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Cork Oak and Climate Change: Influence of Drought on Cork Growth

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Cork Oak and Climate Change: Influence of Drought on Cork Growth CORK OAK AND CLIMATE CHANGE: INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT ON CORK GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CARLA DO NASCIMENTO SANTOS LEITE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: PhD Helena Margarida Nunes Pereira. PhD Isabel Maria Silva Sanches de Miranda PhD Vanda Cristina Paiva Tavares de Oliveira THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN FORESTRY ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES 2020 CORK OAK AND CLIMATE CHANGE: INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT ON CORK GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CARLA DO NASCIMENTO SANTOS LEITE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: PhD Helena Margarida Nunes Pereira. PhD Isabel Maria Silva Sanches de Miranda PhD Vanda Cristina Paiva Tavares de Oliveira THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN FORESTRY ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES Jury: President: Doutora Maria Margarida Branco de Brito Tavares Tomé, Professora Catedrática do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa. Members: Doutor Francisco Javier Vázquez Piqué, Professor Titular da Universidade de Huelva, Espanha; Doutora Helena Margarida Nunes Pereira, Professora Catedrática Jubilada do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Maria Helena Reis de Noronha Ribeiro de Almeida, Professora Associada Aposentada do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Maria Cristina Amaral Penas Nabais dos Santos, Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra; Doutora Carla Maria Alexandre Pinheiro, Professora Auxiliar Convidada da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituições Financiadoras e âmbito: Programa de doutoramento FCT (Sustainable Forests and Products, SUSFOR) Bolsa de doutoramento FCT PD/BD/113937/2015 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was carried out under the framework of Centro de Estudos Florestais, a research unit funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P. (FCT), Portugal (UID/AGR/00239/2019). Financial support was given by a doctoral scholarship from FCT (PD/BD/113937/2015) under the SUSFOR doctoral program. I would like to thank Professor Helena Pereira for all the friendship, advice, support and scientific mentorship on the development of this project. I want also to acknowledge my advisor Isabel Miranda for all the support and advice and my advisor but, mostly my friend, Vanda Oliveira for support, advice and encouragement through all these years – you know that there are not enough words to describe your role! Thank you also to Alexandra Lauw for the collaboration under the dendrochronology framework. I would like to thank to the friends and colleagues in the Centro de Estudos Florestais that never stop helping me in different phases of this work. Special thanks to Ana Rodrigues, Carla Faria and Sofia Knapic for all the support, ideas and discussion. I also need to thank Joaquina Mendes for all the help on the chemical laboratorial procedures, Rita Simões, Joana Ferreira and Jorge Gominho for all the support on chemical components identification. I must also thank Associação de Produtores Florestais de Coruche and specially Conceição Santos Silva for material supply. To all my friends and beloved family, which I do not need to name because we know who they are, for believing and support me. Pag. 3 of 107 This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT Climate scenarios in the Mediterranean predict raising temperatures and more frequent and extreme drought. We focused on analysing the effect of drought on cork growth and chemical composition to evaluate if more frequent and severe forthcoming droughts will compromise the performance of cork as a sealant for wine bottles. A few species can produce cork in a significant proportion. We initiated this research on gathering the available information to put cork oak and its cork under this general panorama. We concluded that the cork from Quercus suber is presently the only raw-material with the characteristics necessary for production of solid cork products and focused our research on it. To study the response of cork-growth to drought and the effect of phellogen age we used a dendroecological methodology and a components resilience analysis, confirming that drought reduces growth and provided extra knowledge on this subject: cork oak is very tolerant and resilient to extreme droughts but more severe droughts correspond to higher decrease of growth and more trees affected although to greater recovery performance. Nevertheless, there are other factors involved in the response: site, tree and the age of the phellogen. Regarding chemical composition the research developed brings insights into the effect of drought on the proportion of its main components. Our results show that, in general, drought does not affect it, with some exceptions. Nevertheless, the variability associated to the tree is much more relevant than the effect of drought conditions and affects all the parameters analyzed. In practical terms, the potential increased occurrence of droughts arising from climatic changes will not compromise the performance of cork as a sealant for wine bottles but cork debarking rotations should be enlarged in order to have the necessary cork plank width, namely if the drought occurs in the first 2 years. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork, dendroecology; chemical composition; Mediterranean climate change mitigation. Pg. 5 of 107 RESUMO Os cenários climáticos preveem, para o Mediterrâneo, um aumento da temperatura e secas mais frequentes e extremas. A nossa análise incidiu no efeito da seca no crescimento e na composição química da cortiça, no sentido de avaliar se as secas irão comprometer o desempenho da cortiça enquanto vedante de garrafas de vinho. Apenas um conjunto restrito de espécies produz cortiça em quantidades significativas. Começámos a nossa investigação recolhendo a informação disponível por forma a colocar o sobreiro e a sua cortiça no panorama geral, concluindo que a cortiça de Quercus suber é no momento a única matéria-prima com as características necessárias para a produção de produtos de cortiça sólida e focámos a nossa investigação nela. Para estudar a resposta do crescimento da cortiça à seca utilizámos uma metodologia dendroecológica e uma análise das componentes da resiliência, confirmando que a seca reduz o crescimento e fornecendo conhecimento adicional sobre este assunto: o sobreiro é muito tolerante e resiliente à seca extrema, mas secas mais extremas conduzem a maiores reduções no crescimento, mais árvores afectadas mas também maior capacidade de recuperação. No entanto, existem outros factores envolvidos: local, árvore e idade do felogénio. No que respeita à composição química, a investigação desenvolvida traz conhecimento sobre o efeito da seca na proporção dos componentes principais. Os nossos resultados demonstram que, em geral, a seca não a afecta havendo algumas excepções. No entanto, a variabilidade associada à árvore é muito mais relevante afectando todos os parâmetros analisados. Na prática, o potencial aumento de ocorrência de secas associado às alterações climáticas não irá comprometer o desempenho da cortiça como vedante de garrafas de vinho, mas as rotações de descortiçamento devem ser alargadas no sentido de produzir pranchas com a espessura necessária, nomeadamente se a seca ocorrer nos primeiros dois anos. Palavras-chave: Quercus suber; cortiça, dendroecologia; composição química; mitigação das alterações climáticas no Mediterrâneo. Pag. 6 of 107 RESUMO ALARGADO Os cenários climáticos para a região da bacia mediterrânica indicam um aumento da temperatura e condições de seca cada vez mais frequentes e severas. O sobreiro é uma espécie cuja área de distribuição natural ocorre na zona ocidental desta região do globo, ocupando cerca de 22% dos espaços florestais em Portugal (ICNF, 2019). A cortiça tem uma importância económica grande, constituindo a base para o fabrico de muitos produtos, com diversas aplicações, sendo as rolhas o produto mais conhecido e com maior valorização económica, representando cerca de 70% do valor dos produtos fabricados a partir desta matéria-prima. Neste trabalho começámos por reunir a informação disponível sobre outras espécies para além do sobreiro, que produzem cortiça em quantidade significativa, por forma a permitir a sua utilização industrial. De forma integrativa apresentamos uma descrição da formação, dos tipos de cascas e do desenvolvimento da cortiça em cada uma das espécies, numa perspectiva comparativa com a cortiça de sobreiro. Adicionalmente são, por um lado, identificadas as lacunas de conhecimento, e por outro apresentadas e discutidas as linhas futuras de investigação e as utilizações potenciais deste material em cada espécie. Concluímos que apesar da cortiça de outras espécies ter potencial para algumas utilizações industriais, a cortiça de sobreiro é a única matéria-prima com as características necessárias para a manufactura de produtos de cortiça sólida (e.g. rolhas de cortiça natural) sendo a sua trituração e utilização na produção de aglomerados linhas de produção complementares. Em seguida, procurou avaliar-se o efeito da seca na cortiça, nomeadamente no seu crescimento e na proporção relativa dos seus constituintes químicos: suberina, lenhina, polissacáridos e extractivos, nos monómeros da suberina e dos polissacáridos, com o objectivo de avaliar se as cada vez mais intensas e frequentes secas que se preveem para a região do Mediterrâneo irão comprometer a utilização da cortiça como vedante natural das garrafas de vinho. Desta forma, o trabalho posterior à recolha de informação, dividiu-se em duas grandes tarefas
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