Advent of Trichoderma As a Bio-Control Agent- a Review
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Fungal Guttation, a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Its
biomolecules Review Fungal Guttation, a Source of Bioactive Compounds, and Its Ecological Role—A Review Adam Krain and Piotr Siupka * Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Guttation is a common phenomenon in the fungal kingdom. Its occurrence and intensity depend largely on culture conditions, such as growth medium composition or incubation tempera- ture. As filamentous fungi are a rich source of compounds, possessing various biological activities, guttation exudates could also contain bioactive substances. Among such molecules, researchers have already found numerous mycotoxins, antimicrobials, insecticides, bioherbicides, antiviral, and anticancer agents in exudate droplets. They belong to either secondary metabolites (SMs) or proteins and are secreted with different intensities. The background of guttation, in terms of its biological role, in vivo, and promoting factors, has been explored only partially. In this review, we describe the metabolites present in fungal exudates, their diversity, and bioactivities. Pointing to the signifi- cance of fungal ecology and natural products discovery, selected aspects of guttation in the fungi are discussed. Keywords: fungal guttation; exudates; ecological relationships; secondary metabolites; antimicro- bials; peptaibols; destruxins; biocontrol agent; anticancer agents; proteins Citation: Krain, A.; Siupka, -
Nature and Effect of Alternaria Spp. Complex from Wheat Grain on Germination and Disease Transmission
Pak. J. Bot., 45(5): 1817-1824, 2013. NATURE AND EFFECT OF ALTERNARIA SPP. COMPLEX FROM WHEAT GRAIN ON GERMINATION AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION ANALÍA E. PERELLÓ1,2* AND SILVINA LARRÁN1 1CIDEFI (Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología) y Cátedra de Fitopatología 2CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: anaperello2@ yahoo.com.ar Abstract Diseases caused by Alternaria sp. are among the most common diseases of crops throughout the world. Alternaria sp. is a common component of the flora of wheat seed. Although isolation of Alternaria sp. from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed has been reported in Argentina, development of the Alternaria blight in plants from infected seeds has not been demonstrated experimentally. Seed transmission of strains belonging to Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, A. infectoria, A. triticina, A. chlamydospora and related genera like Embellisia and Ulocladium sp. on wheat were investigated in the Argentinean growing area, on wheat cultivars Klein Escorpión and Buck Poncho. A. tenuissima was the dominant fungus in black pointed kernels. Transmission of all 42 seed-borne members of Alternaria complex from seeds to seedlings artificially inoculated was detected by trays seedling symptoms test. Among the fungi tested most isolates of Alternaria, Embellisia sp. and Ulocladium sp. produced distinct seed rot and seedling infection symptoms. This confirmed the seed-borne nature of these fungi. In each wheat cultivar tested inoculated seeds appreciably reduced their germination. The emerging coleoptile is externally infected by hyphal growth from the infected pericarp. -
TRITICALE Proceedings of an International Symposium El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973
ARCHIV IDRC-024e MACINT 11251 TRITICALE Proceedings of an international symposium El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973 Editors: Reginald Maclntyre/Marilyn Campbell IDRC-024e TRITICALE Proceedings of an international symposium, El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973* Editors: REGINALD MAcINTYRE/MARILYN CAMPBELL This symposium was co-sponsored by the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, the University of Manitoba, and theInternational Development Research Centre. Oi958 *The views expressed in this publication are those of the individualauthor(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the International DevelopmentResearch Centre. ISBN 0-088936-028-6 UDC: 633.1 © 1974 International Development Research Centre Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Box 8500, Ottawa, CanadaK1G 3H9 Microfiche Edition $1 Contents Foreword W. David Hopper 5-7 List of Participants 8-11 Historical review of the development of triticale Arne Müntzing 13-30 Development of triticales in Western Europe E. Sanchez-Monge 31-39 Triticale-breeding experiments in Eastern Europe A. Kiss 41-50 Research work with 4x-Triticale in Germany (Berlin) K.-D.Krolow 51-60 Triticale research program in the United Kingdom R. S. Gregory 61-67 Progress in the development of triticale in Canada E. N. Larter 69-74 Triticale: its potential as a cereal crop in the United States of America R. I. Metzger 75-80 The triticale improvement program at CIMMYT F. J. Zillinsky 8 1-85 Prospects of triticale as a commercial crop in India J. P. Srivastava 87-92 Triticale breeding experiments in India N. S. Sisodia 93-101 Triticale research program in Iran M. -
Biological Control of Rhizoctonia Solani by Indigenous Trichoderma Spp
Hebron University Research Journal. H.U.R.J. is available online at Vol.(3), No.(1), pp.(1 – 15), 2007 http://www.hebron.edu/journal Biological Control of Rhizoctonia solani by Indigenous Trichoderma spp. Isolates from Palestine 1 1 *Radwan M. Barakat , Fadel Al-Mahareeq , 2 1 Mohammed S. Ali -Shtayeh , and Mohammad I. AL- Masri 1Faculty of Agriculture, Hebron University, Hebron- Palestine 2Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus- Palestine Abstract: The effect of indigenous Trichoderma isolates against the soil-borne phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated in dual culture and bioassay on bean plants. Ap- plication of the bioagent isolates as a conidial suspension (3*107) greatly reduced the disease index of bean plants caused by R. solani in different rates and the most effective Trichoderma harzianum isolate (Jn14) reduced the disease by 65%. In dual culture, the T. harzianum (Jn14) overgrew the pathogen R. solani in an average of 16.75 mm/day at 30 °C. In addition, the results showed that T. harzianum (Jn14) and T. hamatum (T36) were the most effective isolates at 25°C and inhibited R. solani mycelial growth by 42% and 78% respectively, due to fungitoxic metabolites production. The Effect of Trichoderma on bean seedlings growth was obvious; height was nearly doubled (160% - 200%), while fresh and dry weights increased by 133% and 217%, respectively. Ger- mination of bean seeds in treated soil with Trichoderma isolates occurred about four days earlier than those in untreated soils. The results revealed however some variation between isolates which was due to genetic variation, mycelium-coiling rate, sporulation rate, fungitoxic metabolites, induced growth response and temperature effect. -
Mini-Paper – the Use of Microbial Biocontrol Agents Against Soil-Borne Diseases
Focus Group SOIL-BORNE DISEASES Mini-paper – The use of microbial biocontrol agents against soil-borne diseases Ilaria Pertot; Claude Alabouvette; Estefanía Hinarejos Esteve; Soraya Franca INTRODUCTION The value of the global biopesticide market is expected to reach $4,556.37 Million by 2019, at a compound annual growth rate of 15.30% from 2014 to 2019 (source: Marketsandmarkets.com, 2014; last access 31/03/2015). The reasons for such growth can be found in: the increasing concerns on the impact of residues and overuse of synthetic chemical pesticides and the increasing relevance of pests and pathogens due to growth in food demand, the withdrawal of several chemical pesticides including soil fumigants, the appearance of new invasive species and pesticide resistant strains of pests, the effect of climate change and the specialised monoculture. The decrease of the cost of several biopesticides, the introduction of technologically advanced products, the increase knowledge of farmers and the strict thresholds in pesticides residues set by many food retailers are also promoting the switch form chemical to biopesticides. In addition in EU the Directive on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides (2009/128/EC) is also expected to stimulate the biopesticide market positively. Some active ingredients have been included in Annex 1 according Regulation EC 1107/2009 and several new others are most probably under development by multinational agrochemical companies following recent acquisitions. According the present regulation if a microorganism has fungicide activity should be registered in order to be applied for such use. The high cost of registration prevents a large number of potential biocontrol agents to reach the market. -
Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. VI - Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A. Bonet and G. Carrión INTRODUCTION TO NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY A. Bonet Department of Entomology, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico G. Carrión Department of Biodiversity and Systematic, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico Keywords: Biodiversity loss, biological control, evolution, hotspot regions, insect biodiversity, insect pests, multitrophic interactions, parasite-host relationship, pathogens, pollination, rust fungi Contents 1. Introduction 2. History 2.1. Phytopathology 2.1.1. Evolution of the Parasite-Host Relationship 2.1.2. The Evolution of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Plants 2.1.3. Flor’s Gene-For-Gene Theory 2.1.4. Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Plant Parasitic Fungi and Hyperparasites 2.2. Entomology 2.2.1. Entomology in Asia and the Middle East 2.2.2. Entomology in Ancient Greece and Rome 2.2.3. New World Prehispanic Cultures 3. Insect evolution 4. Biodiversity 4.1. Biodiversity Loss and Insect Conservation 5. Ecosystem services and the use of biodiversity 5.1. Pollination in Tropical Ecosystems 5.2. Biological Control of Fungi and Insects 6. The future of Entomology and phytopathology 7. Entomology and phytopathology section’s content 8. ConclusionUNESCO – EOLSS Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Insects are among the most abundant and diverse organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, making up more than half of the earth’s biodiversity. To date, 1.5 million species of organisms have been recorded, although around 85% of potential species (some 10 million) have not yet been identified. In the case of the Neotropics, although insects are clearly a vital element, there are many families of organisms and regions that are yet to be well researched. -
Modification of Susceptible and Toxic Herbs on Grassland Disease Xiang Yao1, Yubing Fan2, Qing Chai1, Richard D
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Modification of Susceptible and Toxic Herbs on Grassland Disease Xiang Yao1, Yubing Fan2, Qing Chai1, Richard D. Johnson3, Zhibiao Nan1 & Chunjie Li1 Recent research shows that continuous overgrazing not only causes grassland biodiversity to decline, Received: 17 August 2015 but also causes light fungal disease. Achnatherum inebrians is susceptible to fungal diseases and Accepted: 07 July 2016 increases in prevalence during over grazing due its toxicity to livestock. This study aimed to examine Published: 16 September 2016 the effects ofA. inebrians on biological control organisms and levels of plant diseases in overgrazed grasslands in northwestern China. The results showed that A. inebrians plants were seriously infected by fungal diseases and that this led to a high incidence of the mycoparasitic species Ampelomyces quisqualis and Sphaerellopsis filum. In addition, the fungivore, Aleocharinae, was found only in the soil growing A. inebrians rather than in the overgrazed area without A. inebrians. Overall, in an overgrazed grassland fenced for one year, disease levels in blocks without A. inebrians were significantly higher than those in blocks with A. inebrians. Our findings indicated that the disease susceptible, toxicA. inebrians can help control plant disease levels in overgrazed grasslands. In recent decades, there has been serious overgrazing problems in grasslands of northwestern China, including the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolia1–3. Studies have shown that overgrazing can cause a decline in the biodiversity of flora and fauna systems4,5 and reduce disease severity in grasslands6–8. Recently, fencing to reduce overgrazing has been applied to assist in restoring grasslands9,10. -
Full Length Research Article DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com International Journal of DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 06, Issue, 12, pp.10765-10774, December, 2016 Full Length Research Article ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF STRIPE DISEASE OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) BY PLANT EXTRACTS AND ANTAGONISTIC FUNGI *Mredula Trivedi and Archana Singh Department of Botany, Govt. M.S.J.P.G. College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India-321001 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: A search for an environmentally safe and economically viable strategy for control of plant Received 29th September, 2016 diseases has led to an increased use of plant based products in agriculture. To control the plant Received in revised form diseases, use of fungicides can impact the environment and human health. One method to 14th October, 2016 eliminate these drawbacks is promoting induced protection. This study investigated the use of Accepted 19th November, 2016 plants extracts and antagonistic fungi as a biological control of Drechslera graminea or as an th Published online 30 December, 2016 inducer of protection in barley plant against the pathogen and also evaluated the possible mechanisms. In the controlled laboratory conditions leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Ricinus Key Words: communis, Calotropis procera, Ocimum sanctum, Lawsonia rosea, Cassia tora and Barley, Drechslera Graminea, Crysanthemum indicum and native isolates of two fungal bioagents Trichoderma harzianum and Ecofriendly Management, T. viride were tested to examine their effectivity against D. graminea. Trichoderma sp. is an Plant Extract, ecofriendly organism that does not cause any harmful and side effect on human beings and Trichoderma harzianum and domestic animals when handled. -
Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae As Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data
MYCOBIOLOGY 2019, VOL. 47, NO. 3, 280–291 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1641062 RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species and a New Chinese Record of Hypocreaceae as Evidenced by Morphological and Molecular Data Zhao Qing Zeng and Wen Ying Zhuang State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY To explore species diversity of Hypocreaceae, collections from Guangdong, Hubei, and Tibet Received 13 February 2019 of China were examined and two new species and a new Chinese record were discovered. Revised 27 June 2019 Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of the ITS, LSU, EF-1a, and RPB2 Accepted 4 July 2019 regions support their placements in Hypocreaceae and the establishments of the new spe- Hypomyces hubeiensis Agaricus KEYWORDS cies. sp. nov. is characterized by occurrence on fruitbody of Hypomyces hubeiensis; sp., concentric rings formed on MEA medium, verticillium-like conidiophores, subulate phia- morphology; phylogeny; lides, rod-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal conidia, and absence of chlamydospores. Trichoderma subiculoides Trichoderma subiculoides sp. nov. is distinguished by effuse to confluent rudimentary stro- mata lacking of a well-developed flank and not changing color in KOH, subcylindrical asci containing eight ascospores that disarticulate into 16 dimorphic part-ascospores, verticillium- like conidiophores, subcylindrical phialides, and subellipsoidal to rod-shaped conidia. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Hypomyces orthosporus is found for the first time from China. 1. Introduction Members of the genus are mainly distributed in temperate and tropical regions and economically The family Hypocreaceae typified by Hypocrea Fr. -
Alternaria Species and Mycotoxins Associated to Black Point of Cereals
Mycotoxins 63 (1), 39-46 (2013) 39 Proceedings Paper www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/myco Alternaria species and mycotoxins associated to black point of cereals * Maria T. AMATULLI, Francesca FANELLI, Antonio MORETTI, Giuseppina MULÈ, Antonio F. LOGRIECO Research National Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/0 70126 Bari, Italy Key words : Alternaria; mycotoxins; wheat (Received January 25, 2013) Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and represent a great concern for the economical and healthy implications on food and feed chain. Cereals are the primary source of human diet, wheat being the third most produced grain worldwide. Although Fusarium still represents the main source of mycotoxin contamination of wheat, in recent years, due also to evident climate changes that influence agricultural environment, other mycotoxingenic fungi have been pointed out as important wheat contaminants. Among these a disease called “Black Point”, caused by Alternaria spp., is increasing it importance as re-emerging risk. Diseases and mycotoxins (alternariol, altenuene, alternariol methyl-ether and tenuazolic acid) associated with Alternaria infection have been reported in several countries suggesting to deepen the knowledge about this genus. This paper summarizes the recent findings on wheat contamination by Alternaria spp and their related toxins. Introduction Alternaria spp. are worldwide distributed mainly as saprophyte in soil or in rot plant materials. They are also reported as contaminants of food commodities as well as fungal pathogens of several important crops, including cereals, oil crops, ornamentals, vegetable and fruits1, 2). Economic losses on fruits and vegetable trade are strongly dependent on the nature of the disease; they are usually lower compared to other fungal diseases but in some case they can lead to consistent losses3). -
Characterization of Ech42, a Trichoderma Harzianum
Proc. Natd. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 10903-10907, November 1994 Microbiology Characterization of ech42, a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene expressed during mycoparasitism CAROLINA CARSOLIO*, ANA GUTIuRREZ*, BEATRIZ JIMtNEZ*, MARC VAN MONTAGUt, AND ALFREDO HERRERA-ESTRELLA*t *Centro de Investigaci6n y Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Apartado Postal 629, 36500, Irapuato, Guanajuato, M6xico; and tRijksuniversiteit Gent, Laboratorium voor Genetica, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Contributed by Marc Van Montagu, June 6, 1994 ABSTRACT A gene (ech-42; previously named ThEn-42) in vitro against fungi (25, 26). Inhibition of fungal growth by codingfor one ofthe en produced by the bbocontrol plant chitinases and dissolution of fungal cell walls by a agent Trichoderma hwzianum 1M1206040 was doned and char- streptomycete chitinase and a 1,3-frglucanase have also been acterized. Expression of the cDNA done in Escherickia coli demonstrated (27, 28). resulted in bacteria with ch activity. This chit has Purification and characterization of three chitinases (33, been shown to have lytic activity on Botrytis cinerca cell walls 37, and 42 kDa) from T. harzianum has been reported by De in vitro. The ech-42 gene was asgned to a double chromosomal la Cruz and co-workers (29). The purified 42-kDa chitinase band (chromosome V or VI) upon electrophoretic separation alone hydrolyzed Botrytis cinerea purified cell walls in vitro, and Southern analysis of the chromosomes. Primer extension but this effect was heightened in the presence ofeither ofthe analysis indicated that trasription of the gene begins pref- other two chitinases (29). erentially 109 bp u am of the tnsai initatio codon. -
Digitalcommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 1964 Hyperparasitism Michael G. Boosalis University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Boosalis, Michael G., "Hyperparasitism" (1964). Papers in Plant Pathology. 198. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/198 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Annual Review of Phytopathology 2 (1964), pp. 363-376. Copyright © 1964 Annual Reviews Inc. Used by permission. The survey of the literature pertaining to this review was concluded in January 1964. Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 1541, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Hyperparasitism M. G. Boosalis Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska Introduction Much of the research on hyperparasitism has been of a descriptive na- ture, based primarily on studies with dual cultures in synthetic media. The main contributions from these investigations concern the host range of the parasite, the mode of penetration and infection, and the morpho- logical changes of the host and the parasite resulting from parasitism. More recent studies on hyperparasitism emphasize the effect of envi- ronmental factors, especially nutrition, on the susceptibility of the host. Research on the physiology of hyperparasitism has been limited. Never- theless, this important aspect of the problem should continue to receive increased attention as hyperparasitism is extremely amenable to basic re- search dealing with the physiology of diseases in general (1).