions of Northern New Spain from the arrival of the first missionaries in the 16th century until their expulsion in the 18th. The project asks why tales of persecution became so prevalent in these borderland contexts and describes how missionaries sanctified their own sacrifices as well as native suffering through martyrological idioms. -
Uvic Thesis Template
‗That Immense and Dangerous Sea‘: Spanish Imperial Policy and Power During the Exploration of the Salish Sea, 1790-1791. by Devon Drury BA, University of Victoria, 2007 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Devon Drury, 2010 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee ‗That Immense and Dangerous Sea‘: Spanish Imperial Policy and Power During the Exploration of the Salish Sea, 1790-1791. by Devon Drury BA, University of Victoria, 2007 Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Eric W. Sager, Department of History Departmental Member Dr. Patrick A. Dunae, Department of History Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Eric W. Sager, Department of History Departmental Member Dr. Patrick A. Dunae, Department of History Departmental Member In the years between 1789 and 1792 the shores of what is now British Columbia were opened to European scrutiny by a series of mostly Spanish expeditions. As the coastline was charted and explored by agents of European empires, the Pacific Northwest captured the attention of Europe. In order to carry out these explorations the Spanish relied on what turned out to be an experiment in ‗gentle‘ imperialism that depended on the support of the indigenous ―colonized‖. This thesis examines how the Spanish envisioned their imperial space on the Northwest Coast and particularly how that space was shaped through the exploration of the Salish Sea. -
Ka'iana, the Once Famous "Prince of Kaua'i3
DAVID G. MILLER Ka'iana, the Once Famous "Prince of Kaua'i3 KA'IANA WAS SURELY the most famous Hawaiian in the world when he was killed in the battle of Nu'uanu in 1795, at the age of 40. He was the first Hawaiian chief who had traveled abroad, having in 1787-1788 visited China, the Philippines, and the Northwest Coast of America. In China, according to Captain Nathaniel Portlock, "his very name [was] revered by all ranks and conditions of the people of Canton."1 Books published in London in 1789 and 1790 by Portlock and Captain John Meares about their voyages in the Pacific told of Ka'iana's travels, and both included full-page engravings of the handsome, muscular, six-foot-two chief arrayed in his feathered cloak and helmet, stalwartly gripping a spear (figs. 1 and 2). Meares, on whose ships Ka'iana had sailed, captioned the portrait as "Tianna, a Prince of Atooi" (Kaua'i) and made Ka'iana "brother to the sovereign" of Kaua'i, a central character in his narrative.2 In the early 1790s, it was Ka'iana whom many foreign voyagers had heard of and sought out when visiting the Hawaiian Islands. Islanders from Kaua'i to Hawai'i knew Ka'iana personally as a warrior chief who had resided and fought on the major islands and who shifted his allegiance repeatedly among the ruling chiefs of his time. Today, when Ka'iana is remembered at all, he is likely to be David G. Miller, a Honolulu resident, has been researching biographical information on Hawaiian chiefs and chief esses, particularly lesser-known ones. -
Nootka Sound Convention
Nootka sound convention Continue 1790-1794 Spanish-British settlement agreements for overlapping claims in Northwest America for other purposes, see Nootka (disguambiation). Nootka Sound ConventionsDateNootka Sound Convention: October 28, 1790 Nootka Claims Convention: February 12, 1793, Convention on Mutual Rejection of Nootka: 11 January 1794LocationMadrid, SpainAlso known asNootka Sound Convention, Nootka Claims Convention, Convention on Mutual Rejection of NootkaPartpantsSpain, UKOutcometainBritain and Spain were guaranteed the freedoms of the seas Nootka Convention Sound were a series of three agreements between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain, signed in the 1790s that prevented a war between the two countries because of overlapping claims on parts of the Pacific northwest coast of North America. Spain's claims Spain's claims date back nearly 300 years to the papal bull of 1493, which, along with the following Treaty of Tordesillas, defined and defined the zone of Spanish rights exclusively to Portugal. In relation to other states, the agreement was legally ineffective (res inter alios acta). Spain interpreted it in the broadest sense of the word, revealing that it had granted them full sovereignty. Other European powers did not recognize Inter caetera, and even Spain and Portugal adhered to it only when it was useful and convenient. Britain's claims to the region were dated to sir Francis Drake's journey in 1579, as well as the right of pre-opening by Captain James Cook in 1778, although the Spaniards explored and claimed the region in 1774, under Juan Perez, and in 1775, under Bruno de Hecet and Bodege and Kvadra. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution ‘This is more than a history of the French Revolution. It covers all Europe during the revolutionary period, though events in France naturally take first place. It is particularly good on the social and intellectual back- ground. Surprisingly enough, considering that Lefebvre was primarily an economic historian, it also breaks new ground in its account of international relations, and sets the wars of intervention in their true light. The French have a taste for what they call works of synthesis, great general summaries of received knowledge. We might call them textbooks, though of the highest level. At any rate, in its class, whether synthesis or textbook, this is one of the best ever produced.’ A. J. P. Taylor Georges Lefebvre The French Revolution From its origins to 1793 Translated by Elizabeth Moss Evanson With a foreword by Paul H. Beik London and New York La Révolution française was first published in 1930 by Presses Universitaires de France. A new, entirely rewritten, version was published in 1951. The present work is a translation of the first three parts of the revised edition of 1957. First published in the United Kingdom 1962 by Routledge and Kegan Paul First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1962 Columbia University Press All rights reserved.