Alternaria Alternata (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and Its Management
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Effect of Culture Filtrate of Blight Pathogen [Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and its Management >qylk jksxtud [vkWYVjusfj;k vkWYVjukVk ¼,Q-vkj-½ dhLyj] ds lao/kZu Nfu= dk /kfu;k ij izHkko ,oa mldk izca/ku Vishambhar Dayal Jat Thesis Master of Science in Agriculture (Plant Pathology) 2015 Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER-303329 SRI KARAN NARENDRA AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, JOBNER Effect of Culture Filtrate of Blight Pathogen [Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and Its Management >qylk jksxtud [vkWYVjusfj;k vkWYVjukVk ¼,Q-vkj-½ dhLyj] ds lao/kZu Nfu= dk /kfu;k ij izHkko ,oa mldk izca/ku Thesis Submitted to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science In the Faculty of Agriculture (Plant Pathology) By Vishambhar Dayal Jat 2015 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-I Dated :_______2015 This is to certify that Mr. Vishambhar Dayal Jat has successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on ----------2015 as required under the regulation for Master’s degree. (K.S. SHEKHAWAT) Professor & HEAD Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-II Dated :________2015 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Culture Filtrate of Blight Pathogen [Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and its Management” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Plant Pathology embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Vishambhar Dayal Jat under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 31.07.2015. (K.S. Shekhawat) Professor & HEAD (S. Godika) Department of Plant Pathology Major Advisor S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (S.N. Sharma) DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-III Dated :______2015 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Culture Filtrate of Blight Pathogen [Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and its Management” submitted by Mr. Vishambhar Dayal Jat to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Plant Pathology after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (S. Godika) (R.P. Ghasolia) Major Advisor Advisor (K.C. Kumawat) (R.S. Manohar) Advisor Director Education Nominee (K.S. Shekhawat) Professor & HEAD (S.N. Sharma) Department of Plant Pathology Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Jobner Approved DIRECTOR EDUCATION S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-IV Dated : _____ 2015 This is to certify that Mr. Vishambhar Dayal Jat of the Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N., College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/ modifications in the thesis entitled “Effect of Culture Filtrate of Blight Pathogen [Alternaria alternata. (Fr.) Keissler] on Coriander and its Management” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ______2015. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on ______2015 and forwarded herewith for approval. (S.GODIKA) Major Advisor (K.S. Shekhawat) PROFESSOR & HEAD Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (S.N.SHARMA) DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner APPROVED DIRECTOR EDUCATION SKNAU, Jobner CONTENTS CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO. NO. 1. INTRODUCTION ……….. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……….. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ……….. 4. RESULTS ……….. 5. DISCUSSION ……….. 6. SUMMARY ……….. LITERATURE CITED ……….. ABSTRACT (English) ……….. ABSTRACT (Hindi) ……….. LIST OF TABLES Table Particulars Page No. No. 3.1 Fungicides used against Alternaria alternata …… 3.2 Details of disease rating scale …… 3.3 Plant extracts used against Alternaria alternata …… 4.1 Dry mycelial weight of Alternaria alternata on different …… liquid media 4.2 Effect of different ages of culture filtrate on seed …… germination and seedling vigour of coriander varieties (In vitro) 4.3 Effect of different concentrations of culture filtrate on …… seed germination and seedling vigour of coriander varieties (in vitro) 4.4 Fungitoxicity of fungicides against mycelial growth of …… Alternaria alternata 4.5 Efficacy of fungicides in reducing disease intensity …… …… 4.6 Fungitoxicity of plant extracts on mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata 4.7 Efficacy of plant extracts in reducing disease intensity …… (in vivo) …… 4.8 Efficacy of bio-control agents on mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata in dual culture plate method LIST OF FIGURES Figure Particulars Between No. Page No. 4.1 Dry mycelial weight of Alternaria alternata …… 4.2 Effect of different ages of culture filtrate on seed …… germination and seedling vigour of coriander varieties (In vitro) 4.3 Effect of different concentrations of culture filtrate on ……. seed germination and seedling vigour of coriander varieties (in vitro) 4.4 Fungitoxicity of fungicides against mycelial growth of ……. Alternaria alternata (in vitro) 4.5 Efficacy of fungicides in reducing disease intensity (in ……. vivo) 4.6 Fungitoxicity of plant extracts on mycelial growth of ….... Alternaria alternata (in vitro) 4.7 Efficacy of plant extracts in reducing disease intensity ……. (in vivo) 4.8 Efficacy of bio-control agents on mycelial growth of ……. Alternaria alternata in dual culture plate method LIST OF PLATES Plate Plate Between No. Page No. 1 Pathogenicity test and culture of Alternaria alternata …… 2 Fungitoxicity of fungicides against mycelial growth of ……. Alternaria alternate 3 Fungitoxicity of plant extracts on mycelial growth of ……. Alternaria alternate 4 Efficacy of bio-control agents on mycelial growth of ……. Alternaria alternate 1. INTRODUCTION Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), also known by different names like Dhania (Hindi), Kolhaphir (Gujarati), Dhane (Bengali), Dhaniyalu (telugu), Dhana (Marwari), Kustumbri (Sanskrit) and Kothamalli (Tamil and Malayalam) in India, is a major spice crop of the family Umbelliferae (or Apiaceae) has been cultivated since ancient times. The entire plant at young stage is used in preparing chutneys and leaves are used for flavoring curries, souces, soups and are added to the food for flavoring, seasoning and imparting aroma or to improve its appearance, flavor and taste that increase our appetite. Dry seeds are used in preparation of curry powder and garam masala and seed oil used in industries for flavoring the products, like pastry, cookies, cakes, buns, candy, cocoa, chocolate, confectionery, cordial, soda, syrups, preservers, gelatin dessert, tobacco and alcoholic beverages particularly the ‘gin’. The coriander seeds and leaves also have high medicinal value and are used to flavoring purgatives and to prevent gripping. Coriander has been used as a folk medicine for the relief of anxiety and insomnia. It is also used as a carminative, diuretic, stomachachic and digestive aid. Coriander has been documented as a traditional treatment for diabetes, as eye wash for preservation of eyesight in smallpox and also in conjunctivitis. Roasted seeds are useful in dyspepsia. Chemicals derived from coriander leaves were found to have antibacterial activity against Salmonela choleraenuis sp. choleraesuis (Saskatchwan Herb & Spice Association, 2007) The coriander seeds having food composition per 100 gm, are Moisture 6.30 gm, Carbohydrates 24.00 gm, Protein 1.30 gm, Fat 19.60 gm, Mineral matter 5.30 gm, Potassium 1.20 gm, Sodium 0.82 gm, Calcium 0.80 gm, Phosphorus 0.44 gm, Iron 6.00 mg, Vitamin A 175 IU, Riboflavin 0.26 mg, Thiamin 0.23 mg, Niacin 3.20 mg, Vitamin C 12.00 mg, Volatile oil 0.20 gm and Non-volatile oil 22.00 gm (Pruthi, 1979). The green coriander leaves having nutritional value 3.5 oz per 100 gm (g= oz/0.03527), are fairly rich in vitamin A 337 µg (92%), vitamin C 27 mg (33%), energy (23 kcal), Carbohydrates (4g), protein ( 2g ), fat ( 0.6g ) and minerals (1.6 g ), specially calcium, phosphorus and iron and dietary fiber (3g) (United States Department of Agriculture, 2012). Commercially coriander is grown as a Rabi season crop. In India, it is cultivated mainly in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh. It occupies 543 thousand hectares area with annual production 523.88 thousand tonnes. The average productivity of coriander seed is 1000 kg/ha. Rajasthan stands first both in area and production of the coriander crop (Anonymous, 2013). In Rajasthan, coriander is mainly cultivated in Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Bundi, Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts. The crop was grown on 158.67 thousand hectares with a production of 231.92 thousand tonnes. The average productivity was 1462 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2012-2013). Coriander crop suffers