Appendix: The Re-establishment of Sociology Discipline in

He Zhaofa

As is well known, radical changes are taking place in academic acti• vities in China. Our government pays a great deal of attention not only to the development of studies of technology and the natural sciences, but it also puts much stress on the social sciences. In the past five years many departments of the social sciences have been rebuilt. To take my university of Zhongshan as an example, we have re-established the following departments: law; anthropology; sociology; administration and management; and library sciences. We are also preparing to establish a department of political science in 1985. Sociology as an independent academic discipline had been sus• pended for about thirty years before it was re-habilitated in 1979. Since then we have reconstructed the discipline through two channels.

(1) THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Under these auspices were founded the National Association of Socio• logy in China and the Institute of Sociology (in Beijing). Both are led by Dr Fei Xiaotong, the well-known scholar in the fields of sociology and anthropology. The Association and the Institute conducted two short-term summer classes for researchers and teachers of sociology in 1980 and 1981. These courses which were in the nature of short-term training classes covered basic concepts, basic methods of social research, technological development and social change, community analysis, applied sociology and so on. Courses of this kind are not intended for university students, rather they are directed towards cadres and staff in order to help train them to apply sociology for the promotion of China's four modernisations. Most of the teachers of

154 HeZhaoJa 155 these classes came from the United States and Hong Kong. There are now many associations and institutes of sociology newly founded in various provinces in China.

(2) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

Some of the key comprehensive universities in the charge of the Ministry including Beijing, Fudan (in Shanghai), Nankai (in Tianjin) and Zhongshan (in Guangzhao) are establishing sociology depart• ments. But they follow different approaches. The universities of Fudan and Nankai train undergraduate students in the first instance. They can offer only low level courses because of the shortage of suitably qualified teachers. However, at Beijing and Zhongshan the initial focus is on postgraduate students so that they can train a larger number of teachers. This is possible at Zhongshan because we are fortunately placed to obtain help from abroad. Owing to our proximity to Hong Kong we have had no difficulty in soliciting the assistance of sociology professors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong University to teach some advanced courses. Furthermore our department has benefited from the presence of Professor C. K. Yang, the distinguished sociologist from Pittsburgh University in America. He came to our department at the invitation of Zhongshan University as a visiting honoured professor. Professor Yang has helped us to raise financial grants from abroad to invite some American professors to teach in our department. That is why we have been able to recruit postgradute students in the first instance.

The rebuilding of the sociology department in our university is follow• ing a schedule of three phrases. During the first phase, postgraduate students were recruited in the summer of 1981 and they studied a foreign language and the basic sociology courses. In the following summer of 1982 they were offered the higher level courses by the foreign professors from the United States and Hong Kong. These courses were methodology, contem• porary theories, social psychology, social ecology and the sociology of organisation. In the summer of 1983 three American and four Hong Kong professors were invited to teach the following courses: social statistics, methods of social research, community analysis, demo- 156 Re-establishment of Sociology Discipline graphic sociology and social processes. These courses were offered in the summer as the foreign professors were available only at that time. For their semester work students will be assigned to carry out two separate research projects as practice in field work. One will be in rural community studies and the other in urban community studies. Both projects will be supervised by the staff of our department. As part of the first phase we have also sent some young teachers to undertake advanced studies abroad. They will be considered as the backbone of the faculty in both teaching and research. Work on the second phase began in the summer of 1983 and it overlapped with the first phase. Postgraduate students were offered advanced courses on modernisation and social development, quanti• tative sociology and the sociology of knowledge. Following these courses the students go on to write theses for the MA degree. They are writing the following thesis topics with an emphasis on community studies: (1) The consumption activities of Lo-Chiang village; (2) The establishment of In-Zhun (Ning Xia Province) industrial community and its development; (3) Social mobility and social integration in the Zekow Industrial area of the Shenzhen special economic zone; (4) A comparative study of small towns in northern Fujian Province; (5) The change of social structure in Kun Village after the adoption of the production responsibility system; and (6) An investigation of rich peasants in the Kemdan rural area. The postgraduate students are busily engaged on their theses and they will be awarded the Master degree in sociology after an oral examination and the satisfactory defence of their theses. The third phase is due to begin this summer of 1984. We plan to recruit 30 students at the undergraduate and 27 at the postgraduate levels. Seven of the latter will follow the degree programme. Mean• while we shall establish two separate field work bases in rural and urban community studies. By this summer our department will have 20 members on the teaching staff (including seven postgraduate students who have completed their MAs). Half of the members of staff will be senior and the other half junior. We shall then have formally estab• lished the department of sociology. By the end of this third phase we shall no longer need to invite so many professors from abroad. Of course, some experts and scholars of sociology will always be welcome to come to China to help us to promote our teaching and research in order to raise our academic levels. We shall also continue to send abroad our good grade students and young teachers for advanced study. In fact at present we have sent one person to the USA and HeZhaoJa 157 another to France, and it is planned to send two more to France. As will be seen from the above, the greatest difficulty in rebuilding sociology in China is the shortage of suitably trained personnel. Three ways have been adopted to solve this problem. One is to let the handful of old Chinese sociologists train students at the lower level courses; another is to invite foreign professors from abroad or Hong Kong to teach higher level courses for postgraduate students. The third is to send some students and teachers abroad for advanced study. A further major problem is the shortage of sociological materials owing to the closure of sociology departments more than thirty years ago. This does not mean, however, that we have not studied the Chinese society at all. On the contrary, we did a lot of social survey work on youth, ageing people, family structure, rural community, population, and so on. But most of the investigations were only in order to provide current information for the use of the government. We have not used sociological methods of analysis to examine the materials or the data that was generated. For example the large amount of material collected on ageing people: there have been no sociological studies that have tried to collate or summarise this within the field of gerontology; nor has this data been used to support or refute a mode of sociological approach, still less has it been used to generate and test sociological hypotheses. In addition to these shortcomings we also have many other problems in reconstructing sociology in China. These are being debated in China and abroad. How, for example, should the knowledge of sociology be applied to promote what we call 'the Four Modernisations'? Will the theories of Western sociology be suitable in China? What kind of curriculum of sociology would be best suited for Chinese students? Some advanced societies in the world at present have gone beyond the industrial period and have begun to enter what Toffler has called the 'Third Wave', or the post-industrial society. In China, however, we are talking about how to make our country enter the industrial stage! There exists a big gap. Although we face many difficulties along the road of rebuilding sociology in China, we have made progress. We have begun publishing the following sociological journals and magazines: Sociology Teaching Newsletter, by Zhongshan University; Sociology, by Shanghai Univer• sity (A local university); Sociology Research, by the National Associa• tion of Sociology in Beijing; The Society, by the Provincial Sociology in Chungking; and Social Research in Guangzhou City, by the Sociology Association of Guangzhou City. 158 Re-establishment of Sociology Discipline

There is still a long way to go in the rebuilding of sociology with Chinese characteristics and we sincerely hope that our good friends will give us their good advice without hesitation.

ADDITIONAL POINTS MADE BY PROFESSOR HE IN THE DISCUSSION OF HIS PAPER

(1) Q. How much attention is paid in China to sociology as it has developed in the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe? A. There is a problem because at the macro level Soviet scholars followed the approach of historical materialism' rather than that of sociology. Some aspects of their applied sociology were followed in China, but there were difficulties as their social conditions differed from those of China and their social surveys lacked theoretical content.

(2) Q. What contributions had sociologists made to aspects of social planning in China? A. Generally speaking social science graduates were in demand on many issues and at many levels because of their knowledge of society as a whole. Thus they have a role in the making of science and technology policy. More specifically, the role of sociology was recognised in the training and research of legal specialists and indeed in legal work generally. The importance of sociology is being increasingly recognised in urban plan• ning. Professor He, himself, was able to make a contribution during his visit in 1983 to Shenzhen (the main city in the special Economic Zone to the north of Hong Kong). He found that the city planning had been based on the considerations of engineering and architecture. There was, however, no city centre; and the arrangements for residential areas and trans• port were inadequate. Sociologists had not been consulted. More generally, the public does not as yet recognise the func• tions of sociology.

(3) Q. Is there research into sociology of gender and family kinship? Or of stratification? A. Indeed there is. A special conference is soon to be convened HeZhaoJa 159 on the family. The question of stratification is regarded as very important. But China still lacks properly trained personnel. Studies undertaken in Eastern Europe were known in China, but it was still not clear how relevant these were to China. The problem with applying Western socio-economic data was that China did not have a social-wage equivalent to that in the West.

(4) Q. What was involved in developing a sociological discipline with Chinese characteristics? A. Much work still needs to be done. There is still a need to understand Western sociological writings. In that regard there is a problem of translation and then a question of finding appropriate Chinese examples. The next issue is how to apply this sociology to China. Only after that would it be possible to develop a sociology with Chinese characteristics. Only then would it be appropriate to develop a fully fledged critical approach to other theories. Index Please note that the introduction by Michael B. Yahuda, has not been indexed because of pagination problems. Thus the reader is well advised to consult the introduction as well as the index.

absolutism, Qing dynasty 30 banks, role 78 academic exchanges, China 7 barbarism 103 academic journals 79, 145, 152, 157 Beijing 8 Academies of Social Sciences 72, 74 Beijing Institute oflnternational Strategic Academy of Science 73 Studies 125 Advanced School of Legal Studies 126 Beijing Review 114 Afghanistan 123 Beijing University 8,50,76, 155 Africa 125 birth rate 75 agricultural development 75,76 BoGu 55,60 Agricultural Economics Research bonus system 78 Institute 75 Book of Odes 143 agricultural prices 75,79 books 152 agriculture 30 bougeoisie, rise of 6 hired labour 80-1 Braun, Otto 56, 60 planning 81 Brus, W. 70 reforms 69 Burma 7 Aguda 9 All-China Federation of Writers and cadres, Party 137 Artists 133 Cai Hesen 48 Althusser, L. 131 Cai Tinggai, General 55 Anhui Academy 75 capital, profit rate 78 Annan 13 capitalism 30 anthropology xxi capitalist enterprises 38 Anti-Japanese National United capitalist ownership 81 Front 56-9 capitulationist party 36, 37 appearance, phenomena 135 CenJiawu 96 arts 59,83 central bank, role of 76 assimilation, nationalities 9,95-7 Central Committee Association for the Study of World Chinese Communist Party 76 History of the Middle Ages 6 Soviet Communist Party 137 August First Declaration 56 Central Institute of Nationalities 92,106 Chan, S. 131, 150 Bai Gang 14--17 Changsha 54 Bai Shouyi 8 Chen Danchen 136 Balzac, Honore de 138, 142 Chen Duxiu 49-50,51,52,56 Bandung phase, foreign policy 126 ChenKun 144

161 162 Index

Chen Wutong 9 contracting, specialist households 80 Chen Yi 53,54,60 critical realism 135--{i, 141 Chen Y ong 137 1,4, 14,40,50,52, Chen Zhaozhang 6-7 57,59,69,70,85,93,102,103,115, Chiang Kai-shek see Jiang Jieshi 116,117,120,133,150,153 China, definition 7-10 condemnation 149,151-2 China's Minority Nationalities 92,93,99 conformity 4 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 14, economic thought 67-8,78,83,84 16,67,73,74-5,125,154-5 ethnology and 7-8, 101, 105, 106 foreign relations research foreign policy and 116 institutes 129 leftism 58 Chinese Communist Party 89, 116, 143, 144, 150, 152, 153 Dali, kingdom of 11, 13 history 47--{il dams 76 Chinese Eastern Railway crisis 50 Dangdai wenyi sichao 145 Chinese Ethnological Research Dao Guang, Emperor 31 Society 100--1 Daoism 35 Chinese feudalism, persistence 6-7, 15- Datong 96 16 Daur people 91 Chinese Marxist scholarship 102--4, 153 Deng Guangming 11,14 Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Deng Xiaoping 121, 125, 134, 145 Affairs 125 Deng Yunte 30--1 Chinese University of Hong Kong 155 Department of Philosophy and Social Chinggis Khan 9 Sciences, Academy of cities, medieval 6 Sciences 73 city line 52-3 detente, with USA 115 Civil War period 59-60 developing countries 69 civilisation 103 development 78 clan group marriage 103 Chinese path 70 clans 103 goals 75 class struggle 1, 2, 4 Di people 96 classes 103 dialectical materialism 35, 106 classical poetry 143 Dickens, Charles 144 Collection of Papers on the History of Ding Weizhi 4 Relations among China's diplomacy, Chinese 39--40 Nationalities 94-5 diplomatic strategy, US 124 collective ownership, land 81 Dong Chuping 15,17 collective will 143 Dong Fureng 69 collectives, households contracted to 81 Du Wenxiu 9 colleges, economics research 72-3 Comintern 49,51,52,53,54,55,56-7, Eastern Europe 70, 123, 150, 158 61 economic associations 76-7, 79 commerce, urban 6 economic contacts, foreign countries 69 commune, roles 79 economic crops 76 Communist Border Regions 58 economic development 72 Communist Party see Chinese economic efficiency 78 Communist Party economic history 30 Communist Party Congress, 11th 4 economic laws, objective 67,78,83,84 community, ethnic identification 90, 91 economic policy, formulation 70--1,77- community studies 156 9 Confucian classics 33 economic reforms 29,58,67,69,78-9 Confucian officialdom 6-7 Eastern Europe 70 Confucians 1 economic role, communes 79 Congress of Soviet Writers' Union 132- economic statistics 71-2 3 economic structure, feudal 16 Index 163 economic studies, China 67-71 foreign countries, economic contacts 69 economic theory, socialist 69 foreign invasion, China 8, 37--8 economic units, research bodies 75--{, foreign investment 69 economics 150 foreign policy institutions 74-7 Chinese 115-16, 125-7 international 117 US 124 research 68 foreign relations, Chinese 3~ western 69 foreign scholarship, importance of 150 Economics Daily 83 foreign skills, use of 33 Economics Research Institute 74, 75 foreign trade 78 economists 68,83 four modernisations 29,33,79,150--1, policy formation 151 154,157 teachers and researchers 71-4 France 157 economy Fudan University 72, 155 Communist Border Regions 58 Fujian 15 Superpowers 122-3 11 th Communist Party Congress 4 Gang of Four 1,14,15,17,28,32,47, elite, scholarly 34-5 61,67,93 empirical truth 134-6 Garaudy, R. 141 Engels, F. 2,5,6,102-3,104,106,107, Ge Maochun 5 131, 137, 138-9, 142, 145, 150 Gelofeng 9 enterprise management 78 gender 158-9 essence, phenomena 135, 142 generation gap, social sciences 152 essential truth 134-6 gentes 103 ethnic identity 9 GNP, world 123 Ethnological Research 100-1 Gong Zizhen 34,35,39 ethnological theory 106 government agencies, research ethnologists 151 bodies 75--{, ethnology government officials, training 79 ethnic identification 91 governmental role, communes 79 minority nationalities 100-5 grain crops 76 European Community 121,123,124 Great Chinese Encyclopaedia 92 export-led development 78 Great Han chauvinism 7 Great Leap Forward 133 family economy, rural 69,81-2 Guang Xu, Emperor 30 family kinship 158-9 Guangming Ribao 118 family structures 102 Gaungxi 13 Fan Ruwei 15 Guangzhao 155 Fan Wenlan 3,8, 11,95 Guangzhou 13 Fei Xiaotong 90,91, 102, 154 Guangzhou Commune 53 Feng lunshi 97 Guiyang 100 Feng Lanrui 77 Guo Min Dang 49,51,52,57,59,60 Feng Youlan 35,40,41 Guo Moruo 3,11,52 feudalism 4, 11, 18, 30, 36 Guo-Ii Wen-Ti Yan-liu 114-27 changing 34 Gutian Conference 54 persistence 6--7, 15-16 field research, ethnology 101-2 First United Front 51 Han Chinese 7,9, 10, 12, 13,90, 95--{" Five Principles of Peaceful 99,107 Coexistence 126, 127 Harkness, Margaret 137, 138 Flaubert, G. 142 He lianzhang 69 flood control 30 He Long 60 folk poetry 143 He Zhaofa 151, 154 foreign affairs, research heroes, patriotic 7,8-9, 12, 2~30 institutes 12~30 hired labour, agriculture 69,80--1 164 Index historians 1-2, 151 international history 117 historical open system, socialist realism international law 126-7 as 140--1 international relations 114-27,149 historical progress 35 invasions, China 8 Historical Research 2 investment 58,69,79 historical truth 142 irrigation 30 historiography Islam 90 Gang of Four 14-15 Islamic nationalities 99, 100 Song Dynasty 9,1(}-18 history 83, 84 Japan 7,39,117,121,123,150 ethnic identification 91 Japanese 92 international 117 Japanese feudalism 6 Marxist framework 3--5 Jia Qing, Emperor 31 materialist conception 103 Jian Bojan 7 minority nationalities 93--100 Jiang Dachun 4,5 political 1 Jiang Jieshi 51,57 popular 32-3 Jiang people 96 reinterpretation 2 Jiangxi Soviet 55-6, 58, 60 study of progress 5-7 Jiaozhi 13 History Institutes, CASS 11 Jie people 96 Hong Kong 114, 155, 157, 158 Jindynasty 9,10,11,13,16,17,18 Hong Kong University 155 Jing Zhiben 29 Hongqi 67,73,118,124 Jingji Diaocha 79 Hongqi Philosophy of History Section 4 Jingji Guanli 79 Hou Wailu 41 Jingji Yanjui 79 households Jingjixue Zhoubao 77 contracted to collectives 81 Jinuo people 91 specialist 79, 80 Journal of Asian Studies 7 HuFeng 140 Journal of International Studies 114-27 Hu Yaobang 89, 135, 137 journals 79, 145, 152, 157 Huazhong Gongxueyuan 72, 73 Juno people 91 Caijing Xueyuan 77 Jurchen people 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 17 Hui people 8,9,90,99 Jurchen-Manchu 7 Hunan 48 Hunan Report 53--4 Kang Sheng 50, 59 hundred flowers 5, 133 Kang Xi, Emperor 29,30, 153 Hundred Regiments Offensive 58 Kazakhs 99 hundred schools 4, 17 Khitan people 8, 10, 11, 12, 17 Hungary 70 Korea 39 Hunu 9 Koreans 92 Kuomintang see Guo Min Dang ideological category, realism as 139-42 imperialism, Western 34 labour, hired 69 import-led development 78 labour theory of value 85 income distribution 75 land, collective ownership 81 India 95 Land Investigation Campaign 55 industrial strategy 75 land policy 59--60 Institute of History, CASS 14 landlords 6-7,16,34,36,55 Institute of International Studies 114, language, ethnic identification 90, 92 125 languages, minorities 89 Institute of Sociology 154 Lanzhou University 72 integration, minorities 9 Latin America 125 intellectual elite, Chinese 34-5 law of value 78 international diplomacy 123 leadership, Chinese 30 international economics 117 learning truth from facts 5 Index 165

Legalists 1 142 legitimacy 10 Maoism 14 Lenin, V.1. 2,5,51, 106, 131-2 Maoists 4, 134 Leonard,1.K. 28,153 marginal utility 85 Li tachao 50--1 marine force, Chinese 38 Li De 56 Maring, S. 51 Li Guihai 98, 100 maritime policy, Chinese 42 Li Hongzhang 36, 39 market forces 78 LiJiqian 9 Markov, D. 140--1 Li Kan 34 marriage 103-4 Li Lisan Line 54-5 Marx, K. 2,3,5,6,50,95, 103, 104, 105, Li Rui 48 106, 131, 150 LiShu 3 Marxism 50, 97 Li Vining 76 Mao Zedong 48-9 Liang Guang Rebellion 57 Marxism-Leninism 52,100 Liang Wensen 75 Marxist concepts 1 LiangXiao 1 Marxist ethnology 102-4 Liang Xiaobin 143 Marxist framework ethnological studies 106--8 ~iao dyna~ty 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18 hberahsatlon, China 28 history 3-5 Lin Biao 56,58,93, 115 social science 149-50 Lin Zexu 29,34,39,40 Marxist historiography 17 Lishi Yanjiu 2, 3-4, 8 Marxist poetics 131 Marxist theory, re-interpretation 84 L~hi yanjiu di lilun yu [angfa 4, 9 Literary Criticism 145 Marxists 4 materialism 35 I!terary !nquisition, Qing dynasty 31-2 materialist conception, history 103 hterary Journals 145 matriarchy 102, 103-4 literary scholars 151 May Fourth Period 48,49,50, 143 literary theory, Soviet 140--2 medieval cities 6 literature 59, 83, 84 merchants 6-7 revolutionary realism 131-45 methodological category, realism two slogans 57 as 139-42 Liu Danian 3 m!l!tary capability, Superpowers 122-3 L!u Guoguang 68,69,74,83,84 mIlItary reforms, Chinese 38 Lm Kwang-ching 2,3,7 Ming dynasty 9,42,99 Liu Shiaoqi 53,59,60 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 114, 125 Liu Xiaoyu 101 minorities, national 7-10,29-30, LoSiding 1 89-108, 150, 151 Lominadze 53 Minorities History Forum 8 Long March 56 minority languages 89 LuXun 57 Minzuxue yanjiu 100--1 Lukacs, G. 131 Mo Junching 9 Lunacharsky, A. 131 modern international law 126-7 modernisation 28,29,41,78, 117, 150--1 MaHong 68 Modernisers, Opium War reformers 32- Mackerras, C. 89, 149 42 Manchuria 13, 60 modernism, literature 141, 142-4 Manchus 8,34,90,93 Mongolia 13 MaoZedong 3,47,52,55-6,56,57,58, Mongols 7,8,10,91 59,60,61,79,145 monogamy 103 detente with USA 115 moralism, realist literature 144 early period ~9 Morgan, L. 102-3, 106, 150 foreign policy 116 Moslems 8,9 rural strategy 53-4 multipolarity, world affairs 121-7,149 views on literature 132, 134, 135-6, 166 Index

Nan Zhao people 9 People's Daily 67, 118 Nanchang Uprising 52 People's Liberation Army 125 Nanjing 99 Persia 7 Nankai University 155 phenomenal world 142 National Association of Sociology 154, philosophy 83 157 Pinxingguan, Battle of 57--8 national character 92 Pittsburgh University 155 National Constitution 79 planning, Stalinist 70 National Federation of Economic Plekhanov, G. V. 131 Associations 77 pluralism 5, 143 national heroes 7,8-9,29-30 poetic truth 142 national minorities 7-10,29,89-108, poetics, Marxist 131 150, 151 poetry 143 national unity, Chinese 97--8 policy formation 76,77-9, 151 Nationalities Research Institute 92 political dialogue, history as 32-3 nationality political leadership 30 definition 89-93, 101 politics, scholarship linked with 150 origin of 104-5 popular history 32-3 naturalism 135 population, ageing 75 Naxi people 102, 103-4, 107 population growth, China 30-1 neo-Confucianism 18 population research institutes 72 Newman 53 postgraduate students 156 Nineteenth Route Army 55 pre-socialist realism 140 Nong Zhigao 9,13 prices, agricultural 75 Nongye jingji Wenti 79 production responsibility system 75,81, North-South Dialogue 118, 119, 124 156 North-west Agricultural College 71-2 productive forces 2 Northern Expedition 52 profit rate, capital 78 Northern Song dynasty 10 progress, historical 5-7 Nothern Wei dynasty 96 promiscuity 103 noumena 142 psychological make-up, ethnic Nove, Alec 70 identification 92-3 Nu people 101 public works 30 Nurhachi 9 publications, economics 72 publishing 152 officialdom 6-7 open system, socialist realism as 140-1 QiSihe 41 Opium War 28,29-30,32-42 Qian Long, Emperor 31 Qin dynasty 99 pairing family 103 Qing dynasty 9, 10,28-43,99, 117 Parker, J.H. 2 Qu Qiubai 51-2,54,55,139 Party, research bodies 75-fJ Quanguo jingjixue Tuanti Tongxin 77 Party cadres 137 Party Congress, Sixth 53 race, nationality and 90-1 Party history, interpretations 47-fJl realism, literature 131-45, 150 patriotism 7,8,9, 12,29-30,33,40,41, realists 134, 135 107,150 Red Army 53, 54 peasant households 81 Red Flag 67,73,118,124 peasant incomes 75 religion, ethnic identification 90 peasant rebellions 2,6-7,11,14-17,17, Renmin Ribao 67, 118 98-100 research peasants 7,16,30,34,55 economics 68 Peng Dehuai 58, 60 role of economists 71-4 PengPai 54 research associations 76-7 Peng Xinwei 30 research bodies 75-fJ Index 167

research institutes 72,74-{), 129-30 slavery 11 research publishing 152 Snow, E. 48 research scholars, training 79 social mobility 156 Research Society on Marxism 50 social planning 158 Resolution on Chinese Communist Party Social Research in Guangzhon City 157 History 116 social science research institutes 74-{) revisionism 116 social sciences literature 140, 141 generation gap 152 revolutionary realism, literature 131-45 institutions 74-7 rice prices, historical 30,31 Marxist framework 149-50 rock paintings 29 study of minorities 89-93 Roman-Frankish society 6 social stratification 158-9 romanticism 133 socialism, Chinese path to 84 ronghe 95-7,108 socialist development, Chinese path 70 Rural Development Research Centre 76 socialist economic theory 69 rural strategy, Mao Zedong 53-4 socialist economies 150 Russia 6,7,34,39,40 socialist realism, literature 131-45 socialist realists 134, 135 San-yuan-li 37 socialist society 136 savagery 103 Society, The 157 scholarly elite, Chinese 34-5 Society for Song History Research 11 scholarship, Chinese Marxist 153 Sociology 157 science, Western 36,37-9 sociology 151-2 Second World 121-2 re-establishment 154-9 seeking truth from facts 4,47,57, 67 vulgar 138 Selected Papers on the History ofRelations Sociology Association of Guangzhon among China's Nationalities 94-5 City 157 semi-colonial status, China 37 Sociology Research 157 serfdom 6 Sociology Teaching Newsletter 157 Series on Modern Literature 145 Song dynasty 9,10-18 service undertakings, privately run 80 Song Shuhua 101 Shaan-Gan-Ning 58 Song Zhaolin 102, 103 Shan cultures 29 Shangdong 58,73,79 South China 13 Shangdong Academy 75 Southern Song dynasty 9, 10, 12 Shanghai 155 sovereignty 127 Shanghai University 157 Soviet Communist Party, Central Shanxi province 96 Committee 137 Shao Yiwu 138-9 Soviet Government 57 Shen Chuanjing 40 Soviet literary theory 140-2 Shenzhen 158 Soviet model of economics 83, 84 ShiJieZhiShi 114 Soviet Union 50,55,70,85, 121, 122-3, ShiTao 40 126, 136, 150, 158 Shiji Jingji 69, 150 Soviet Writers' Union 132-3 Shu Shuangbi 5 special economic zones 58, 156, 158 Shum, K.K. 47, 153 specialised households 79,80 Sichuan university 72 spiritual pollution campaign 83,144 single-child family policy 75 Stalin,J.V. 51,61,90-1,92,101,106, Sinicisation 96 107, 132, 140, 142 Sining 6 Stalinist planning system 70 Sinkiang 13 State Nationalities Affairs Sin

Su Shaozhen 143 74 SuXing 73 urban commerce, rise of 6 subjectivism, literature 141 usurers 6-7 Sui dynasty 97, 98 Sun Hongshang 72 Vietnam 13 Sun Yat-sen 51 Vietnam War 115, 119, 120, 123 Sun Yefang 69 Volkoff, A. 1 Sun Zomin 7,8 vulgar sociology 138 superpowers 118, 119, 121 military capability 122-3 wages system 78 surplus value, extraction 81 Wakeman, F. Jr. 1 walking marriage 103-4 Taiping revolutionaries 34,36,37,39, Wang Anshi 18 99 Wang Gungwu 1, 149, 150 Taiwan 17,39 Wang Guodong 90 Tang dynasty 97, 98 Wang Jiaxiang 60 Tangut people 10, 11, 12, 17 Wang Jingwei 51 tax system, alteration 78 Wang Ming 50,55,56,57,60 taxation 81 Wang Shiduo 31 teachers, training 79 Watson, A. 67, 150, 151, 152 teaching, role of economists 71-4 Wei Yuan 28,32-42 technology, Western 36,37-9 Wenxue pinglun 145 Theory and Method of Historical West Germany 123 Research 4 Western economics 69,85 Third World 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, Western Europe 6, 117, 118-20, 123 124-5, 126, 127 Western imperialism 34 Three Worlds theory 121-2 Western sociology 157 Thurston, A.F. 2 Westernisers, Opium War Tian Jizhou 8 reformers 37-42 Tian Xueyuan 75 White Lotus society 15 Tian jin 59, 155 Wickberg, E. 1-2 Tibet 13,89 work point system 75 Tibetans 7, 11, 13 workers, incentives 58 Tong Zhi, Emperor 31,33 World Affairs 114 tonghua 96,97,108 world affairs, multipolarity 121-7, 149 traditional international law 126-7 World Economics 150 training, economics 79 world history, laws 5-7 Trends in Contemporary Literature and Wu Yuanmai 138 Arts 145 WuZi 35 tribes 104 Wuhan 57 Trotsky, L. 51,131 8 Trotskyism 50 Wuhuan people 96 truth, essential and empirical 134-6 Tujue people 8 Xi Xia dynasty 9,10,11,13,17,18 Turkic 7 Xi'an City 72 Turks 8 Xian Feng, Emperor 31 28 Bolsheviks 60 Xianbei people 96 two slogans, literature 57 Xiaowen, Emperor 96 two-line struggle 1,47 Xinjiang 13,39,40,99, 100 typicality, literature 136-9 Xinwenxue luncong 145 Xiongnu people 8,9,96 Uighurs 11, 13,99, 107 Xu Dixin 68 UN Charter 127 XuGui 14 United Nations 72 Xu Jingya 143 United States 115,117,119--20,121, Xu Mouyong 57 122-3, 124, 150, 155, 156 Xue Muqiao 68 universities, economics research 72-3, Index 169

Yahuda, M.B. 114,149,153 Zhang Guotao 51 Yakub Beg 99,100 Zhang Liuzheng 75 Van Ruxian 101, 102, 103 Zhang Peigang 72-3 Yan'an 57 Zhang Wentian 60 Yang, C. K. 155 Zheng Feng Campaign 59 Yang Jianbai 69 Zhong Xiang 14, 15 Yang Shangkun 60 Zhongguo Baike Nianjian 76 Yang Yao 15 Zhongguo de baike guanshu 92 Yang-wu pai group 32-42, 117 Zhongguo Jingji Nianjian 76 Yao people 99 Zhongguo shaoshu minzu 92, 93 Yearbook of Chinese Historiography 5 Zhongguo Shigao 11-12,13 Yellow River 76 Zhongguo Tongshi 11-12,13 Yen'an 142 Zhongshan University 154,155,155-8 Yong Zheng, Emperor 30 Zhou Enlai 49,53,54,60,117,126 Yu Guangyuan 68,77 Zhou Piansheng 127 Yuan dynasty 9,10,11,13,16,42 Zhou Yang 57,135,139 Vue Fei 9,12 Zhou Yuanhe 30-1 Yunnan 11,13,91,102 Zhu Dawei 96--7 Zhuang people 9, 13,93-4,99 Zeng Guofan 36, 39 Zunyi Conference 56, 60 Zhan Wu 68 Zuo Zongtang 36,40,99