The Single-Clove Garlic Used as Seed for High Yield F.F. Qin 1,2*, H.L. Xu 1, Q.C. Xu 1, 3, F.L. Li 4 and S. Fujiyama 2 (１Intl Natr Farm Res Ctr; 2 Univ Tokyo/Shandong Peanut Inst; 3Shinshu Univ; 4 Northeast Agr Univ) シングル－－－クローブ－クローブののの球の球球球をををを種種種種としてとして多多多収多収収収をををを指指指指すすすすニンニクニンニク栽培 秦斐斐 1,2*・徐会連１・徐啓聡 1,3・・李鳳蘭 1,4 ・藤山静雄 3 (１自然農法セ；2 東大農/山東落花生研; 3 信大理; 4 東北農大)
Introduction . The single clove garlic is a kind of garlic with only one clove per head and characterized by stronger flavor and fragrant taste with higher nutrition and medicinal values compared with the multi clove regular garlic. Usually, during the garlic production with normal cultivation condition, the probability of single clove is rather low. Planting delay is the main cause of the single clove garlic formation. Therefore, this kind of single clove is not a fixed variety. Nowadays, the single clove garlic frequently appears in market and more and more consumers favor it. It is also known that the single clove bulb will produce a normal multi clove bulb if it is replanted the following year. However, it is not clear how the growth and yield are affected if the single clove bulbs are used as seed cloves. Therefore, in the present experiment, plant growth and bulb yield were examined in the garlic plants with single clove bulbs as seed cloves. Materials and Methods. Experiment was conducted in polyethylene sheltered field with in Andosol soil in Matsumoto Highland region from October 2009 to June 2010. Two treatments of seed cloves, single clove and multi clove (Fig. 2 A), were arranged randomly with 3.5 m × 12 m plots and repeated 3 times. Soil analysis was made before fertilization (Table 1). An organic biofertilizer (N P K=52 30 20 g kg 1 was applied 200 g m 1 on dry mass basis. The biofertilizer was fermented with rice bran, oil mill sludge and fish meal as materials and a microbial inoculant (including mainly yeast and lactic acid bacteria with EM as commercial name) as the starter. Plant samples were taken from the beginning to the harvest and the fresh and dry masses were recorded. The growth dynamics was analyzed using an modified α(t τ) 1 sigmoid curve as g = gM (1+(1 β t) e ) + g 0 (1 β t), where, gM is the total fresh biomass increment; g0 is the original fresh biomass of the clove; α is the fast growth constant; τ is the time point for the biomass increase to reach the half maximum; and t is the growth time (day). The same equation was used for the dynamic of dry mass accumulation. Results and Discussion. In the present experiment, the fresh mass of the single clove bulb was three times over the clove from multi clove garlic. Hence, the nutrition that was supplied to seedlings by single clove was much more than that by common multi clove. During the whole growth stage, both the fresh and dry mass was all higher in garlic plants from the single clove seeds than those from multi clove seeds (Table 2 and Fig. 1 4). The fresh mass of bulb from single clove seeds was more than twice over that from common multi clove seeds. Both the scape mass and bulb diameter from single clove was 1.5 times over that from multi clove seeds. The leaf area of garlic plants from single clove was two times as large as garlic plants from common clove seeds. The bolting rate of the plant from single clove (100.0%) was much higher than plant (80%) from multi clove seeds. The garlic plants from single clove and multi clove seeds showed the same degree of leaf disease. Furthermore, garlic bulb from the single clove seeds showed the good looking appearance than that from multi clove seed. It was suggested that the seed size is of great importance to the growth and yield of garlic. Usually, garlic seed cloves take more than 25% of the total harvest because the small cloves are usually discarded. The small cloves can be grown elsewhere with high plant density to induce single clove bulbs next year and the single clove bulbs can be used as seed cloves again or as specific garlic product. In conclusion, using the single clove garlic as seed is effective to obtain the high yield in the garlic production. Table 1. Soil analysis of the experimental plots. ｐH EC T C T N NH4 N NO3 N P K Ca Mg CEC SD K SD Ca SD Mg SD base mS/cm ％ ％ mg/100g meq/100g % 5.9 0.07 4.6 0.4 0.6 2.3 30.5 38.8 313.0 51.8 20.1 4.1 54.5 12.0 70.6 T C and T N, total carbon and total nitrogen; SD K, SD Ca, SD Mg and SD base are saturation degree of K, Ca, Mg and bases, respectively.
Table 2. Parameters from the dynamic growth analysis based on biomass accumulations, and variables related to plant growth and bulb yield.
gM α β τ g0 Bulb Scape LA L.color Dia. Dis. S.clove Bolt Yield (g) (×10 4) (day) (g) (g pl 1) (cm 2) (SPDA) (cm) (%) (%) (%) (kg m 2) Single-clove seed 130.0 15.6 132.0 64.0 7.8 5.0 0.0 100.0 3.0 Fresh mass of plant 188.3 0.055 3.8 148 18.0 Dry mass of plant 33.3 0.049 3.5 154 3.0 Fresh mass of bulb 95.0 0.170 3.3 168 30.0 Dry mass of bulb 320 0.220 3.3 174 5.0 Multi-clove seed 41.0 11.0 62.0 62.0 4.9 5.0 0.0 80.0 1.8 Fresh mass of plant 88.3 0.035 3.8 148 4.0 Dry mass of plant 15.0 0.047 3.3 151 0.8 Fresh mass of bulb 23.0 0.201 3.3 163 18.0 Dry mass of bulb 9.0 0.211 3.3 164 2.0
200 35 30 150 Single 25 Single Multi 20 Multi 100 15 50 10 5 Drybiomass (g/plant) Fresh biomass (g/plant) biomass Fresh 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 Time (day) Time (day)
Fig. 1. Dynamic growth curves (fresh mass) of garlic plant. Fig. 2. Dynamic growth curves (dry mass) of garlic plant.
140 40 120 Single 35 100 Multi 30 Single 25 Multi 80 20 60 15 40 10 20
Dry biomass (g/plant) biomassDry 5 Freshbiomass(g/plant) 0 0 140 160 180 200 140 160 180 200 Time (day) Time (day)
Fig. 3. Dynamic growth curves (fresh mass) of garlic bulb. Fig. 4. Dynamic growth curves (dry mass) of garlic bulb.
FFFromFrom singlesingle----cloveclove FFFromFrom singlesingle----cloveclove
FFFromFrom multimulti----cloveclove seed
SSSingleSingleingle----cloveclove seed MultiMulti- ---cloveclove seed FFFromFrom multimulti----cloveclove seed
Fig. 3. Appearance of single clove and multi clove seeds and the derived bulbs and seedlings of garlic.