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A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic Light Field Stills for Virtual Reality

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A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic Light Field Stills for Virtual Reality A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic Light Field Stills for Virtual Reality RYAN S. OVERBECK, Google Inc. DANIEL ERICKSON, Google Inc. DANIEL EVANGELAKOS, Google Inc. MATT PHARR, Google Inc. PAUL DEBEVEC, Google Inc. (a) (b) (e) (f) (g) (c) (d) (h) (i) (j) Fig. 1. Acquiring and rendering panoramic light field still images. (a,c) Our two rotating light field camera rigs: the 16×GoPro rotating array of action sports cameras (a), and a multi-rotation 2×DSLR system with two mirrorless digital cameras (c). (b,d) Long exposure photographs of the rigs operating with LED traces indicating the positions of the photographs. (e-j) Novel views of several scenes rendered by our light field renderer. The scenes are: (e) Living Room, (f) Gamble House, (g) Discovery Exterior, (h) Cheri & Gonzalo, (i) Discovery Flight Deck, and (j) St. Stephens. We present a system for acquiring, processing, and rendering panoramic generating stereo views at 90Hz on commodity VR hardware. Using our light field still photography for display in Virtual Reality (VR). We acquire system, we built a freely available light field experience application called spherical light field datasets with two novel light field camera rigs designed Welcome to Light Fields featuring a library of panoramic light field stills for for portable and efficient light field acquisition. We introduce a novel real- consumer VR which has been downloaded over 15,000 times. time light field reconstruction algorithm that uses a per-view geometry and CCS Concepts: • Computing methodologies → Image-based render- a disk-based blending field. We also demonstrate how to use a light field ing; Rendering; Image compression; prefiltering operation to project from a high-quality offline reconstruction model into our real-time model while suppressing artifacts. We introduce a Additional Key Words and Phrases: Light Fields, Virtual Reality, 6DOF practical approach for compressing light fields by modifying the VP9 video codec to provide high quality compression with real-time, random access ACM Reference Format: decompression. Ryan S. Overbeck, Daniel Erickson, Daniel Evangelakos, Matt Pharr, and Paul arXiv:1810.08860v1 [cs.GR] 20 Oct 2018 We combine these components into a complete light field system offering Debevec. 2018. A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic convenient acquisition, compact file size, and high-quality rendering while Light Field Stills for Virtual Reality. ACM Trans. Graph. 37, 6, Article 197 (November 2018), 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3272127.3275031 Authors’ addresses: Ryan S. Overbeck, Google Inc. Daniel Erickson, Google Inc. Daniel Evangelakos, Google Inc. Matt Pharr, Google Inc. Paul Debevec, Google Inc. 1 INTRODUCTION The advent of consumer VR headsets such as HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed and Windows Mixed Reality has delivered high-quality VR tech- for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation nology to millions of new users. Notably, these headsets support on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, positional tracking, which allows VR experiences to adjust the per- to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a spective shown by the headset according to how the user moves their fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. head, creating experiences which are more immersive, more natural, © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. 0730-0301/2018/11-ART197 $15.00 and more comfortable. To date, however, most photographically- https://doi.org/10.1145/3272127.3275031 acquired content such as 360 Video and Omnidirectional Stereo ACM Trans. Graph., Vol. 37, No. 6, Article 197. Publication date: November 2018. 197:2 • Ryan S. Overbeck, Daniel Erickson, Daniel Evangelakos, Matt Pharr, and Paul Debevec video can only be displayed from a fixed position in space and thus enough for traditional real-time applications, current desk- fails to benefit from positional tracking. top VR platforms require applications to render at 90Hz to Panoramic light fields provide a solution for acquiring and dis- maximize user comfort. playing real-world scenes in VR in a way that a user can not only look in every direction, but can move their head around in the scene as well. As a result, the user receives a more comfortable and im- Our system overcomes the technical challenges (2)-(5) above with mersive experience, and even gets a better sense of the materials several novel advances in light field acquisition, processing, and within the scene by observing properly reproduced view-dependent rendering. We acquire our light fields with one of our two novel surface reflections. light field camera rigs (see Figure 1(a,c)). These rigs capture thou- Light Fields also offer benefits over traditionally-modeled 3D sands of images on the surface of the sphere (see Figure 1(b,d)) and scenes, which typically require extensive effort for artists to build were designed with efficiency and portability in mind. We then feed detailed models, author complex surface shaders, and compose and the images into our cloud-based processing pipeline. The pipeline simulate complex lighting. Rendering times for modern global illu- calibrates the images to determine the real-world locations of the mination algorithms take hours per frame, as render farms perform cameras and extracts depth maps to be used by our renderer. Also trillions of ray queries, texture lookups, and shader evaluations. For during processing, we perform a novel application of light field scenes available to be photographed, light fields vastly reduce this prefiltering that improves final reconstruction quality by smoothing effort, achieving photorealism by simply interpolating and extrap- away distracting ghosting artifacts. The pipeline finishes by com- olating pixel data from images which are already photorealistic. pressing the data using a practical codec for light field stills. Based Moreover, their simplicity suggests rendering solutions that can be on VP9 [Mukherjee et al. 2013], a mainstream open source video measured in milliseconds, independent of scene complexity, achiev- codec, our codec achieves light field compression rates competitive ing the rates needed for compelling virtual reality. with video while also retaining real-time random access to individ- Although light fields provide many benefits, they have yetto ual image tiles. We render these compressed light fields using our appear in many commercial applications despite being introduced novel real-time light field reconstruction algorithm. This algorithm to computer graphics over 20 years ago [Gortler et al. 1996; Levoy uses a per-view geometry to perform depth correction and blends and Hanrahan 1996]. We believe there are four primary reasons for the multiple views using a disk-based blending field. We achieve this: high quality real-time rendering (see Figure 1(c-j)) with relatively sparse light field data sets. (1) Use-case: A compelling product use-case must exist in or- The result is a complete system for acquiring, processing, and der for both content creators and distribution platforms to rendering lightfield still imagery that produces high quality recon- support the production of light field imagery. structed views and runs at 90Hz on entry-level VR-enabled machines. (2) Acquisition complexity: Creating high quality light fields re- Moreover, the datasets compress down to 50-200MB with few no- quires acquiring thousands of images from a dense set of ticeable compression artifacts, so that a user can download a light viewpoints. A light field camera must capture all of these im- field still in a matter of seconds on a common 10-20 Mbit/s internet ages in a reasonable amount of time, while also being portable connection. We have launched this system to the public as Welcome and reliable. to Light Fields, a freely downloadable application on the Steamr (3) Size: Light fields comprising thousands of images are unrea- store (https://store.steampowered.com/). Welcome to Light Fields sonably cumbersome for storage and transmission in uncom- allows people to virtually explore places, including the scenes in pressed form. this paper, in a deeply immersive way. (4) Quality: In order to maintain immersion, light field rendering After a review of related work in Section 2, the rest of this paper must be free of distracting artifacts. focuses on these primary contributions: Speaking to (1), the advent of high-quality consumer VR tech- nology with positional head tracking provides us with a new and • two novel light field acquisition devices that can acquire dense compelling opportunity for viewing light fields, able to stimulate panoramic light field stills and are portable and efficient (Sec- and satisfy our important sense of motion parallax. Moving one’s tion 3), head in a scene not only reveals its depth in a compelling way, but • a novel real-time light field reconstruction algorithm that it reveals information about the materials and lighting in a scene as produces higher quality results with sparser light field images we watch reflections shift over and play off of the scene’s surfaces. than previous real-time approaches (Section 4), In this way, light
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