March 2004 ISSN 1020-3435 11 An information bulletin on Non- Products

EDITORIAL CONTENTS

or more than a decade, Non-Wood News has provided a forum to discuss themes 3 SPECIAL FEATURES that are influencing the environmentally friendly, economically viable and socially ¥ World Congress F equitable use of non-wood forest products (NWFPs). This issue of Non-Wood News - Final Statement is no different and contains a multitude of interesting information on NWFPs – from - NWFP side event: “Strengthening to tamshi, and from Bangladesh to Zambia. global partnerships to advance Having celebrated its tenth anniversary last year, this eleventh issue of Non-Wood News sustainable development of non- is looking ahead to a new decade of challenging activities promoting the sustainable use wood forest products” of NWFPs. What will be the challenges that will determine the debate in the coming years? - INBAR side event: “Resources, The original debate on NWFPs was initiated by some enthusiastic reports on the actual trade and market structure for and potential value of a wide variety of forest products other than wood/timber, which bamboo and rattan” resulted in the creation of new terms – “non-wood” or “non-timber” forest products ¥ Importance of NWFPs for food (NWFP/NTFP) – describing different plant or animal products used for subsistence or security commercialization. Over the years, these reports have been complemented by numerous - Contribution of forest insects to case studies showing not only the food security Ð caterpillars in important roles of NWFPs, but also the central Africa challenges these products and their users - Mopani worm in danger of are facing. extinction Last year, during a side event to the XII - Dehydrated peach palm nut is a on dietary option in Amazonia “Strengthening global partnerships to - Food for life: indigenous fruit- advance sustainable development of non- in southern Africa wood forest products” [See Special - NWFPs as food in India Features for more information], three major - Indigenous fruit-trees: Irvingia challenges for the NWFP sector were gabonensis and Dacryodes edulis identified: the “profound lack of information - Fruits comestibles de forêt vendus to realize the full benefits of NWFPs”; the sur les marchés du nord-est du NON-WOOD NEWS “lack of technical, financial, political and Gabon is compiled by Tina Etherington, Forest social capacity to influence policies and to - No need for iron supplement Ð eat Products Service of the FAO Forest Products generate information”; and the “lack of grewia fruits and Economics Division. Editorial support for this issue was provided by Paul Vantomme and protected rights to access and benefit from - Experts encourage rural people to Sven Walter; design, graphics and desktop NWFP resources”. plant fruit-trees publishing were coordinated by Tina Data on NWFPs indeed remain Etherington. rudimentary and are still not collected in a 12 NEWS AND NOTES systematic way. Reports on NWFPs often ¥ Bicycle made from Amazonian Non-Wood News is open to contributions by vegetable leather readers. Contributions may be edited to fit the focus on commercial products while the appropriate size and focus of the bulletin. description of subsistence uses often ¥ Botanical museum opens “The Gift If you have any material that could be remains anecdotal. Sound information is of the Nile” exhibition included in the next issue of Non-Wood News urgently needed in order to provide the ¥ Certification for the benefit of other readers, kindly send it, necessary information for decision-makers - Beyond timber: certification of non- before 15 January 2005, to: at all levels, such as producers, traders timber forest products NON-WOOD NEWS – FOPW FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla and politicians. - Benefit-sharing using certification 00100 Rome, Italy However, the NWFP sector cannot be - First FSC-certified non-timber E-mail: [email protected] seen as a coherent one. A quick Internet forest products from the Brazilian www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/nonwood.htm search resulted in 11 100 entries being Amazon found on NWFPs, 30 000 on NTFPs, but ¥ Commercializing NWFPs FAO home page: www.fao.org 25 000 on bushmeat and even 279 000 on - Identifying the “winners & losers” Articles express the views of their authors, not medicinal plants, two major NWFPs. It is - Commercialization of NTFPs in the necessarily those of FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this important to keep in mind that most experts Amazon publication do not imply the expression of any are working on their individual or ¥ Forestry Compendium 2003 edition opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and institutional specialities without being ¥ Global forum calls to curb illegal Agriculture Organization of the United Nations involved in the entire NWFP sector or even and promote responsible (FAO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or without putting their work into an overall forest investment concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or context. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ¥ International fellowship opportunity boundaries. partnerships, e.g. among research ¥ Journals institutions, private companies and - Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants ➧ ➧ 2

EDITORIAL CONTENTS government and non-governmental - World Bamboo and Rattan 66 ECONOOK organizations, still remain the exception - Nature and Environment Law Times ¥ 2003 IUCN Red List rather than the norm. Therefore, more ¥ Neem extracts to kill vegetable ¥ The state of the world’s ecosystems efforts are required from all of us to improve pests ¥ Fungal partners this interdisciplinary collaboration, which ¥ NTFPs revisited ¥ Alliance launches will lead to the sustainable use of NWFPs ¥ Sustainable development of rattan in expanded Eco-Index being promoted in a more effective way. ASEAN countries ¥ Africa Ð the most promising Better data on NWFPs are urgently ¥ The Southern African Natural ecotourism product in the world needed, but these data need to be Products Trade Association ¥ World Organization to demand-driven and user-friendly. Priorities ¥ Use of an essential oil against become specialized UN agency need to be set. What kind of information is dengue ¥ Amazonia: development without required? For whom? When? These ¥ Vasundhara destruction priorities should be decided together with ¥ Which biodiversity? ¥ Cross-border parks on the way the data users, who should be the ¥ Wildlife and poverty study ¥ Partnership for environmental stakeholders most closely involved in ¥ Women play a central conservation management NWFP use. Their capacities need to be role in Africa strengthened in order to help them to ¥ World Customs Organization 69 INTERNATIONAL ACTION collect and analyse the information they approves new bamboo and rattan ¥ FAO, Center for International require – be it on resources, markets or the customs codes on the basis of Forestry Research (CIFOR), legal framework. FAO/INBAR proposal International Centre for Himalayan However, the main driving force for the Biodiversity (ICHB) development of the NWFP sector will be 23 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS the benefits they provide to producers, ¥ Agarwood, Aguaje (Mauritia 74 RECENT EVENTS users and all the other stakeholders flexuosa), Bamboo, Bushmeat, involved in the production, trade and use Cupuaçu, Guarana, Honey, Lac, 77 FORTHCOMING EVENTS of NWFPs. Only by ensuring these Medicinal plants, Nuts, Tamshi benefits to the people involved will NWFPs 79 PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST be able to play an important role in the 41 COUNTRY COMPASS overall economic development and thus ¥ Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, 92 WEB SITES contribute to local livelihoods. The Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, China, challenge for us will be to find appropriate Czech Republic, Grenada, India, 95 READERS’ RESPONSE mechanisms to balance these benefits in Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, an adequate way among the different Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, interest groups; e.g. rural populations Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, without secured access to land, urban Peru, Philippines, Russian traders and multinational exporters and Federation, South Africa, Turkey, importers. All these, and many other Uganda, United Republic of stakeholders, are involved in the sector Tanzania, United States of America, and only if their various, and often Zambia conflicting, views can be balanced will the sustainable use of NWFPs be ensured. The FAO NWFP Programme will continue to promote the sustainable use of Non-wood forest products (NWFP) are goods NWFPs by improving methodologies, of biological origin other than wood, derived supporting institutional capacities, from , other wooded land and trees outside forests. Non-timber forest products strengthening global networks and (NTFP), another term frequently used to promoting best practices. Non-Wood cover this vast array of animal and plant News will remain one of our prime vehicles products, also includes small wood and to share information on all aspects fuelwood. However, these two terms are covering NWFPs and to provide an open used synonymously throughout this bulletin. Other terms, such as “minor”, “secondary” forum for its readers to exchange or “speciality” forest products, are information and to discuss these and sometimes used to keep original names other emerging issues. and/or titles.

Sven Walter

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 3 SPECIAL FEATURES

The Congress is impressed by the where sustainable is WORLD FORESTRY notable progress towards this end by profitable, where compensation CONGRESS development of principles and practice, mechanisms are established, and where concepts and tools; within global and the forest products operates The XII World Forestry Congress, held regional treaties and national programmes; competitively. from 21 to 28 September 2003 in Québec, through varied partnerships among HEALTHY FORESTS which supply the full Canada, attracted 4 061 participants from governments, international organizations, spectrum of products and services whilst more than 140 countries. A wide spectrum corporations, and non-governmental conserving soils, maintaining biodiversity, of issues was considered in the context of organizations; and in a variety of activities regulating climate, sequestering carbon; the Congress theme, “Forests, source of at the local level, notably those involving where forest fragmentation is decreasing, Life”, and under three programme areas: communities in ownership, decision- is reduced, degradation is Forests for people; Forests for the planet; making and management, increasing the halted, and forest cover is increasing. and People and forests in harmony. The scope for enhancing their livelihoods. RESPONSIBLE USE, where forest final statement represents the views of the At the same time, the Congress is resources are efficiently used and Congress, identifies areas of priority deeply disturbed that permanent forest processed, and where consumption is concern, and is intended to encourage loss and degradation, largely due to sustainable. decisions and action by those involved activities outside the forest sector, continue And where: with various aspects of forests and at an alarming level. If current threats to GOVERNANCE is participatory, forestry, and in other related sectors. forests continue, all human life will suffer. transparent and accountable; People in countries with low forest cover, management and decision-making are indigenous peoples and local communities decentralized, people are empowered, XII World Forestry Congress are particularly vulnerable. There is a need and partnerships flourish. FINAL STATEMENT to address the widening gap between INTERGOVERNMENTAL Forests, source of life present trends and the potential of forests DELIBERATIONS on forests have to contribute to the societal agenda, given advanced to action. “The subject of forests is related increasing demand for forest products and RESEARCH, and to the entire range of environmental services. CAPACITY BUILDING foster better and developmental issues and By harmonizing the needs of people and understanding: of forest benefits and opportunities ...” of the planet for forests, the world can dynamics, of the complex relationship (United Nations Conference on progress along the path of sustainable between ecosystems and human well- Environment and Development, 1992) development. But this harmonization being, and of the impacts of human cannot be achieved by the forest activities and management on forests. Forests are a source of life: for the community alone. Bridges must be built Congress participants are determined planet, and for its people. with other sectors of society and a variety to accelerate progress in closing the gap Québec, Canada of actors. between the present situation and the 28 September 2003 The Congress calls on everyone for long-term vision outlined above. This is in urgent and deep commitment to sustain the collective interest of all. We recognize this long-term process. that forests exist within larger landscapes, Final Statement We envision a future with: are vitally connected to other sectors, and All societies are dependent on forests SOCIAL JUSTICE, where poverty is that they cannot be treated as enclaves in and trees, and have responsibilities for alleviated, livelihoods sustained, food and an interdependent biosphere. biodiversity, climate regulation, clean air, fuelwood secured, tenure rights and To realize this vision, Congress soil and water conservation, food ownership recognized, and access to participants highlight the following security, wood and non-wood products, resources assured; where rights and prerequisites: energy services, medicines and cultural benefits for forest workers are enhanced, ¥ sustained political commitment and values. gender equity is attained, intergenerational adequate financing; The Congress is convinced that the equity is pursued, and where access to ¥ a strong, responsible forest sector; needs of the planet and its people can be education, training and health services is ¥ bridges with other actors and sectors; harmonized, and that forests have guaranteed, traditional knowledge is ¥ sustained and more effective enormous potential to make a vital respected, and peace prevails. international cooperation; contribution to environmental security, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, where the full ¥ policies based on best available poverty alleviation, social justice, value of renewable and environmentally science and information; enhancement of human well-being, friendly forest products and services is ¥ competencies to address issues of equity for present and future generations. recognized and leads to a flow of benefits, complexity and multiple objectives;

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 4 SPECIAL FEATURES

¥ recognition of the considerable capital Reform education curricula to address Statement. The Congress also requests of culture, knowledge and good interdisciplinary dimensions, as well as that they promote these strategies with practice of indigenous peoples and global and regional considerations. related professional communities and local communities; Realize the potential synergy between organizations in other sectors, in order to ¥ management of forests and trees at traditional and scientific knowledge. consolidate resources and efforts in local and regional scales, interfacing Increase investment in research, realizing these goals. with human settlements, dissemination of information, and The Congress requests FAO to present systems, non-wood forest resources learning processes that underpin all an assessment of progress on the and other natural resources systems. these strategies. strategies outlined in this Statement to Congress participants commit MANAGEMENT the XIII World Forestry Congress and, in themselves, and urge the world Develop and disseminate methodologies the interim, promote the statement community, to actively pursue the above for assessing, reporting and managing through other relevant fora. prerequisites and to accelerate progress the complete array of forest products. The Congress expresses its sincere through promotion of the following Promote the reconciliation of uses and appreciation and gratitude to Natural strategies and actions: activities for adding value to forest goods Resources Canada and to Ministère des POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL and and services. Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS Improve watershed management, des Parcs du Québec, who together have Formulate and enforce legislation that intensify forest landscape restoration and formed the host institution, as well as to relates to sustainable forest management. rehabilitation activities: to support FAO and all the people and organizations Recognize and respect the rights of livelihoods, increase forest cover, who have made this Congress possible. owners, indigenous peoples, users and enhance biological diversity and The Congress invites Canada to workers; and protect cultural values. functionality, and minimize the impact of promote this Statement to relevant Establish effective governance invasive alien species. bodies, in order to achieve the arrangements for ensuring meaningful Promote planted forests and planting commitment required at all levels for participation and equitable sharing of of trees outside forest systems, including pursuing this vision. benefits, and for facilitating a diversity of in urban areas, which make a contribution models conferring tenure and access to to sustainable development. NWFP side event at the World Forestry resources reflecting local context. Prevent, manage and combat forest Congress Develop forest policies and implement fires, and restore forestlands as The NWFP side event “Strengthening programmes to reduce deforestation and appropriate. global partnerships to advance in coherence and MONITORING sustainable development of non-wood synergy with policies of related sectors. Foster mutual recognition of criteria and forest products” took place on Encourage positive incentives and indicator processes and certification 20 September 2003 and was an official discontinue incentives that are schemes, which include social, cultural, side event to the World Forestry impediments. environmental and economic dimensions Congress, held in Québec City in PARTNERSHIPS of sustainable forest management. September 2003. It was organized by the Draw upon the energy and talent of youth Develop tools for better monitoring, International Union of Forestry Research in pursuing sustainable forest assessing and reporting on the state of Organizations (IUFRO), the Center for management. forests and on achieving the balance International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Encourage collaborative partnerships between the needs of people and the and the Food and Agriculture involving women, forest owners, planet. Organization of the United Nations (FAO indigenous peoples, non-governmental Congress participants resolve to Non-Wood Forest Products Programme). organizations, local communities, industry pursue the above vision and strategies The day-long event was the and public agencies. with renewed vigour and commitment culmination of a global dialogue among Foster active international and regional to ensure that forests make a strong stakeholders. An electronic-consultation partnerships, including those between contribution to achieving the Millennium took place for approximately three public and private institutions. Development Goals and other months in early 2003; and the discussion RESEARCH, EDUCATION and internationally agreed targets. themes formed the basis for further CAPACITY BUILDING The Congress invites all governments, exploration and discussion. Implement comprehensive education and related agencies, professional Two working groups explored issues extension programmes designed to organizations, private companies and and developed recommendations promote at all levels and cooperatives, communities and individuals relevant to themes of the World Forestry strengthen positive behaviour and attitudes to urgently, and with full commitment, Congress – “Forests for people” and towards forests. pursue the vision and strategies of this “Forests for the planet”.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 5 SPECIAL FEATURES

QUÉBEC DECLARATION ON: STRENGTHENING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS TO ADVANCE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS XII World Forestry Congress side event, 20 September 2003

The full-day side event was organized and organizations, develop and by the International Union of Forestry implement policies and legislation to Research Organizations (IUFRO, provide secure access and benefits to Group 5.11 Non-Wood Forest the people whose livelihoods are Products), the Center for International dependent on or supplemented by non- Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the wood forest products. Food and Agriculture Organization of Recommendation 2b. The participants the United Nations (FAO Non-Wood recommend that governments, with Forest Products Programme) and was There are important opportunities to assistance from concerned agencies attended by approximately 50 manage forests for multiple purposes and organizations, ensure that participants from around the world.The and products that will increase forest stakeholders, particularly collectors, objectives of the meeting were: to values. growers and traders, are provided identify and prioritize emerging issues incentives to sustainably manage for the development of the NWFP Issue 1. There is a profound lack of the NWFP resources. sector; and to draw the attention of the information necessary to realize the full World Forestry Congress and forest benefits of NWFPs for individual, Issue 3. Individuals, communities and resources decision-makers to key community and national well-being; institutions generally lack the technical, policy and research recommendations decision-makers, forest managers and financial, political and social capacity to for the years ahead. resource users alike lack information influence policies and generate Background documents were about economic, ecological and social information necessary to manage and prepared based on the outcome of a characteristics of NWFPs and their monitor NWFP resources effectively. pre-Congress global e-consultation uses. Recommendation 3a. The participants process along the themes: Recommendation 1a. The participants recommend that governments, with Commercialization: a reality check; of the side event on NWFPs of the WFC assistance from concerned agencies Linking NWFP management with recommend that government efforts be and organizations, support livelihood development; and strengthened to conduct research and programmes and projects to build Institutional and policy dimensions.The generate, compile and disseminate individual, institutional, and three background papers and information and statistics to key community-based capacity to manage participant contributions were stakeholders on NWFP resources and NWFPs through multistakeholder presented and discussed in plenary, their socio-economic and ecological participation. followed by group discussions along values. Recommendation 3b. The participants the World Forestry Congress (WFC) Recommendation 1b. The participants recommend that governments and themes: Forests for the planet; and recommend that governments and research agencies give priority to Forests for people. development agencies support research and the development and education and public awareness dissemination of management RATIONALE programmes for NWFP conservation practices to be integrated into NWFPs are of growing importance in and sustainable use. multipurpose forest and agroforest both the North and the South.There is resource management. increasing evidence of this importance Issue 2. Lack of protected rights to in the North. access and benefit from NWFP These statements and NWFPs are harvested from wild to resources can adversely affect their recommendations are supported by intensively managed systems. conservation and sustainable use and documents and summaries of the side NWFP uses, users and production discourage investment in the resource. event produced by contributors and approaches change over time, and are Recommendation 2a. The participants participants of the side event and e- significant at all levels of society, from recommend that governments, with consultation and will be found at: local to global. assistance from concerned agencies www.sfp.forprod.vt.edu

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 6 SPECIAL FEATURES

The results of the side event, coupled with Contribution of caterpillar collection the discussion documents of the e- to livelihood security consultation formed the basis for the Québec About 85 percent of the population of the declaration on non-wood forest products. Central African Republic consume The Declaration identifies the major issues caterpillars, the rate in rural areas being and provides recommendations for actions slightly higher than in urban areas. that would enhance the integration of Investigations in the Democratic Republic NWFP/NTFPs into forest management, of the Congo show that 70 percent of the research, development and conservation. respondents eat caterpillars. The harvesting of caterpillars is a For more information, please contact: periodic activity in the rainy season. The Jim Chamberlain (IUFRO), Research IMPORTANCE OF NWFPS caterpillars are preserved by sun-drying Scientist, Coordinator, Research Group FOR FOOD SECURITY or smoking. Regional diets have a wide 5.11 (Non-Wood Forest Products), range of methods of consuming insects, IUFRO US Forest Service, SRS-4702 [Please also see the section on Bushmeat alive or dried, as side dishes or 1650 Ramble Road, Blacksburg, under Products and Markets.] sometimes as snacks. Caterpillars are VA 24060, USA. Contribution of forest insects to food eaten as a delicacy but are a planned E-mail: [email protected]; security – caterpillars in central Africa part of the daily diet according to the Brian Belcher, Senior Scientist, Forest Since ancient times, insects have seasonal availability. Even if in principle and Livelihoods Program (CIFOR), represented an important part of nutrition they are not to be considered as a PO Box 6596, JKPWB Jakarta, in many cultures, e.g. in Mexico and in substitute to meat from livestock, people 10065 Indonesia. many Asian and African cultures. All over rely more on caterpillars and other E-mail: [email protected]; the world insects are consumed as a available insects when bushmeat and fish Paul Vantomme, Forestry Officer, daily dietary supplement, an occasional supplies decline in the rainy season and Non-Wood Forest Products, Forest delicacy or a substitution product in times their market prices are rising. Products and Economics Division, of food shortages, droughts, floods, war The intensity of caterpillar consumption Forestry Department, FAO, Rome, Italy. etc. Today, delicacies made from insects and species preferences depends on E-mail: [email protected]; or can also be found on restaurant menus in culinary traditions. In the Central African visit: www.sfp.forprod.vt.edu/discussion/ a few European countries, such as Republic, for instance, people living close France and Belgium. to forests prefer among others Imbrasia INBAR side event at the World Edible insects should be considered truncata, Nudaurelia oyemensis and Forestry Congress more seriously as a potential in the efforts Imbrasia obscura. In some cultures The side event “Resources, trade and to improve food security and to alleviate traditional restrictions exist for market structure for bamboo and rattan” poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. FAO notes consumption patterns. Some was organized by the International that in particular it is the very poor who Cameroonian tribes, for example, Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) harvest insects and other NWFPs, and withheld caterpillars from dignitaries or on 21 September. The workshop was that gathering activities are usually more wealthy social classes. attended by approximately 25 participants carried out by women. and consisted of plenary presentations Realizing the need to raise more Nutritional values. One case study gives followed by discussions. FAO’s Paul awareness on the potential of edible a good overview of the nutritional values Vantomme chaired the morning session insects in livelihood strategies of forest- of various caterpillar species and and presented two papers, one on the use dependent people, FAO’s NWFP basically confirms the empirical of bamboo poles for construction and the Programme initiated a review in 2002 knowledge of local people in a scientific other on the perceived imbalance between aiming at documenting their significance way. The average nutritional proportions supply and demand for rattan. in the central African region. This article of 24 fresh caterpillar species There were presentations/discussions mainly outlines some of the results of investigated are (based on dry matter): on how to improve country statistics on the case studies commissioned to local 63.5 ± 9.0 percent proteins and 15.7 ± 6.3 production and trade in bamboo and rattan experts in Cameroon, the Central African percent fat, resulting in an energy value products, as well as to further improve Republic, the Republic of the Congo of 457 ± 32 kcal/100 g. By comparison global reporting on the status and trends of (Brazzaville) and the Democratic with beef and fish, the insects’ high bamboo and rattan resources. Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa). The proportion of these nutrients and thus The proceedings of this meeting have focus is mainly on caterpillars as they are their high energy value is obvious. been published in the Journal of Bamboo very common insects in forests and can Insect proteins tend to be low in and Rattan, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2003. be easily gathered. specific amino acids, e.g. methionine

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 7 SPECIAL FEATURES

and cysteine, and very high in others, are bartered for food, clothes, household effect of harvesting the pests. A particularly lysine and threonine. utensils, cigarettes, alcohol or machetes. characteristic example is the plentiful Depending on the species, they are rich The pygmies of the Central African occurrence of Augosoma centaurus and in different minerals (e.g. K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Republic, for example, are still Rhynchophorus phoenicis on Raphia

P, Fe) and/or vitamins (e.g. thiamine/B1, accustomed to bartering. sese and . Even if there riboflavin/B2, pyridoxine/B6, pantothenic There is also a significant transborder is often severe damage to these plants, acid, niacin). Research shows that 100 g trade in edible insects among all the the extensive harvesting of the grubs of cooked insects provide more than 100 countries in the central African region, but contributes to maintaining natural plant percent of the daily requirements of the also with the Sudan and Nigeria and, on a regeneration. The question is often respective vitamins/minerals contained. smaller scale, as exports to France and raised as to whether the increased The daily consumption of 50 g dried Belgium. France and Belgium annually harvesting of insects for food might serve caterpillars meets the human needs of import respectively about 5 tonnes and 3 as a form of biological pest control. Such riboflavin and pantothenic acid as well as tonnes of dried Imbrasia sp. from the a practice might result in the reduction of 30 percent of niacin. Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the pesticide use as well as creating new Owing to the high nutritional value, in case of Belgium, the quantity exported is economic opportunities for local people. some regions flour made of caterpillars is valued at some US$41 500, Harvesting caterpillars is often carried mixed to prepare a pulp which is given to corresponding to an average price of out in a non-destructive way by picking children to counter malnutrition. Species US$13.83 per kilogram. them by hand. However, in some cases, that are particularly rich in protein (e.g. cutting down host trees is widespread; Imbrasia epimethea, Imbrasia dione, and lopping large branches has an Antheua insignata), calcium (e.g. adverse effect as it predestines trees for Tagoropsis flavinata) or iron (e.g. Cinabra afterwards. In this way, harvesting hyperbius) are given to anaemic people, caterpillars can contribute to forest or to pregnant and breastfeeding women. destruction. Several other species have an important On the other hand, forest degradation role in traditional medicine. has negative impacts on insect populations. It can be assumed that the Income generation. Caterpillars are disappearance of certain host tree widely available in local village markets, species may in the long term be followed while some of the favourite species do by a gradually decreasing supply of some reach urban markets and restaurants. Linkages between forest resources insect species, particularly those The commercialization of alive or dried and insect populations dependent on specific host plants. Tree larvae takes place either directly between Several caterpillar species are known to species disappear, for instance, because producer (gatherer) and consumer or, defoliate trees as they develop at the of selective logging as in the case of more frequently, through one or more beginning of the rainy season by feeding high-value timber species such as sapelli intermediaries (wholesalers, retailers) on fresh leaves. therefore often (Entandrophragma angolense). who significantly mark up prices. Direct consider caterpillars as pests. The Another serious problem is bush fires as well as indirect commercialization is defoliation causes a temporarily confined which disturb both habitats and insect practised in a very traditional, informal growth but the trees usually respond by populations. For instance, the extensive way and is usually carried out by women producing a second crop of leaves. The use of fire for hunting game and more and children. For the majority of insects’ attack, if it is not an irregular frequently to catch bush rats has a merchants, dealing in caterpillars is not outbreak, generates only weak significant negative impact on the forest their main activity but supplements their permanent damage to the host plants in habitat. It may result in reduced survival sales of other foodstuffs such as fish, the dense moist forest zone. The possibilities for highly favoured edible nuts, manioc or other vegetables. application of chemicals in these forests caterpillars, while at the same time other Merchants may occasionally organize to control caterpillar outbreaks is insect populations (e.g. non-edible themselves into formal associations to therefore non-existent. beetles) may increase. A very interesting facilitate such logistic activities as renting However, caterpillars do have a aspect is the positive feedback of a car to transport insects to markets. In negative impact when feeding on farm caterpillar harvesting on the frequency of Zimbabwe, a well-established formal crops. Pest control of caterpillars is bush fires in Zambia. This research found marketing system for the usually carried out by applying huge that there have been of late very few fires commercialization of Imbrasia belina amounts of chemicals, thus killing the in those areas where people were already exists. Although most caterpillars insects and making them unsuitable for harvesting caterpillars as the villagers are sold for cash, in some regions they human consumption. There is a positive were aiming to protect the insects.

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Deforestation may indirectly alter local villagers, who say there is no regulatory advised to introduce by-laws to manage microclimates in the short term and does system to control the mopani caterpillar harvesting as well as to safeguard the contribute to climate changes in the long business that has become a source of environment and the caterpillars’ habitat, term, which disrupts the life cycles of the livelihood for hundreds of people from most councils in Matabeleland South insects. For instance, drought might within and outside Matobo district. “That have yet to implement such regulations. become a problem, causing among other [threat] is because people from outside Knowell Dube, the Matabeleland South negative impacts the disappearance of the district have been overexploiting the provincial natural resources officer, said host plants and the corresponding edible resource without considering that the that authorities in the province were insect species, and/or an invasion and caterpillars need to regenerate every aware of the destruction of habitat and proliferation of other (non-edible) species. year. Such people care more about the were attempting to come up with The case studies and other profits they derive from the resource than solutions. “We are working with a number investigations show that research on its sustainability,” Mathathu said. The of councils to form local groups that will caterpillars is not only recommended villager, who is from the Manyane area of monitor the harvesting and protect the because of their contribution to local Matobo district, added: “Even the prime trees. The theory is that, given incentives livelihoods but also because of the amacimbi-producing parts of the district such as exclusive harvesting permits, mutual influence of caterpillar production still do not have the caterpillars despite villagers can take better care of their and forest/woodland management. the rains this year. We fear they may not trees and protect the mopani worm from (Contributed by: Daniela Göhler, appear next year.” overharvesting. But we need regulatory volunteer with FAO’s NWFP Programme; Villagers say that the steady decline in support from the councils to achieve this.” written under the supervision of NWFP the supply of amacimbi began three (Source: The Daily News [Harare], 27 Coordinator Paul Vantomme. The years ago when groups of women from May 2003.) complete study and results of Daniela’s Bulawayo and Harare began invading the work will be published shortly by FAO’s area to buy the mopani worms, leading to NWFP Programme as a Working Paper.) overharvesting of the delicacy. Traders from Zimbabwe’s main urban areas Mopani worm in danger of extinction export the caterpillars to Botswana, the For Anna Mathathu, it is Democratic Republic of the Congo, South incomprehensible that the protein-rich Africa and Zambia. The caterpillars were mopani caterpillar could be facing initially taken to the Democratic Republic extinction in the Matabeleland region of of the Congo in 1998, where they were an Zimbabwe if urgent steps are not taken to instant hit, with Botswana, Mozambique, conserve its habitat. All her life, the 56- South Africa and Zambia also becoming year-old villager has relied on the major consumers. seasonal delicacy to supplement her The absence of regulations or meagre diet. But it has become obvious legislation to control the harvesting of the to her, and countless other residents of mopani worms has made it impossible for Dehydrated peach palm nut is a dietary Matobo district Ð located about 70 km rural communities in Matabeleland to limit option in Amazonia south of Bulawayo Ð that unless the trade in the delicacy, some villagers The consumption of manioc meal and fish conservation strategies are adopted, the told The Daily News. is the customary diet of the people of mopani caterpillar will not accompany Canaan Ncube, a ward development Amazonia. It would difficult to imagine future rains as it has done for decades. committee member in the Donkwe area, how this custom might be substituted. The delicacy is known to the Ndebele- said that the harvesting of amacimbi had However, new processing technologies speaking people of Matabeleland as become so commercialized that the are slowly changing the Amazonian diet. amacimbi, to the Kalanga as mahonja or mopani tree, the caterpillars’ habitat and Diverse native products may be mashonja and to the Shona as madora. source of food, was endangered every conserved in a dehydrated form. A project Encased in a tough and spiky skin that rainy season. “People fell down decades- developed by researcher Jerusa de protects its nutritional flesh, the mopani old mopani trees just to get a kilogram of Souza Andrade of the National Institute caterpillar has gained popularity as a immature caterpillars,” he noted. “In the for Amazonian Research (INPA) is delicacy in the countries of southern and process, the habitat is destroyed and studying the possibility of dehydrating the central Africa. To the rural communities of once the immature caterpillars are peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) nut Matabeleland, where it thrives, it has harvested, there is no hope of others (pupunha), a process which improves its become an important source of food. reappearing in the same area.” nutritional value. However, a brisk trade in the delicacy Although local authorities in whose The dehydration process concentrates is threatening its survival and worrying areas the caterpillars thrive have been the nutrients and allows the product to be

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 9 SPECIAL FEATURES

stored at room temperature, facilitating NWFPs as food in India dwellers depend on forests for 25 to 50 transport and is an ideal technology for a The following has been extracted from a percent of their annual food requirements. region as vast as Amazonia. The final recent paper, by A.K. Bhattacharya, V.K. The specific objectives of the study product is similar in texture to the Sinha and Piyusha Tiwari of the Indian included: analysis of the consumption ubiquitous manioc meal. (Source: Institute of Forest Management, entitled pattern of NWFPs among the Baiga PTG Amazon News, 10 April 2003.) “Seasonal availability and consumption in different seasons; analysis of the food pattern of NWFPs as food among the intake of the Baiga tribe; and identification [Further information on the peach palm can be Baiga Primitive Tribe Group of Dindori of the NWFPs that play an important role found at: www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/ District of Madhya Pradesh, India”. in food availability during the different peach-palm.html] seasons. NWFPs constitute an integral component of food for the communities dependent on Results and discussion forests. The role of NWFPs becomes ¥ Food (agricultural produce) availability FOOD FOR LIFE: INDIGENOUS more significant for less agriculture- in different seasons FRUIT-TREES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA dependent communities with small Agricultural crops such as maize, kodo, landholdings residing in remote forest kutki and ramtila are grown in the area. This paper looks at the status and villages. In order to assess the role of The inadequate irrigation infrastructure contribution of indigenous fruit-trees NWFP-based food habits of such restricts farmers to the kharif crop only. (IFTs) to food security in southern communities, a preliminary study was The villagers’ landholdings are small (2 to Africa, and reviews and assesses the carried out in one of the most forest- 3 acres per household) and the average physical situation of IFTs in the dependent tribes of India, i.e. Baigas. This family size is six. Maize and chirota bhaji miombo woodland. It contains study was carried out with people of the (NWFPs) form the staple diet of the information on use and trade of IFTs, Baiga Primitive Tribe Group (PTG) living villagers and are consumed throughout and on biological developments in in remote “Chadha” village of Dindori the year. Food availability declines during domestication and dissemination. It district of Madhya Pradesh. the summer and at the onset of the rainy covers processing and marketing and Since time immemorial people, season. This is the time of the year when explores avenues for the future of IFTs. especially tribals, have been dependent villagers are most dependent on forest The paper was produced in 2003 by on the forests for various valuable food to meet the shortfall in agricultural the FAO Subregional Office for biological resources such as timber, produce and the family’s food Southern and East Africa (SAFR). fuelwood, food resources, medicines and requirements. other extracts, many of which have no ¥ NWFP availability in different seasons For more information or to request replacement by modern cultivation Fifty-three NWFPs are reported as being copies, please contact: options. NWFPs play an important collected by the villagers in Chadha (not Mr Michel Laverdière, Forestry biological and social role in local food including fish). Out of these, 46 are used Conservation Officer, SAFR, systems for the people living in and for domestic consumption, with the PO Box 3730, Harare, Zimbabwe. around forests as they depend heavily on remaining NWFPs being collected for E-mail: [email protected] forest resources to meet their day-to-day sale. NWFPs such as sal seeds, tendu requirements. The communities living in leaves and harra are collected by the the close vicinity of forests are especially villagers and sold to the Forest dependent for their livelihood needs and Department. Some NWFPs are also sold food security. NWFPs are most in the open market after domestic extensively used to meet dietary shortfalls consumption has been met. The and to supplement the household income collection period and quantity depend on during particularly lean seasons. Many the availability of the NWFP. Most agricultural communities suffer from species are available from March to July, seasonal food shortages, generally the maximum being available in June known as “hunger periods”. These (62.78 percent), followed by May commonly occur at the time of the year (44.18 percent), April (41.86 percent) when stored food supplies have dwindled and July (41.86 percent). and new crops are only just arriving. Out of the total NWFPs consumed, During this period the consumption of 49 percent are consumed as fruits, NWFPs increases. In many Indian states, 26 percent as leaves, 16 percent as especially Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh rhizomes and 5 percent as the entire and Himchal Pradesh, 80 percent of forest plant.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 10 SPECIAL FEATURES

Conclusion For more information, please contact: NWFPs form an integral part of the food Mr Edouard Kengni, Humid Tropics of intake of the Baiga tribe. Some NWFPs Western and Central Africa, World such as mushrooms and chirota leaves Agroforestry Centre, PO Box 2067 are stored and consumed throughout the (Messa), Yaoundé, Cameroon. year. The consumption of mushrooms to Fax: +237 223 7440; a large extent depends upon availability e-mail: [email protected] in the area, while other NWFPs are collected and consumed from March to Fruits comestibles de forêt vendus sur les Most of the NWFPs, other than September. After the kharif crop is marchés du nord-est du Gabon mushrooms and leaves, are collected harvested, not much emphasis is laid on Les forêts du nord-est sont également from March to June. Villagers go deep NWFP collection, partly because of low riches en fruits comestibles comme la inside the forests and cover long availability and partly because of the plupart des forêts du Gabon. Nous distances, ranging from 2 to 5 km, to availability of agricultural crops. Chirota donnons ci-dessous quelques fruits collect NWFPs. Some NWFPs, such as leaves and mushrooms form an important comestibles vendus sur les marchés de chirota bhaji and gular, primarily used for part of the diet throughout the year, and Makokou; ville située à 10 km de la consumption, are found in adequate their consumption does not decline station de recherche d’Ipassa où nous quantities in and around villages. Some significantly with the seasonal availability avons effectué la plupart de nos NWFPs are consumed mainly as leaves, of agricultural produce. The leaves of observations de terrain, il y a plus d’une for example, chirota, pepal, dhoodia, dhoodia, bhramrakas, sarota and kachar quinzaine d’années. saroota and kanjari. These are collected are only consumed during the rainy Les populations de Makokou (Fang, from June to September when the leaves season. NWFPs such as khamar, Bakota, Bakwélé) consomment les fruits are new and young. Chirota leaves are kachnar, bhilwa, goolar and aam are de forêt dès que ceux-ci arrivent à collected from July to September and consumed as fruit from March to June, maturité. La saison des récoltes est brève dried and stored for consumption depending upon availability. (Contributed chaque année (quelques semaines). Les throughout the year. Rhizomes of a few by: Dr Ajoy K. Bhattacharya, IFS, fruits sont consommés de deux species, such as kanhaya kand, birar kand Associate Professor, Indian Institute manières: soit sous forme de pulpe, soit and kadukand, are collected and Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, sous forme de graine. Les fruits à graines consumed throughout the year. Post Box 357, Bhopal 462003, India; comestibles sont les moins nombreux sur Mushrooms (“pehri” in the local dialect) fax: +91 755 772878; e-mail: le marché, tandis que ceux à pulpe are collected by the villagers from July to [email protected] or [email protected]) comestible dominent les étales des August. Their consumption depends upon marchés à partir de septembre à août. the quantity collected. Indigenous fruit-trees: Irvingia gabonensis Si les fruits à pulpe comestible sont les The average collection period per and Dacryodes edulis plus nombreux, force est de constater household varies from species to species Edouard Kengni advises that he has que ceux-ci sont beaucoup moins and also depends upon the availability in successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis at présents sur les marchés tout au long de a particular year. In a good production the University of Yaoundé in Cameroon. l’année, comme c’est le cas pour les year the period extends to two months for His thesis was on “Food value of fruits fruits à graines comestibles qui sont some species such as mushroom, from indigenous fruit-trees in the Lowland représentatifs à cause de leur mode de mango, lorangi kand, birar kand, chirota Humid Tropics of West and Central traitement mis au point par les bhaji and kachhar bhaji. The average Africa: case of Irvingia gabonensis and populations locales pour mieux les collection period for the majority of the Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon”. conserver aussi longtemps que possible. NWFPs is 10 to 30 days. The average total quantity of NWFPs collected per household per year is around 558.8 kg. Mango is the product collected in the maximum quantity (40 kg per household per year), followed by chirota bhaji (35 kg per household per year) and maruha (30 kg per household per year). Most NWFPs are consumed cooked (46.5 percent), others raw (34.9 percent), while the remainder are consumed both raw and cooked.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 11 SPECIAL FEATURES

Nom scientifique Famille Noms vernaculaires Partie utilisée Anonidium mannii Annonaceae Yinda, money, libanga Pulpe Antrocaryon klaineanum Anacardiaceae Osongongo, mungongubogu, onzabili Pulpe Coula edulis Olacaceae Coula, mugumunu, ogula, éwumi, ingomba Graine Dacryodes klaineana Burseraceae Nomeba, abatom, muninga Pulpe Gambeya lacourtiana Sapotaceae Obambo, mobami, mumbampfu, bébambé Pulpe Irvingia gabonensis Irvingiaceae Andok, oba, uba, wiba, mubè, mwiba, ondimba Graine Panda oleosa Pandaceae Ovanda, afan, ovaga, nkuba Graine Pseudospondias longifolia Anacardiaceae Andok, musungubali, ikongo, iposu Graine Scyphocephalium ochocoa Myristicaceae Sorro, ossoko, nsoko, otchoko, issombo Graine Trichoscypha abut Anacardiaceae Owura, lebuta, mumbundu-kenga Pulpe Trichoscypha acuminata Anacardiaceae Anvout, oléla, owura, elola Pulpe

Ainsi, on note par exemple que les oranges, with up to 74 mg per 100 g expect millions of Uganda’s poor in the graines de Scyphocephalium ochocoa edible portion. The iron in the fruit juice, in rural areas to be their allies by planting (forme de poudre), de Panda oleosa particular, is noted for being much more many trees. Some 80 percent of (poudre) ou celles d’Irvingia gabonensis easily assimilated than manufactured Ugandans (approximately 19 million (graines et forme de pain) sont présentes forms of iron. The fruit is also rich in people) live in rural areas. sur les marchés locaux pendant l’année. carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, A survey carried out by ICRAF recently and low in fat and sodium. showed that 52.6 of households in Pour plus d’informations contacter: In spite of its potential, which is well Uganda had not planted any trees during Dr Henri Bourobou Bourobou, Institut recognized, wild shrubs are continuously the previous 12 months. This was mainly de Recherche en Écologie tropicale, exploited to meet the increasing demand. due to the limited access to quality BP 13354, Libreville, Gabon. A plant that is easy to cultivate and tolerant planting material. Most households Télécopie: +241 7325 78; to harsh conditions deserves more reported that they had no tree seedlings mél.: [email protected] research and development efforts than it to plant. The report also reveals that 10 has so far received. There is an urgent percent of formerly arable land had been No need for iron supplement – eat need to study the growth, development degraded owing to overcultivation and grewia fruits and utilization of G. tenax more that abandoned land is increasing at the Grewia tenax is a tropical bushy tree with comprehensively to facilitate the rate of 3 percent every year. rounded, pendulous fruits, 5 to 10 mm improvement of this species for the benefit The experts say that fruit- across. Fruits change gradually from of humankind in the future. has a huge potential given that there are green to bright red when quite ripe. The A joint project is being launched currently more than 1 000 species of fruit- firm, fleshy layer surrounding the stone is between the Arid Land Research Center, trees in the Tropics that are still in the edible and is relished by children and Tottori University, Japan and the wild. These, they say, can be adults alike. Its fruit juice is regarded as a Agricultural Research Corporation, the domesticated and turned into products. great thirst-quencher, especially during Sudan to address these topics. We Some fruit-trees from the wild have the hot months from March to July. A thin welcome any inputs from those who have already been used to produce high-value porridge (nesha), prepared by boiling fruit experience with this species. (Contributed products. The shea nut tree produces pulp and millet flour is given to pregnant by: Dr Kamal El-Siddig, Visiting Associate butter which is a major ingredient in high- and lactating women to improve their Professor, Arid Land Research Center, quality cosmetics and foods, and the health and milk production. Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori amarula is a major ingredient in high- And now we know why grewia fruit is 680-0001, Japan; fax: +81 857 296199; quality beverages. (Source: New Vision so prized by Sudanese people that it is e-mail: [email protected]) [Kampala], 21 May 2003.) even considered a substitute for iron supplement: of the wide range of Experts encourage rural people to plant nutrients in the grewia fruit, its iron fruit-trees content has attracted most attention. A joint effort by the Uganda Agroforestry Indeed, the iron content is important to Development Network, the National local communities who know well that it is Agricultural Advisory Services and the a simple safeguard against iron- International Center for Research in deficiency anaemia. It has, on average, Agroforestry (ICRAF) aims to use fruit- two to three times the Fe content of trees as a weapon against poverty. They

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 12 NEWS AND NOTES

The bicycles have already attracted (Coriandrum sativum L.), garlic (Allium great interest from consumers in Holland. sativum L.) and onions (Allium cepa L.). “Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP) (Source: Amazon News, 20 June 2003.) A catalogue of the exhibition has been consist of goods of biological origin published (in Portuguese and English). other than wood, derived from For more information, please visit the forests, other wooded land and trees museum’s Web page outside forests.” (www.esab.ipbeja.pt/museu/index.htm). (Contributed by: Luís Mendonça de ÇLes produits forestiers non ligneux Carvalho [[email protected]] sont des biens d’origine biologique and Francisca Maria Fernandes autres que le bois, dérivés des forêts, [[email protected]], Portugal.) des autres terres boisées, et des arbres hors forêts.» CERTIFICATION ÇProductos forestales no madereros son los bienes de origen biológico Beyond timber: certification of distintos de la madera derivados de non-timber forest products los bosques, de otras tierras BOTANICAL MUSEUM Certification is part of a growing trend with boscosas y de los árboles fuera de OPENS “THE GIFT OF regard to defining standards for social and los bosques.È THE NILE” EXHIBITION environmental performance in natural (FAO’s working definition) resource management. Started in The botanical museum at the Instituto response to consumer demand for Politécnico de Beja, Portugal (Beja sustainably sourced products, the concept Polytechnic Institute) has recently has taken hold in a number of sectors opened a new exhibition named “The including the food, health care and forest BICYCLE MADE Gift of the Nile or the Uses of Plants in product industries. In forestry, certification FROM AMAZONIAN Ancient Egypt”. The exhibition displays began in the wood products industry, only VEGETABLE LEATHER 216 items, including plants, plant recently including non-timber forest products and Egyptian art reproductions products. Because the term non-timber The Giant bicycle, made using vegetable brought to the workshops of the major forest products (NTFPs) encompasses leather, is a success for the “Business for world museums that have Egyptian such a vast array of goods, various a Sustainable Amazonia” partnership. collections. certification schemes are being applied, The bicycles come equipped with bags The exhibition covers the period with varied success and relevance. This made from vegetable leather, stamped between 3100 and 30 BC and is divided review positions NTFPs within the context with the World Wide Fund for Nature into major themes: food plants, medicinal of sustainable certification (WWF) logo. The range was launched at and aromatic plants, clothing plants, and within the development of broader the Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro plants used in the mummification standards and certification for NTFPs and during the opening of a new exhibition processes, spices, etc. related products (organics, authentication from Business for a Sustainable Some of the plants included in the and quality control). There are broader Amazonia, a partnership between the exhibition are native of Egypt (papyrus, implications of standards, for example as a Ministry of the Environment, AmazonLife blue water lily) but others were imported tool to influence consumer choice, to form and WWF-Brazil. through legendary commercial routes the basis of industry association standards The vegetable leather, known as (spices, resins). (of collecting and management), corporate Treetap¨, is made from and Among the many plants and plant policies, and/or legislation. was produced by three rubber-tapping products displayed are: papyrus There are 36 products that have communities in Amazonia, with support (Cyperus papyrus L.), doum palm standards established within the forest from the Rio-based company Amazon Life, (Hyphaene thebaica [L.] C. Mart.), flax certification standards, 32 of them in WWF-Brazil and the Nawa Institute. (Linum usitatissimum L.), henna Brazil. Certification has focused on The aim of the vegetable leather (Lawsonia inermis L.), pomegranate products with commercial relevance but project is to develop new products (Punica granatum L.), ebony (Dalbergia for which there is a good information made using natural rubber which melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.), frankincense base of management concerns and a guarantee the sustainable use of forest (Boswellia sacra Flueck.), myrrh known set of collectors whose activities resources and increase the income (Commiphora myrrha [Nees] Engl.), can be monitored and confirmed. They of the local population. mastic (Pistacia lentiscus L.), coriander are also products with a marketing chain

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to a product for which the NTFP is the or lack of market return for their Benefit-sharing using certification main or primary ingredient. application. Particularly in the cosmetic Fair trade certification of non-wood forest Recent efforts to certify NTFPs raise industry, where individual NTFPs are only products (NWFPs) is an example of questions about the impact of this market- a small portion of the final product, there benefit-sharing that is being developed. based tool on local producers and is little market incentive to certify. In Typically, collectors of NWFPs receive communities. Drawing from case studies addition, some products can be quite only small payments for the products that in Latin America, we find that there are vulnerable to product substitution or they collect. These products may many impediments to the successful and expensive processes of eventually be sold at prices that are many implementation of NTFP certification. certification should only be applied to times higher, particularly if they are These impediments range from those NTFPs likely to maintain a exported from developing to developed unorganized and powerless labourers to reasonable market share over time. countries. Fair trade certification and other basic difficulties in commercializing A number of successful experiences types of certification have been used to try NTFPs in the face of an undeveloped can be expanded to other products Ð to redistribute some of these benefits back demand for certified products among rattan, maple syrup, chicle, palm heart down the production chain, to increase the businesses and consumers. The next and wood carvings. For species which profitability of NWFP collection, raise the generation of NTFP certification will be are difficult to certify there are a number incomes of local people and help to more complex owing to faulty information of alternatives which could be more protect forest areas. As with wood on management and biological systematically applied to new countries certification, such arrangements may have characteristics of the species, multiple and new markets, including ethical the potential to increase the profitability of chains of collectors, managers and standards for collectors’ associations, forestry for local people, but they currently processors, the volatility of NTFP markets permit systems which coincide with account for only a small share of total and the importance of many NTFPs which collection options and requirements, fair NWFP production. (Source: Extracted are only a small part of the final product to trade models and the provision of greater from an article in , 212 by A. be marketed. tenure security to specific sets of Whiteman “Money doesn’t grow on trees: There are strong interests in collectors and producers. Parallel to this, a perspective on prospects for making developing standards from industry government regulations often need forestry pay”.) associations interested in the modifying in order to remove market sustainability of the supply of threatened barriers for small-scale producers and to species and in preventing competition eliminate counterproductive permitting from lower-quality products. Health and taxation systems that reduce the organizations and governments are returns available to the producer. increasingly concerned with standards, It appears that the process of creating while producers seek clear guidelines for NTFP certification standards may create harvesting and management that can be positive ripple effects among producers, communicated clearly and successfully traders, companies and policy-makers by applied to ensure their own income planting the seeds for a vision of more streams. In most cases there is a lot of socially and environmentally responsible conflicting information: a plethora of management of NTFP resources. We guidelines, the weakness and conclude that the ability of certification to inconsistency of standards and a lack of bring about wider social change indirectly integration into market chains or other may prove to be of greater lasting impact trade labelling initiatives (organic or fair to rural livelihoods and NTFP trade, for example). management than labelling and Apart from a limited set of products, marketing. (Source: ETFRN News, NTFP certification can be extremely 39/40.) First FSC-certified non-timber forest costly as regards standards development products from the Brazilian Amazon and application to varied ecological For more information, please contact The fruits and palm hearts of Euterpe settings. Even within a given region in a the author: oleracea are non-timber forest products of given country, standards can be Patricia Shanley, CIFOR, PO Box 6596, major economical importance in the impossible to apply where there are JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. Brazilian Amazon. This multistemmed multiple types of collectors over E-mail: [email protected] (general palm is widely distributed in the dispersed areas with public tenure. Small inquiries); [email protected]; swamplands of northern South America producers may be unable to apply these www.cifor.cgiar.org or www.forest- and the greatest concentrations are in the standards owing to a lack of information trends.org Amazon estuary. People harvest the fruits

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 14 NEWS AND NOTES

by climbing the palms, cutting the sustainable. Other sustainable inflorescence and extracting the fruit pulp management practices are the selective mechanically or by hand. A highly of forest competitors (lianas) and This study was carried out for the nutritious liquid, locally known as açai, is to increase production. Guiana Shield Initiative, which is an processed into beverages, ice-cream and Some 4 000 ha of Euterpe forest on ambitious ecoregional project, pastries and is sold at local or regional Marajó Island (Amazon estuary) were coordinated by the NC-IUCN with the markets. Mixed with cassava flour or rice, recently certified by the Smartwood aim of setting up sustainable financial it is consumed in huge quantities by the Programme, according to the mechanisms to conserve the unique poor section of the Amazonian sustainability guidelines of the Forest intact ecosystems of the Guiana population. Palm hearts consist of the Stewardship Council (FSC). The canning Shield. The development of young, undeveloped leaves in the crown company, Muaná Alimentos, buys palm commercial non-timber forest shaft of the Euterpe palm and can be hearts and açai from forest-dwelling products is often one of the ways by consumed raw or cooked. To harvest a communities. In 2000, the company which local communities generate palm heart, the entire stem is cut down produced 540 tonnes of palm heart with a income from their surrounding and its crown shaft removed. Palm hearts value of US$4 million. In the same year, biodiversity. are processed and canned in factories on seven tonnes of pure and sweetened açai (Full reference: van Andel, T.R., Bánki, the banks of the Amazon and are worth pulp were exported to the United States. O.S. & MacKinven, A. 2003. some US$120 million annually in Muaná employees are hired and Commercial non-timber forest domestic consumption and export value. organized through a labour cooperative products of the Guiana Shield: an Repeated harvesting with short rotation and training courses in responsible of commercial NTFP periods leads to the weakening of management are held periodically. Other extraction and possibilities for individual palm clumps and a slower technical training courses are made sustainable harvesting. Amsterdam, regeneration. Ecological research on available to the community as a whole. Netherlands Committee for IUCN.) Euterpe populations has pointed out that New harvesting methods have been harvesting at short intervals (one to two developed that enable adults to gather years), as is mostly the case in Brazil, the fruits and the children now go to causes clump mortality and a steady school. The newly founded producers’ decline in production. Overharvesting and association provides boats and fuel for For more information, please contact: low-quality (immature) palm hearts have school transportation. The state Dr Tinde van Andel, Leiden University already weakened Brazil’s position on the government continues to provide support branch of the National Herbarium of the world market. Obviously, the as well since eradication of child labour is Netherlands, Postbus 9514, 2300 RA indiscriminate felling of Euterpe palms high on their agenda. The school Leiden, the Netherlands. also has a negative effect on the curriculum includes forest management E-mail: [email protected]; availability of açai resources. and the basic concepts of nature www.guianashield.org/ Fortunately, alternative land-use conservation. (Source: ETFRN News, practices permitting both fruit harvest and 39/40.) palm heart extraction are being COMMERCIALIZING increasingly implemented by the rural NWFPS Amazonian population. Harvesting palm hearts after longer intervals (four to five Identifying the “winners & losers” years) causes less damage to the natural The commercialization of non-timber stands and produces a higher palm heart forest products (NTFPs) has an impact yield. Leaving one mature stem per on many groups of people, from poor cluster intact increases the vitality of the farmers to small-scale entrepreneurs, clump and supplies the extractor with and on the resource base. fruits. Because of its frequency and Examining different NTFP market clonal, self-regenerative habit, Euterpe chains can help to identify suitable oleracea is able to sustain a viable development paths, so that commercial industry, as long as rotation periods are returns are not achieved at the expense of long enough and producers strictly follow ecological sustainability and other social, their management plans. As long as cultural and environmental benefits. people climb the trees to collect the fruit, Over the past three years, our group at instead of cutting all mature stems, açai the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology production can be considered (CEH) Wallingford has been leading an

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Crabwood is a tree found across national television in the study countries Amazonia and Central America and is a and available on VHS for wider much sought-after hardwood. But the educational dissemination. benefits of the oil derived from its seeds More information about the project and are also known throughout the region. In (coming soon) downloadable reports and Guyana, crabwood oil is a highly prized other outputs can be found at the household item among Amerindian Winners & Losers Web site (www.ceh- peoples, having multiple uses, especially wallingford.ac.uk/research/winners/). for the treatment of common ailments. Its other properties and uses have important For more information, please contact: potential, and have been examined so Dermot O’Regan, Water Policy & that appropriate management regimes Management, CEH Wallingford, can be developed. Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, The “Winners & Losers” project team Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK. includes specialists in environmental Fax: +44 1491 692338; economics, ecology, natural resource e-mail: [email protected]; international multidisciplinary team management, community development, or Sheona Shackleton, Marula examining the distribution, use and marketing, and intellectual property Commercialization Project, marketing of NTFPs from two species, rights. We set out to identify the winners Environmental Science marula (Sclerocarya birrea) in South and losers in forest product Department, Rhodes University, Africa and Namibia, and crabwood commercialization to help establish Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. (Carapa guianensis) in Guyana, to methods of sustainable harvest of Fax: +27 46 6038616; assess the economic and ecological resources, benefit local producers, and e-mail: [email protected] impacts of their commercialization on the resolve conflicts. This knowledge can forest resource base and people’s help forest-dependent communities Commercialization of NTFPs in the livelihoods. worldwide to profit from their natural Amazon Our research has shown that NTFP resources in an equitable and sustainable The has awarded the use can provide important income for way. The United Kingdom Department for 2003-2005 Kleinhans Fellowship for poorer households, especially for women, International Development (DFID) is study of non-timber forest products diversify their livelihood options, and at funding the research as part of their (NTFPs) to Carla Morsello, Ph.D. Carla the same time lead to improved Forestry Research Programme, and will will examine how the commercialization management and conservation of the use the results to inform local of NTFPs in the Brazilian Amazon is resource. We have also highlighted the communities as well as national and affecting local indigenous communities fact that the potential economic benefits international forest policies. and forest conservation. The NTFPs in of NTFP commercialization must be The research has shown that in the study will include local oils, nuts, weighed against social, cultural and identifying the winners and losers in flowers and herbs used by the cosmetics ecological costs that may arise, forest product commercialization we can and medicinal industries. (For the full particularly when products become the conclude that an enterprise, community, story, please see the press release at: focus of large-scale enterprises. or individual household may experience http://ra.org/news/archives/news/news69. The marula tree and its fruit are well both winning and losing situations and html) (Source: Rainforest Alliance known across southern Africa, thanks to that they may win and lose at different [[email protected]], 5 August its widespread distribution, its common times of the year or season depending on 2003.) use among rural communities (especially certain circumstances. The lesson that for brewing beer), and its popularization has emerged is that there are winners’ through the advertising efforts of the and losers’ qualities or behaviour that producers of Amarula Cream liqueur. The influence the distribution of benefits in marula tree has many uses and it is an commercialization. example of an NTFP with considerable Outputs from the Winners & Losers commercialization potential. Its bark project are extensive and diverse, provides medicine, its wood is used for ranging from scientific papers to carving, its fruits for the preparation of educational materials. One such output is juice, beer and jams, and its kernels a half-hour professional quality video film, provide a wholesome snack and high- Trees of Life: 10 lessons from the marula quality oil. and crabwood trees, due to be shown on

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to implement sustainable forest The Fellowship Program brings FORESTRY COMPENDIUM management, as forests are fundamental natural resources professionals from 2003 EDITION in the fight against poverty and the around the world to work at the World maintenance of biodiversity. Forest Institute for six to 12 months. The Forestry Compendium is an It is estimated that some 1.6 billion More than 50 Fellows from 17 countries encyclopaedic, mixed media tool, people worldwide depend on forests for have participated in the programme. available on CD-ROM and the Internet. their livelihoods. Sixty million indigenous Fellows staff country desks at WFI and It has a user-friendly interface so it can peoples depend on forests for their work with colleagues from around the present text, pictures, maps and subsistence. Forest resources also world. They work on a primary research abstracts together, without the user represent a survival base for as many as project developed in cooperation with having to search numerous sources. 200 to 300 million small farmers around their sponsors, and also participate in the world. group activities which include site For more information, please contact: Forests worldwide harbour 90 percent visits to forestry agencies, universities, CAB International, Wallingford, of land-based biodiversity, including companies and mills. Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE, UK. numerous threatened and endangered WFI seeks individuals with initiative, Fax: +44 1491 829292; plant and animal species. Forests interest in international forestry issues, www.cabicompendium.org/fc provide valuable goods such as timber and a good command of English. and medicines, and important services such as regulating climate change by For more information, please contact: GLOBAL FORUM storing carbon and filtering drinking- Angie DiSalvo, International CALLS TO CURB water. Despite their importance, many of Fellowship Program Manager, the world’s richest forests are rapidly World Forest Institute, AND PROMOTE disappearing. (Source: Extracted from a World Forestry Center, RESPONSIBLE FOREST World Bank [Washington, DC], Press 4033 SW Canyon Road, Release, 24 October 2003.) Portland, OR 97221, USA. INVESTMENT E-mail: [email protected]; With a call to curb illegal logging Ð which www.worldforestry.org/wfi today represents worldwide annual losses in revenues and assets in excess of US$10 billion Ð and to increase JOURNALS responsible forest investments in developing countries and economies-in- Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants transition, a two-day multistakeholder Medicinal plants in the tropics are Forest Investment Forum ended today in integral to health care and constitute Washington. one of the richest forms of tropical forest A statement issued by the sponsoring biodiversity. There is a need for organizations Ð the World Business scientific information on utilization, Council for Sustainable Development conservation, safety, efficacy and quality (WBCSD), World Wide Fund for Nature control to match the rapidly growing (WWF), Forest Trends, Program on INTERNATIONAL demand in this field. The Journal of Forests (PROFOR), the World Bank, and FELLOWSHIP Tropical Medicinal Plants has been the International Finance Corporation OPPORTUNITY established to provide a forum for sound (IFC) Ð emphasized that this gathering, science and education of medicinal which included leaders of multinational The World Forest Institute (WFI) is plant species from the Tropics that are forest companies, governments, seeking individuals working in forestry of benefit to humanity. ministries, international development and and natural resources to apply for their financial institutions, and environmental International Fellowship Program. WFI is For more information, please contact: and civil society organizations was a a division of the World Forestry Center, Prof. A.N. Rao, Editor-in-Chief, crucial platform to move ahead a which is a small, private non-profit Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, sustainability agenda for the forest educational organization based in Level 2, Wisma Zuellig, sector. Portland, Oregon, United States. The 9 Jalan Bersatu (13/4), According to Ian Johnson, World Bank Forestry Center promotes education and Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Vice President for Sustainable information exchange regarding forests E-mail: Development, it is important to act now and forestry. [email protected]

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of the extract were needed to kill the insects, and that farmers in Kenya were SUSTAINABLE already using the neem extracts to DEVELOPMENT OF RATTAN control pests. Neem doesn’t kill the IN ASEAN COUNTRIES insects immediately, but it causes their abnormal growth. Rattans belong to the palm family She advised farmers not to collect (Palmae or Arecaceae) and to the extracts from different neem trees as Calamoideae, a large subfamily. They trees vary in the concentration of the are thorny climbing palms with around natural pesticide. Some trees have higher 600 species belonging to 13 genera and concentrations than others. found in the lowland tropical forests of Dr Akol completed her research in the Old World. Most of the species have 2001. By setting up experiments in a very restricted natural ranges and grow laboratory, she established that the neem from sea level to 3 000 m altitude. extract could kill such cabbage pests as The Southeast Asian region is World Bamboo and Rattan aphids and caterpillars. However, she did endowed with diverse species of non- World Bamboo and Rattan is a new not establish how many other pests could wood forest products (NWFPs) owing to quarterly journal. be killed using neem. (Source: New its vast tropical forests. Of the 13 known Vision [Kampala], Uganda, 26 March genera of rattans, ten genera with about For more information, please contact: 2003.) 574 species are found in the Southeast Fu Jinhe, Ph.D., Program Officer, Asian and neighbouring regions, from Fiji International Network for Bamboo and For more information, please contact to the Indian subcontinent, and from Rattan, Beijing 100101-80, People’s the author: Prof. Mark Chase, Royal South China to Queensland in Australia. Republic of China. Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, These are Calamus (400 species), Fax: +86 10 64956983; Surrey TW9 3AB, UK. Daemonorops (115 species), Korthalsia e-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected]; (26 species), Plectocomia (16 species), www.inbar.int or www.kew.org Ceratolobus (six species), www.geocities.com/zhuzi.geo Plectocomiopsis (five species), Pogonotium (three species), Myrialepis, Nature and Environment Law Times Calospatha and Retispatha (one species Print World (Nature Book Shop) has each). Owing to this great number of announced the publication of a quarterly rattan species, Southeast Asia is journal Nature and Environment Law considered to be the centre of Times to cater to the intellectual and biodiversity of rattans. Commercial professional requirements of foresters, species of rattan are only approximately environmentalists, lawyers, social 10 percent of the total known species activists, academicians and nature worldwide. lovers. (For information regarding Rattan is an important commodity in subscription and pre-publication offers international trade and at the local level. please contact: [email protected]) It was estimated that the external trade of rattan generates about US$4 billion. NTFPS REVISITED Southeast Asian countries are the major NEEM TREE international traders of rattan, with local EXTRACTS TO KILL In June 2003, the International Forestry usage amounting to US$2.5 billion. VEGETABLE PESTS Review published a special issue Worldwide, about 700 million people “NTFPs revisited”, guest edited by Dr use rattans and about two million people Farmers could use extracts of the neem Anna Lawrence of the Environmental in the Asian tropics are said to be directly tree to control pests that attack Change Institute (ECI). dependent on rattan or connected with vegetables, research done in Makerere Some of the papers are available for rattan harvesting and trade. Most local University, Uganda, has revealed. Dr downloading from the ECI Web site: people in Southeast Asia use rattans Anne Akol, a lecturer at the Department www.eci.ox.ac.uk/humaneco/he_IFR.htm. primarily for thatching, handicrafts, food, of Zoology, Faculty of Science, found (Contributed by: Sarah Gillett furniture and other uses. In fact, over the that neem tree extracts could kill several [sarah.gillett@environmental- years Asian artisans have perfected their cabbage pests. She said only low doses change.oxford.ac.uk], UK.) skills in making attractive, distinctively

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styled rattan articles that are renowned and the Forest Products Research and sustainable development of rattan in the and valued all over the world. Development Institute Ð Department of region is anticipated to be carried out by Trade in rattan products has become Science and Technology (FPRDI-DOST) the Research Team. Indeed, through this very profitable for many Asian countries are implementing a pre-project entitled pre-project it is foreseen that the status of and is a source of income for many rural “Application of production and utilization the rattan industries will be improved or inhabitants. The rattan industry also technologies for sustainable development modified with the appropriate provides employment opportunities to of rattan in the ASEAN member technologies, information, and economic local people and contributes to the countries” (ITTO PPD 51/02 Rev.1 [I]) and social interventions through the national and international economies. with funding support from the efficient and effective exchange of At present, rattan resources are being International information and/or experts and the exploited in their natural habitat. The Organization (ITTO). This Asia-wide collaboration among the ASEAN member external trade and commercial value of endeavour will cover Brunei Darussalam, countries. (Contributed by: Jessie R. rattan furniture amounts to US$7 billion to Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Fortus, Research Assistant, ITTO Rattan $8 billion. However, nearly 90 percent of Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Project.) the raw materials being used for the Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Viet Nam industry are mainly from wild forests and and the Philippines. For more information, please contact: very few from cultivated areas. The The development objective of the pre- Dr Aida Baja-Lapis, Project Leader situation is being aggravated by the project is to assess the socio-economic (Production and Management), Project losses during post harvest operations of acceptability, the financial and market Management Office, Ecosystems 20 to 30 percent of the materials being feasibility of rattan production and Research and Development Bureau, gathered. Inadequate replenishment, poor utilization technologies in the ASEAN College, Laguna 4031, the Philippines. forest management and loss of forest member countries. Specifically it aims to: Fax: +63 049 5363481; habitats also contribute to the problems conduct a situational analysis of the e-mail: [email protected], regarding the depletion of rattan rattan industry and determine the socio- [email protected] or resources. economic, production, harvesting, [email protected] A limited number of rattan species are processing, utilization and market suitable for establishment and dimensions of rattan both in plantation are found in few countries, and community-based levels in the e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and ASEAN member countries; and the Philippines. Other plantation determine future actions needed to establishments have started recently in enhance ASEAN regional cooperation some countries while large-scale through collaborative research in rattan plantations have yet to be developed and sustainable development. encouraged. This pre-project will capture the status Thus far, the plight of rattan production quo of the region’s socio-economic and utilization cannot be ignored. It is situation in relation to the rattan industry. apparent that there is a need for improved Other factors such as sociodemographic techniques in planting and management information, acceptability, preferences of rattan in degraded forest. Collaborative and attitude towards rattan as a raw THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN efforts and exchange of information material will also be studied. The NATURAL PRODUCTS and/or experts concerning the information will provide decision-makers TRADE ASSOCIATION management of rattan to a broader with bases for the rationale and viable perspective are imperative. This could decisions for future market-related If you asked Chapeto six months ago turn to the formulation and adoption of actions. how he saw his role in a global economy, improved technologies for sustainable A Regional Rattan Conference was he would have laughed at you. Chapeto development of rattan. Building a strong held in January 2004 as a culmination of lives in the remote district of Rushinga, in collaboration between governmental, all the activities in the pre-project and northeastern Zimbabwe; a hot, dry, dusty international and private organizations for presented papers on the status of rattan place, where the daily struggle for more information exchange and resources in participating ASEAN survival can be especially harsh. But if cooperation is an important undertaking. countries, their uses, extent and you ask him today, Chapeto will tell you As a first step towards this, the management of natural stands and exactly how he fits into the global Ecosystems Research and Development appropriate silvicultural activities related economy and how he is benefiting from Bureau Ð Department of Environment to sustainable development. being linked to one of the world’s fastest and Natural Resources (ERDB-DENR) Formulation of a framework for the growing industries.

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Chapeto and his partner Kasoro, complicated export procedures, while change of course in her investigation. together own one of the latest businesses lobbying for improved trade regulations The initial objective was to verify whether to benefit from a new regional trade and an increased understanding of the linalool was thrown out with the water in association, SANProTA (the Southern natural products industry among which it was distilled. The extraction African Natural Products Trade governments and regulatory bodies. process occurs by vaporization Association) that aims to bring people like SANProTA therefore gives African separation. Trunks, sticks and leaves are Chapeto into the global economy. producers like Chapeto a place at the immersed in water which is then boiled. Chapeto’s company is called C&K cutting edge of the natural products Because this water is very fragrant, Investments and they produce oil from industry alongside some of the leading Katiuscia imagined that it still contained a the seeds of the baobab tree. They have international commercial players, enabling certain amount of linalool. The tests recently invested in an oil press and him to gain an equitable and profitable proved that she was correct. However, established a small oil processing facility stake in the global marketplace. another factor attracted her attention: she that employs five local people. At current If you would like to know more about discovered that many regions in the production levels they are purchasing 6 SANProTA, or are interested in becoming interior of Amazonia use this material as tonnes of seed per month from rural a member, please contact them at the a disinfectant in bathrooms, toilets and producers throughout their district in following address: Lucy Welford, Liaison even on walls and in hospital return for much-needed cash. and Information Officer, SANProTA, 9 dispensaries. She thought that the The global trade in natural products is Lezard Ave, PO Box BE 385, Belvedere, linalool could be responsible for the a rapidly growing market sector valued at Harare, Zimbabwe (e-mail: larvicide’s activity of the waste water. more than US$40 billion a year [email protected]; www.sanprota.com) As the ideal conditions did not exist at worldwide. SANProTA’s goal is to unlock UNAM, Katiuscia used the laboratories at the market potential of natural products in the National Research Institute of southern Africa, giving global companies Amazonia (INAP). The results were very access to new and exciting African good: in a sample where larvae were natural products while developing a long- exposed to linalool for 24 hours, 88 term supplementary income source for percent of the Aedes aegypti larvae died. poor rural people in the region, thus She extended the exposure for another enabling them to improve their livelihoods 24 hours. In the final results, 92 percent from the sustainable exploitation of of the larvae had died. natural products. Established in 2001, The next step is to use the essential oil SANProTA is a representative body for to develop a product to combat the producers in Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, dengue mosquito larvae. According to Zambia and Zimbabwe. The association chemist Jamal Chaar, Katiuscia’s adviser provides the institutional conduit for the in the investigation, it is possible to collection, processing, ordering and exploit linalool or even the waste water to dispatching of natural products. Its develop a larvicide. He also added that membership encompasses the full range USE OF AN ESSENTIAL another aspect that needs to be of rural producers, private sector players, OIL AGAINST DENGUE highlighted is that the waste water cannot NGOs and research institutions. be dumped into the environment since it With their team of specialist staff in The essential oil of rosewood (Aniba could by very toxic to micro-organisms, southern Africa and Europe, SANProTA rosaeodora), vastly used in the perfume many of which have not yet been provides its southern African members industry, could also be useful for public examined. (Source: Amazon News, with technical advice on the latest product health purposes. Researchers from the 7 December 2003.) development and processing , Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), supply chain management, quality Brazil, discovered that it has substances control, export procedures and sales capable of exterminating the larvae of negotiation. SANProTA represents its the mosquito Aedes aegypti that members at all major European natural transmits dengue. Tests showed that products trade shows, feeding members linalool, the principal oil in this tree with market information and contacts, and native to Amazonia, is able to eliminate facilitating fair and environmentally sound 92 percent of the larvae present in a trading partnerships between members sample. and buyers. The association also helps The chemist, Katiuscia de Souza, members to get to grips with often arrived at this discovery following a

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For more information, please contact: the team worked closely with families VASUNDHARA Vasundhara, 14-E Gajapati Nagar, from seven communities to map out PO Sainik School, which species are most important to Vasundhara is a non-governmental, not- BhubaneswarÐ751005, Orissa, India. them, where they are located, and what for-profit organization, working primarily Fax: +91 674 509237/519237; needs to be done to protect them. in Orissa, India with natural resources e-mail: [email protected] Hunting remains the main source of management focused on sustainable [Please also see under Products and animal products for these villagers, rural livelihoods. Vasundhara has been Markets for more information on Lac.] particularly in remote places. The extensively involved in the forestry villagers prefer to hunt wild boar, but sector, trying to improve community-state logging has driven away many of the collaboration and facilitate policy boars, forcing people to hunt less- changes in the direction of sustainable preferred protected species such as community-based forest management monkeys. While logging drives the boars systems. The main areas of work have away, small rice and cassava fields been policy advocacy, research and actually attract them. Salt springs and documentation, capacity building and abandoned villages with many fruit-trees networking. It has been instrumental in also attract a lot of the animals that initiating coordinated action and people want. response from the civil society on Current Indonesian regulations forestry issues, and contributed to the encourage loggers to slash all the process of alliance building and undergrowth and climbers for five years networking among forest-protecting after logging to get rid of “weeds”. villages and forest users in various parts Unfortunately, many of those “weeds” are of Orissa. actually the plants that local people need. Vasundhara has also played an Similarly, loggers are usually told to drive extremely relevant role in the WHICH BIODIVERSITY? their heavy machinery along the ridge tops documentation of to avoid erosion, but that is exactly where initiatives and in establishing the In February 2004 thousands of experts the sago palms grow that villagers eat richness and diversity of their gathered at the Seventh Conference of when times are hard. Logging near rivers experience. This documentation has the Parties of the Convention on often kills the river carp that people are rendered visible internationally the self- Biological Diversity in Kuala Lumpur, used to fishing because those carp eat the initiated efforts in Orissa Malaysia to find ways to conserve fruits of the trees that loggers harvest and as important examples of sustainable biodiversity and to share the benefits can only survive in clear water. resource management systems. equitably. Usually much of the attention in Malinau’s villagers are particularly Research is focused on supporting such discussions goes either to animals interested in conserving forests near Vasundhara’s efforts to improve access that are physically attractive or to the gravesites and limestone formations and control of “ecosystem people” i.e. genetic resources used by crop breeders where they harvest bird-nests. As it turns people who depend on their immediate and drug companies. The plants and out, the latter are also rich in endemic ecosystem for sustenance, on their animals that villagers use for food, species that interest biologists. natural resources, especially forests. medicine, fuelwood, rituals, and other Focusing on these sorts of issues Some of the key research issues include uses are often neglected. leads you to a partially different NTFPs, NTFP policies, institutional That is not just simply unjust, it is biodiversity agenda than just worrying issues relating to community forest downright unwise. If you don’t listen to about the big animals for the zoos or management (CFM), ecological and local people’s concerns how can you finding the cure for cancer. economic aspects of CFM, biodiversity expect them to support conservation? To request a free electronic copy of this conservation etc. Doug Sheil from the Center for paper, contact Indah Susilanasari International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ([email protected]); to send leads a team that is developing new ways comments or queries to the authors, Vasundhara has produced a series for conservation planners to take into contact Doug Sheil ([email protected]). A profiling individual NTFPs. The first six account local people’s needs. The full explanation of the methodology can publications in this series cover: Char document, Local people’s priorities for be downloaded at: www.cifor.cgiar.org/ seeds; Hill broom; Tamarind; Mahua; biodiversity: examples from for forests of publications/pdf_files/Books/exploring_bi Siali leaf; and Lac. Indonesian Borneo, provides an example o.pdf (Source: Polex Listserv [CIFOR], of this from the district of Malinau. There [[email protected]], February 2004.)

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weak institutions will not be easy. Efforts so far to find other sources of protein to WOMEN PLAY A substitute for wild animals have not had CENTRAL CONSERVATION much success. People need to think more ROLE IN AFRICA about the bushmeat issue from the villagers’ perspectives, and not just in terms of conservation. Working with logging companies, traditional forest dwellers, small farmers and commercial hunters will each require separate approaches. In any case it will be a hard nut to crack. With regards to tourism, the study finds WILDLIFE AND that community-based wildlife POVERTY STUDY management projects have yielded mixed results in eastern and southern Africa. International donor agencies, such as the Some households and districts received United Kingdom Department for more money and jobs, but at a high cost to International Development (DFID), are donors. To get beyond that stage requires trying to figure out what to do about wild quick and simple mechanisms for animals. People back home like them, establishing resource rights, clearer and “Women in Africa are the most culturally, especially the warm and fuzzy ones. But more equitable benefit-sharing economically, and politically the aid agencies’ main focus is reducing arrangements, and building up local disadvantaged,” said Dr Helen Gichohi poverty, and they are still not sure how business skills. of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), fuzzy animals fit into the picture. In 1998, tourism was one of the five but “they are also the most dependent Some aid officials wonder whether the leading export sectors in two thirds of the on the wildlife and forests for food, water poor really need wild animals. Others world’s 49 least developed countries. But and fuelwood for their families.” Dr argue that projects that combine the tourism business is risky and outsiders Gichohi stated this basic fact of life in conservation and development cost a lot usually get most of the benefits. Still, Africa during a breakfast sponsored by for each person the project benefits and serious attempts to promote “pro-poor” the AWF at the National Press Club in they worry that more parks might wildlife tourism through community Washington that highlighted the progress marginalize the poor. enterprises, serious partnerships between being made in the field of conservation Such concerns recently led DFID to do companies and communities, and efforts in Africa and, specifically, the role of a “wildlife and poverty study”. This study to upgrade the skills of local workers have women in that process. concluded that some 150 million people just begun. No one knows if they will “Women in Conservation” was the still rely heavily on wildlife for meat or cash succeed. topic for a panel discussion that featured and that wildlife tourism might become an The study points out many times that Dr Gichohi, AWF’s vice-president for interesting option for marginal remote we still know surprisingly little about these programming; Faida Mitifu, the areas. Given that the World Bank and the issues from a livelihood perspective, much ambassador from the Democratic Global Environment Facility spent US$7.4 less what to do about them. And financing Republic of the Congo; Katie Frohardt, billion on conservation and biodiversity research is not as popular as it once was. executive director of Fauna & Flora projects over the last ten years, the poor But this is one case where it might just International; and Kim Sams, manager of could also benefit from having more of make sense. conservation initiatives for Walt Disney such funds contributing to meeting their To request a free electronic copy of this World. All pointed out the central function needs. paper you can write to the DFID public of women in the entire conservation DFID says most poverty reduction enquiry point ([email protected]); to movement since they are the front line in strategies fail to recognize that many rural send comments or queries or if you have the process in Africa. people rely on bushmeat and that any problems you can write to the authors, Gichohi noted that when the political declining wildlife populations makes their Joanna Elliott and the Livestock and or economic decision is made to build in lives more difficult. (On the other hand, Wildlife Advisory Group (J-Elliott@dfid. a forested area, it is the women Ð who wild animals also cause problems when gov.uk). (Source: CIFOR-Polex Listserve, had been excluded from the decision they eat villagers’ crops or livestock, 4 March 2003.) entirely Ð who have to walk farther for spread disease, or attack people.) Solving [Please see under Products and Markets their water, search longer for their food the bushmeat problem in countries with for more information on Bushmeat.] and make more trips to carry their

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 22 NEWS AND NOTES

fuelwood. They are the ones most increasing women’s involvement in that were few men in attendance. (Source: closely connected to the environment effort. United States Department of State and when the environment is degraded, Mitifu observed that there was a (Washington, DC), 17 November 2003.) women suffer the brunt of the effects. continuing contradiction between the In that context, she stated, it is traditional roles of women in Africa and essential that women living in forested the requirements of modern life. While areas develop income-generating there had been progress towards activities that take advantage of the engaging women in politics and natural resources around them. conservation, she said, there was still Ambassador Faida Mitifu of the room for improvement. “In a male- Democratic Republic of the Congo said dominated world, the policies are made that her country’s history of civil war had by men, and the women and their plight resulted in an unusually large number of are forgotten,” explained Mitifu. She female-headed households that depend encouraged non-governmental on the forest for “sustainable life”. Mitifu organizations with a strong female said that the United States Agency for influence to continue to advance the role International Development (USAID) will of women in conservation projects. work with AWF to develop projects that Sams, in applauding the work of focus on conserving wildlife and on women in this vital field, noted that there

WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANIZATION APPROVES NEW BAMBOO AND RATTAN CUSTOMS CODES ON THE BASIS OF FAO/INBAR PROPOSAL

The World Customs Organization the European Commission parquet Institute (particularly Messrs Philip (WCO) has approved a series of new floor proposal. Wardle and Bruce Michie), the Harmonized System customs codes The significance of the new customs International Tropical Timber (see details at: www.inbar.int) for codes for the dynamically growing Organization (particularly Messrs bamboo and rattan commodities bamboo and rattan sector is difficult to Manoel Sobral Filho and Steve based on an FAO/INBAR proposal. overestimate. The new codes will allow Johnson), the Chinese Customs This historic event will have profound, the levying of more preferential tariffs (particularly Ms Jin Hongman), customs deep and long-term effects on the and taxes on bamboo and rattan organizations of Indonesia, Malaysia global bamboo and rattan production commodities for the benefit of and the Philippines (which provided and trade. developing nations and fair trade. They their comments, statistical data and Thirteen new six-digit codes were will also significantly improve suggestions), participants of two joint introduced to the Harmonized collection of trade statistics, which is FAO/INBAR Expert Consultations on Commodity Description and Coding important for economic analysis and bamboo and rattan in 2000 and 2002, as System (HS) in addition to or for policy-making. Harmonized System well as WCO representatives who were clarification of the existing 12 bamboo customs codes are revised only once very constructive and cooperative. and rattan customs codes. The codes every four to six years. The next represent a wide range of revision will only start in 2008. The For more information, please contact: commodities including bamboo newly introduced codes will take effect Dr Maxim Lobovikov, Program Manager, shoots, , , plaiting in 2007. International Network for Bamboo materials, basketwork, pulp and INBAR highly appreciates the overall and Rattan (INBAR), Director of the paper, furniture and furniture parts. It support of its member countries and International Commodity Body is expected that codes for bamboo contributions of all individuals and of the Common Fund for Commodities, flooring Ð one of the leading items of organizations which for a few years POB 100102-86, Beijing 100102, bamboo and rattan global trade Ð are were working together and contributed People’s Republic of China. to be introduced during the coming to the proposal, including FAO Fax: +86 10 6470 2166/3166; 2004 WCO HS Committee meeting in (particularly Messrs Wulf Killmann and e-mail: [email protected]; Brussels in March in the context of Paul Vantomme), the European Forest www.inbar.int

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 23 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. – a promising various grades of agarwood are distilled AGARWOOD non-wood forest product of Bangladesh separately before blending to produce Agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) is attar (scent). Minyak attar is a water- Agarwood is a resinous substance believed to have originated from the based perfume containing agarwood oil, occurring in trees of the genus Aquilaria Indian hills of Assam. This species is which is traditionally used by Muslims to (a member of the Thymelaeceae family), synonymous with A. malaccensis. It is lace prayer clothes. Agarwood essences a fast-growing forest tree which can be traded in several forms, ranging from have recently been used as a fragrance found growing from the foothills of the large sections of trunk to finished in soaps and shampoos. Agarwood Himalayas to the rain forests of Papua products such as incense and perfumes. incense is burned to produce a pleasant New Guinea. Outside its native habitat, Agarwood chips and flakes are the scent, its use ranging from a general agarwood is best known in the Near common tradable forms. Agarwood oil is perfume to an element of important East and Japan. a highly valuable and frequently traded religious occasions. The most important resin-producing product. The major constituents of In Bangladesh the major agarwood- species of Aquilaria are A. agollocha, A. agarwood oil are sesquiterpenes, the based industries are located in the Kulaura malaccensis and A. crassna. chemical structure of which makes them thana under the Moulavibazar districts, A. malaccensis is protected worldwide very difficult, hence extremely expensive, where about 100 agar-based industries under the (CITES) convention. A. to synthesize. Although synthetic are located. Most (90 percent) of the crassna is listed as an endangered agarwood compounds are used to entrepreneurs managed capital from their species by the Vietnamese Government. produce poor-quality fragrances and own sources, 6 percent from Agarwood has been used for centuries incense sticks, there are currently no moneylenders as loans and the remainder as incense, for medicinal purposes and synthetic substitutes for high-grade from bank loans. Most of the in perfumery. incense or oil. The price of agarwood entrepreneurs claimed that owing to the First-grade agarwood is one of the chips is US$20 to $60 per kilogram; unavailability of capital they were unable most expensive natural raw materials in agarwood oil commands US$956 to to expand their industries. The majority of the world, with prices in consumer $7 059 per kilogram on the international the industries (64 percent) were under countries ranging from a few dollars market. Agarwood has also been used single ownership while the rest had joint per kilogram for very low quality material for medicinal purposes for thousands of ownership. It was found that a remarkable to more than US$30 000 per kilogram years, and continues to be used in portion of the industries (72 percent) were for top quality wood. Agarwood oil Ayurvedic, Tibetan and traditional East set up on their own land and the remainder fetches similarly high prices. (Source: Asian medicine. The use of agarwood oil on rented land. The average number of Agarwood “Wood of Gods” International for perfumery extends back several the workforce in these industries was 16, Conference.) thousand years in the Near East. In India with both skilled and semi-skilled labourers being employed. Raw materials in these industries are collected from homestead forests; there is, therefore, an acute Agarwood is a one of the most decades, while the demand for the shortage of raw material owing to the valuable minor forest products of the resource remains constant or even absence of commercial agarwood Southeast Asian tropical forests. In increases. The cultivation of A. crassna plantations. The Forest Department has Viet Nam, agarwood is produced from has started in several places in the recently initiated agar plantations to meet the heartwood of rarely available country as an initiative for conserving the demands of agar-based industries. natural Aquilaria crassna trees. In the this endangered but economically Furthermore, entrepreneurs lack modern authors’ fieldwork in Viet Nam, a important plant species. (Source: inoculation techniques and treatment natural A. crassna was found in Khanh Quan-Le-Tran, Qui-Kim-Tran, Kouda-K, plants for agar oil production. Hoa province. Information on Nhan-Trung-Nguyen, Maruyama-Y, Agar oil is an export-oriented product agarwood exploitation and production Saiki-I & Kadota-S. 2003. A survey on and the demand is very high on the was gathered by interviewing local agarwood in Vietnam. Journal of international market. The current annual people. The results showed that some Traditional Medicines, 20(3): 124Ð131.) demand for agar oil in the study area is of the local people earn their living 120 000 tola [1 tola = 10 g], but the supply through agarwood production, but For more information, please contact: in the market is only 84 000 tola. The large owing to overexploitation the natural Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama gap in the demand/supply situation is due resource for this valuable plant has Medical and Pharmaceutical University, to the scarcity of raw materials, fuelwood declined dramatically in the past 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. and also because of government support. Production costs include raw materials, Edible insects in Ngao Model Forest, Agar labour, fuelwood and other costs (rent,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 24 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

electricity). In the study area, per unit (tola) como burití o mirití y en Colombia con el production costs were 3 900 taka. The AGUAJE nombre de canangucha. El producto selling price of agar oil per tola is about (MAURITIA FLEXUOSA) más valioso del aguaje es el fruto, cuya 5 500 taka and the net income per unit is pulpa es rica en betacaroteno 1 600 taka [US$1 = 58 taka]. El aguaje, una alternativa alimentaria (provitamina A), tocoferoles (vitamina E) Proper marketing, considered to be the desde la Amazonía peruana y ácido ascórbico (vitamina C). prime constraint for the development of La importancia de la presencia de la Estudios llevados a cabo en Gembloux, agarwood-based small-scale cottage zanahoria y el zapallo en la dieta diaria, Bélgica, en 1987, conjuntamente por la industries in Bangladesh, needs to be debido a su contenido de vitamina A, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de developed considerably. Industry size, the hace parte de los conocimientos L’Etat y la Universidad Nacional de la poor financial condition of the tradicionales populares. La vitamina A es Amazonía Peruana, y en otro realizado entrepreneurs, along with scattered muy importante para la salud de los en 1998 por la Universidad Federal del distribution of the industries pose a serious ojos, el cabello y la piel, ya que la Estado de Pará, en el Brasil, han threat to marketing. Entrepreneurs play a protege contra los rayos ultravioleta, demostrado que el aceite de aguaje significant role in the marketing of agar oil ayuda al mantenimiento del cutis, contiene de 173 a 300 mg de in the study area. In Bangladesh there is previene su resecamiento y el betacaroteno y de 80 a 100 mg de no established market for agar oil; the envejecimiento prematuro. tocoferoles por 100 gramos. La pulpa del main market is in the Near East. However, La vitamina A se encuentra en aguaje contiene de 50 a 60 mg de ácido small entrepreneurs have no access to realidad en esos vegetales como ascórbico por 100 gramos. that international market. Agents buy agar provitamina, en forma de betacaroteno, Haciendo una comparación con los oil from small industry owners and send it que posee mayor actividad vitamínica y principales vegetales que contienen for sale on the Near East market. The les brinda ese color característico rojo, betacaroteno, vitamina E y ácido marketing of agar products on the anaranjado y amarillo. El betacaroteno, ascórbico, se puede afirmar que el international market is highly competitive además de tener las propiedades ya aceite de aguaje contiene de 21 a 38 as it is based on quality standards, mencionadas, es uno de los mejores veces más provitamina A que la advertising and product promotion. anticancerígenos, previene la zanahoria, de 25 a 31 veces más Bangladesh is lagging behind in arteriosclerosis y actúa como vitamina E que la palta (aguacate), e promotion and marketing; therefore, if we antioxidante neutralizando los radicales igual cantidad de vitamina C que la can overcome the prevailing problems in libres responsables del envejecimiento. naranja y el limón. this sector, it is certain that agar-based La ventaja de consumir betacaroteno, En el Brasil, su aceite se comercializa industries will open up a new window in en vez de vitamina A, es que ésta como protector solar porque absorbe our small and cottage industries sector. consumida directamente y en exceso completamente las radiaciones (Contributed by: A.Z.M. Manzoor Rashid, podría ser potencialmente tóxica pues ultravioletas, y también en forma de Bangladesh.) se acumula en el hígado, mientras que jabón. En la ciudad de Iquitos, Perú, el el betacaroteno al actuar como aguaje viene comercializado y For more information, please contact: provitamina y siendo liposoluble se consumido como fruta, helado A.Z.M. Manzoor Rashid, Assistant acumula como exceso en las grasas y (ÇcurichiÈ), refresco (ÇaguajinaÈ) y para Professor and M. Qumruzzaman se convertirá en vitamina A en base a hacer mermeladas. Chowdhury, Lecturer, Department of las necesidades del organismo. En un estudio reciente, efectuado por Forestry, Shahjalal University of La industria alimentaria está lanzando el Instituto de Investigaciones de la Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, al mercado una nueva gama de Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), en el 2000, Bangladesh. alimentos enriquecidos con vitaminas A, se determinó que el 96,7 por ciento de E-mail: [email protected] E, y C que, siendo antioxidantes, se las unidades familiares en la ciudad de ofrecen como complemento nutricional y Iquitos la consumen. Proyectando ese para combatir la agresión causada por resultado al ambiente estudiado, se los radicales libres, satisfaciendo de este pudo calcular que se necesitan modo las crecientes preocupaciones de aproximadamente 657,9 toneladas los consumidores por su salud y mensuales (21,9 toneladas diarias) de bienestar. aguaje para satisfacer la demanda, lo En la Amazonía peruana se encuentra cual en base a los parámetros de el aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa) que viene producción del estudio lleva a concluir considerada la palmera más importante que se necesita cosechar 13 827 por su valor económico, social y árboles al mes (461 árboles diarios). El ecológico. En el Brasil se la conoce movimiento económico que produce esta

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 25 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

actividad es de aproximadamente que representa aproximadamente 58 plantations, semi-processing and 358 145 dólares EE.UU. sacos por hectárea para comercializar industrial plants bamboo El método tradicional de cosecha que, a un precio de NS 7 por saco, flooring, furniture, furnishings, charcoal comporta el corte de la planta (de 15 a representa un ingreso de NS 464 por and fresh bamboo shoots for the 20 años de edad), destruyendo de esta hectárea. domestic and export markets. manera su período productivo estimado Entre 1994 y 2000 ha habido una There are promising trends outside en 40 años. El campesino sólo pérdida en ingresos económicos del China where bamboo is being grown as aprovecha 3 o 4 racimos maduros de los orden de 53,5 por ciento para la a durable building material and income- 6 u 8 que tiene la palmera. Si se supone comunidad que se dedica a esta generating resource for rural people. The que para satisfacer el consumo mensual actividad en esa zona. Ante esta Philippines has a rural bamboo de la ciudad de Iquitos se están talando situación es conveniente que el Estado handicraft sector that has been able to 13 827 árboles al mes, se está ante una peruano y la comunidad amazónica se reach European and United States situación muy alarmante, que aún no se decidan a emprender acciones markets after investments in improved percibe debido a la abundancia del inmediatas para aprovechar en forma designs. In rural areas, bamboo recurso, ya que se estima una reserva sostenible un recurso tan valioso como harvesters and artisans acquire an de aproximadamente 5,64 millones de el aguaje, las mismas que deberían important part of their income from hectáreas de «aguajales» (el ecosistema estar orientadas hacia la bamboo. Moreover, in Colombia and donde predomina la palmera Mauritia industrialización del recurso con el Ecuador growing bamboo on small plots flexuosa) en la Amazonía peruana. Sin máximo valor agregado y al manejo is becoming a lucrative option for embargo, estos datos no deben llevar a adecuado durante la cosecha. smallholders and the bamboo una falsa percepción de abundancia del construction sector is experiencing a recurso, ya que hay que tener en cuenta Para más información, dirigirse a: boom period after years of neglect. que ésta es una planta dioica, es decir, Alberto García Mauricio, Programa However, the bamboo sector is, in que existe una planta femenina que de Ecosistemas Terrestres del IIAP, most countries, still part of the informal produce frutos y una masculina que no Av. Abelardo Quiñones Km. 2,5, and backward rural economy and los produce, y que en el ecosistema Iquitos, Perú. seemingly unable to grab the large «aguajal» la densidad de árboles de Fax: +51 065 265527; potential represented by the Chinese aguaje varía de un 32 a un 57 por ciento correo electrónico: [email protected]; bamboo industry. This raises the de árboles femeninos y masculinos, www.iiap.org.pe question of the bottlenecks facing respectivamente. bamboo development. Many of these Alrededor de Iquitos y de las inhibiting factors are at the policy level principales poblaciones de la Amazonía BAMBOO and are additional to a lack of knowledge peruana, la tala está agotando las among the important stakeholders and a plantas femeninas, afectando Bamboo sector development as a means widespread stigma of bamboo as a poor económicamente a las comunidades que for sustaining forest livelihoods person’s timber. Convincing and se dedican a esta actividad. Por Bamboo has always been a vital part of informing users and policy-makers of ejemplo, en la comunidad de San Miguel the livelihood of millions of forest- bamboo’s versatility may fit in with a que se encuentra a 20 minutos de dwelling people in tropical regions. strategy of poverty alleviation and Iquitos, el IIAP llevó a cabo un estudio Traditionally, bamboo is harvested in the reducing pressure on tropical forests. para determinar la pérdida económica natural forest and its use is limited to Smallholders at the forest fringe can, in por extractivismo, haciendo mediciones temporal constructions and low-quality particular, improve their livelihood by en diferentes épocas. La primera en utensils prone to rapid decay. processing bamboo or growing it in their 1994 cuando encontró fructificando 62 Nevertheless, resource management backyard. At the same time, a large árboles por hectárea, lo que and technical improvements can convert stock of bamboo contributes to broader representaba aproximadamente 124 this fast-growing grass into a durable environmental goals of erosion control, sacos de aguaje para comercializar que, raw material for construction purposes and watershed al precio de 7 soles nuevos por saco and a wide range of semi-industrialized management. (NS 1 = 0,29 dólar EE.UU.), significa products. New industrial applications and For tropical countries confronted with que se producía un ingreso de NS 868 modern construction design have both rural poverty and shrinking forests, por hectárea. El precio varía de NS 7 a demonstrated bamboo’s huge potential, bamboo offers a sustainable option with NS 60, dependiendo de la estación y de but the bamboo sector in China is the considerable potential. However, it will la variedad. La segunda evaluación se only one reported to be thriving. In the require joint efforts by the international realizó en el 2000, encontrándose last 20 years China has established an donor community, research institutes, fructificando 29 árboles por hectárea, lo integrated production chain of bamboo national governments and pioneer

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 26 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

investors to duplicate China’s bamboo (Contributed by: Fu Jinhe, Ph.D., world, thriving in rich and sandy soils boom and turn the belief that bamboo Program Officer, International Network alike. It is also a potential source for a may become the timber of the twenty- for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), Beijing, variety of products. Min, now Forman’s first century into a reality. (Source: Dr China.) partner, has tabulated 50, including Herwig M. Cleuren, INBAR in ETFRN medicinal uses long recognized in News, 39/40.) oriental medicine. Furthermore, according to CMI Global, there is Innovative bamboo products potential for other products yet to be The bamboo industry in China is discovered. showing more and more potential. The The manufacturing muscle behind the annual production value is more than United States retailing expansion lies in US$40 billion and its annual export value two factories: a 4 200 m2 factory in more than US$600 million. There are Nanjing that does research on and more new bamboo products in China development of bamboo by-products, nowadays, for example, bamboo extracts and a 7 600 m2 factory on the outskirts for beer, beverages, medicine and of Shanghai that processes bamboo. cosmetics. Other innovative bamboo This factory has supplied bamboo products developed in recent years Green gold: the United States is products to Japan, a major market for include bamboo veneer, bamboo fire- bamboo’s next new frontier bamboo, for more than 20 years. CMI’s proof ceiling material, and bamboo fibre President Forman of Lake Mary-based wholly owned subsidiary, Yupong and its fabric. CMI Global was searching for International, owns the factories which investment alternatives for his firm, a were purchased for US$3 million and consultant to other companies wanting to oversees operations. Currently, Yupong do business in China. To that end, he deals in more than US$5 million in sales BAMBOO FIBRE AND ITS FABRIC travelled to Nanjing University with Dr in Japan. Zhang Min, a renowned bamboo expert. In 2003, Forman expects more than Bamboo fibre is made from the Min showed him 30 years of research on US$45 million in sales from bamboo, bamboo cellulose of natural bamboo bamboo, and Forman was sold. mostly in exports, bringing projections for and is produced through processing Now the owner of two bamboo CMI Global’s total sales in 2003 to methods such as steaming and manufacturing plants in China, Forman US$90 million, more than doubling 2002 boiling. The fibre does not contain plans to enter the United States market revenue. Forman says he hopes to enter any chemical additives and is a with more than 20 bamboo products, the European and possibly the Latin genuinely environment-friendly ranging from lotions, soaps and America markets eventually. (For the full product. The fibre’s gloss is bright disinfectants to mattress and pillow story, please see: www.bizjournals.com and beautiful. At the same time, the covers to flower-preserving extracts, /orlando/stories/2003/03/24/story6.html) fibre has a unique antibacterial and water purifiers and pain relievers. (Source: Extracted from an article by Jill deodorizing function, a fine colour, Forman’s will be the first company to Krueger in Orlando Business Journal, 24 elasticity, wearability, etc. In addition, offer this range of bamboo products in March 2003.) it is especially moisture absorbent the United States. Outside the United and permits ventilation owing to the States, bamboo enjoys a large and Utilization of bamboo in Bolivia bamboo fibre’s horizontal cross- rapidly growing market. According to a Bamboo is an everlasting, fast-growing section. Wearing bamboo fibre fabric recent study, China sells US$2.4 billion plant. In addition, it is a flexible and cheap in hot summers makes one feel in bamboo products each year, of which construction material that allows easy especially cool, owing to the fibre’s exports total US$600 million. The development or repair. “Takuara” is the special structure and natural Philippines has also taken an interest in local name for the native American guadua “hollows” in the horizontal cross- bamboo products, as has the Republic of bamboo species growing in the Bolivian sections. For this reason experts refer Korea. Malaysia has recently begun lowlands. This bamboo offers solutions to to it as a “breathing” fabric. At the looking to bamboo as both a cash crop the housing deficit in Santa Cruz, without same time, it is soft to touch and easy and a means to alleviate environmental compromising its harmonious and to wear and is used for knitted concerns: the fast-growing plant can be aesthetic architecture. underwear, T-shirts, machine-woven used to reforest areas scoured by A working group was organized under bedclothes, etc. logging. the name of “Takuara” in Santa Cruz with In fact, bamboo is considered to be the objective of promoting the use of one of the fastest-growing plants in the bamboo in the region as an alternative

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 27 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

construction material and promoting La construcción de 1 000 casas de al anterior, pero antes del tratamiento con construction skills using bamboo through bambú anualmente, con material bicloruro de mercurio las estacas se short training programmes. Construction proveniente de 60 hectáreas de una sumergieron en una solución de using the cheap and available bamboo plantación equivale a la madera de 500 cefotaxima a 50 mg por litro, durante resources reduces the costs of material, hectáreas de valiosos árboles tropicales. diferentes tiempos, para ser luego transport and labour, and presents an La regeneración natural de esta especie desinfectadas e implantadas en un medio important advantage compared with ocurre estacionalmente por medio de de cultivo Murashige y Skoog. current concepts of social housing and semillas y de manera asexual por la construction materials in Bolivia. activación de las yemas del rizoma. Estas Para más información, dirigirse a: Another objective of the Takuara vías de propagación resultan limitadas, Marcos Daquinta, Alexis Gregori, working group is to stimulate the use and más aún cuando se desea introducir la Mariela Cid y Yarianne Lezcano, culture of bamboo as a sustainable and especie en un plan de producción en Laboratorio de Células y Tejidos, renewable resource, aiming at gran escala. Una alternativa a la Centro de Bioplantas, Universidad environmental protection and improving propagación vegetativa es la de la de Ciego de Ávila, Carretera a Morón people’s quality of life. To this end, regeneración y multiplicación de plantas Km. 9, CP 69450, Cuba. Takuara promotes and demonstrates the in vitro. Esta técnica ha sido utilizada Correo electrónico: wide range of bamboo uses in para la propagación de otras especies de [email protected] construction, as well as in all kinds of bambú, utilizando callos derivados de furniture and handicraft manufacture. primordios foliares de ápices, de semillas Thanks to support from INBAR, maduras y de hojas inmaduras. Takuara-Bolivia was able to present its El objetivo de un reciente trabajo work and mission at the First Bolivian llevado a cabo por el Laboratorio de Forest Fair (EXPOFOREST) held in Células y Tejidos del Centro de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, in Bioplantas de la Universidad de Ciego de February 2003. (Source: INBAR News Ávila en Cuba, fue el de lograr la Magazine, June 2003.) inducción de callos derivados de tejidos vegetativos de Guadua y Dendrocalamus, así como el establecimiento de yemas, Participatory development with bamboo con vistas a establecer un protocolo de in the Andean countries BAMBOO IN BANGLADESH propagación in vitro. The European Community represented by El estudio incluye los siguientes temas: the Commission of the European Approximately 90 percent of all ¥ inducción de callos en segmentos de Communities has approved a proposal bamboo harvested in Bangladesh is tejido intercalar de Guadua from INBAR for participatory development used for building construction, such angustifolia; of a replicable model for bamboo-based as house posts, purlins, rafters, ¥ evaluación de diferentes development in the Andean countries. bamboo walling, ceiling and roofing concentraciones de cefotaxima en el The project began in mid-2003. material. (Source: MFP News, Vol. XIII, pretratamiento de estacas para el The project rationale is that poor No. 4, 2003.) establecimiento de yemas de Guadua farmers in Andean countries do not angustifolia; y benefit from the income opportunities ¥ evaluación de diferentes that the native guadua bamboo can offer. concentraciones de cefotaxima en el Farmers have access to bamboo Manejo biotecnológico de establecimiento de yemas de Guadua resources, but lack the skills and bambúes en Cuba angustifolia. knowledge to use these for livelihood Los bambúes son de vital importancia Para la inducción de callos se improvement. This project will develop a para los programas de construcción y de utilizaron segmentos de tejido intercalar replicable model for the sustainable fabricación de muebles, entre otras de ramas jóvenes que se desechaban production and commercialization of aplicaciones. La Guadua angustifolia es durante el establecimiento de las yemas, bamboo products in order to alleviate un bambú originario del Ecuador y siguiendo un protocolo de desinfección rural poverty in the Andean countries. Colombia que posee características con 0,2 por ciento de bicloruro de The pilot project is situated in the coastal particulares, como la resistencia a mercurio durante 10 minutos y enjuagues region of Ecuador and has as a main algunas plagas y enfermedades y el con agua destilada estéril e implantación objective to improve farmers’ income rápido crecimiento, que lo hace en medios de cultivo Murashige y Skoog. with guadua bamboo and to reduce interesante para los programas de Para el establecimiento de yemas, el pressure on the forest. The project area reforestación. procedimiento de desinfección fue similar is an example of a rapidly deteriorating

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forest situation endangering the unique killing 6 000 western lowland gorillas more carcasses out of the forest. As a tropical forest biodiversity. (from a total population of less than result, a burgeoning commercial Project activities will address all the 100 000) along with 15 000 chimpanzees. bushmeat market now stretches far major components of the bamboo Smaller primates end up on the table too, beyond the Congo Basin. production-to-consumption chain. It will with approximately 7.5 million red colobus Eves added that bushmeat has always improve resource management, train monkeys being killed for food each year. been a commodity in this region, used at people in better processing techniques, In addition, WCS estimates that 28 million varying levels of trade, but wildlife is now explore and create market outlets, and bay duikers are killed annually, as are being exploited for export to urban promote linkages between small-scale 16 million blue duikers. “And these are centres. The reason for this is economic: producers and the private industry. conservative figures.” bushmeat hunters can earn the equivalent Although the project is based in Ecuador, The problem has reached such of US$300 to $1 000 per year, more than it will network closely with Peru, Bolivia tremendous proportions that last summer, the region’s average household income. and other Andean countries. (Source: at a meeting of experts on gorillas in The hunters find eager buyers in large INBAR News Magazine, June 2003.) Germany, scientists from WCS and other cities, where many inhabitants purchase institutions said that poaching had the meat as a way to reconnect to their surpassed habitat loss as the most village origins or to show off their newly BUSHMEAT immediate threat facing western lowland acquired wealth. In Libreville, the gorillas and could lead to their extinction Gabonese capital, around 1 200 tonnes of Bushmeat hunters deplete Africa’s forests in the next 20 years. bushmeat arrives in the markets daily, and Bushmeat hunters, in forests throughout At the root of the problem is a growing in Pointe Noire, the second-largest city of Central and West Africa, have hunted human population and a tumultuous the Congo, an estimated total of 150 000 virtually every type of wild animal, economy. Today more than 30 million tonnes is consumed each year. frequently illegally, for use as food. people live within forested regions of And the markets are not limited to Reports indicated that deep in the Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Africa. In 2001, two London shopkeepers tropical forest of the Congo River Basin, and other Central African nations, and were jailed for operating a business that immense sapelli and okoum trees tower these inhabitants eat about the same sold meat from monkeys, anteaters and over the forest floor, and small antelopes amount of meat each year as most North other animals. They had offered to called duikers plunge through the Americans. More than 60 percent of the custom-order whole lions for around undergrowth, while the calls of bonobos meat comes from local wildlife. US$8 000 each. and sooty mangabeys sound from the Until recently, much of the forest was In addition to the obvious loss of prey leafy canopy. inaccessible to hunters. This changed in species, the bushmeat trade has far- But while indigenous peoples such as the 1980s when international logging reaching consequences. According to the the Bantu pygmies have sustainably companies expanded into Central African Central African Regional Program for the hunted this bushmeat for centuries, the forests. Roads were built to accommodate Environment (CARPE), the bushmeat level of hunting has skyrocketed in the logging trucks, carving the forest into trade threatens forest carnivores such as past two decades. Today, species ranging easily traversed parcels. Armies of leopards and crowned eagles by depleting from cane rats to elephants are being workers followed, many bringing their their main prey species. The forest itself is hunted at unprecedented levels, and families, and almost overnight formerly threatened as well, in that the loss of recent estimates suggest a bushmeat pristine areas were flooded with people. seed-dispersing animals is permanently harvest of between 1 million and 5 million “Areas that had previously been changing the forest’s composition and tonnes each year, a level that is literally unexploited and unpopulated are structure. emptying forests of wildlife. The situation suddenly inundated, and every worker Indigenous pygmies are losing the is most dire for primates such as may bring eight or ten individuals who are forests and animals they have depended bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas. dependent on that salary,” said Heather on for centuries. And even the bushmeat “As a group, great apes tend to be very Eves, director of the Bushmeat Crisis hunters and consumers are at risk: much at risk because they breed so Task Force (BCTF), a consortium of more according to BCTF, the hunting, slowly,” said Elizabeth Bennett, director of than 30 organizations and institutions butchering and consumption of bushmeat, the hunting and wildlife trade programme formed in 1999 to address the looming especially primates, is placing people at at the Wildlife Conservation Society problem. “This brings lots of people increased risk of contracting virulent (WCS). together who need to be fed, and the animal-borne diseases. Ebola outbreaks To be hunted sustainably, some ape forests just open up.” have been linked to exposure to gorilla species could lose no more than one Logging roads have also allowed the carcasses, and evidence of simian member per square kilometre every 20 influx of shotguns and steel cable for immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection years, but bushmeat hunters are annually snares and have enabled hunters to carry has been found in 26 different species of

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primates, including chimpanzees and conference. The campaign says that Mr Other speakers included Ghana’s sooty mangabeys, which many Tanyi’s call for international cooperation Minister for Lands and Forests, Dominic researchers believe may be a link to is the first time any African leader has Fobih, the Okyenhene (tribal king) of HIV/AIDS. made such a proposal. The aim of the Akyem Abuakwa in eastern Ghana, Despite the severity of the problem, conference is to secure agreement on United Kingdom Minister for International some remedial steps are showing signs of how to tackle the unsustainable Development, Gareth Thomas, MP, and success. In northern Congo, WCS has bushmeat trade, in which London plays representatives of the timber trade. been working with the Ministry of Forestry a prominent part. Mr Tanyi told BBC News Online: “What Economy and a logging company, we are saying is that we cannot go on Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB), to selling bushmeat, because people believe reduce bushmeat hunting in a 1.8-million- in looking after the environment. It’s not hectare logging concession. The project While deliberations at the Bushmeat local consumption that’s the problem, but supplies forest workers with alternative and Forest Actions for Sustainable the wider trade, taking the meat into the forms of protein and provides for Management Conference were taking towns and out of the country. So we’re enforcement by groups of local place in London, the Yaoundé Court of calling on our partners to fight the trade “ecoguards” who control traffic on logging First Instance slammed a one-month by helping us to recruit and train roads. “This ensures that protected prison sentence and a fine of ecoguards, and by providing local people animals aren’t being hunted,” said CFAF 300 000 on two illegal dealers with alternative ways of earning a living Bennett. “Gorillas and chimps are now in elephant products, bringing the that will keep them out of the forest. easier to see in the concession.” number of wildlife criminals jailed Some of these forest concessions can be But to reduce bushmeat hunting since July 2003 to four. This is part of up to 70 000 ha in size, so the guards will significantly, many groups are taking the an operation being undertaken by the need to be able to communicate with message directly to the consumers. Last Ministry of the Environment and each other. We’re hoping other countries year in Ghana, Conservation International Forestry in collaboration with the will help us to equip them. This is in the undertook a national bushmeat education forces of law and order and the Last context of Cameroon itself. But I am also campaign that BCTF says has been very Great Apes Organisation (LAGA). speaking in a wider context, about the effective in changing behaviours. “People According to Cameroonian law, any need to fight the bushmeat trade across have an incredibly deep cultural link with person found in possession of live or West and Central Africa. And I’ll be asking wildlife in Africa,” Eves said. “Talking part of protected animal species is Mr Thomas for his help in stamping it out about bushmeat as a loss of cultural liable to a fine and imprisonment. The in the United Kingdom. But the best way heritage resonates there.” law targets only protected wildlife to tackle it is to fight it at source, and keep Until these changes become species (gorillas, chimpanzees, the animals in the forest.” widespread, however, sections of the crocodiles, elephants, drills, etc.). It Adam Matthews, the Bushmeat Congo Basin continue to be identified as attacks the trade chain of protected Campaign’s director, is hoping Mr suffering from “empty forest syndrome”, species in different places. Anyone Thomas will spell out how the United filled with trees but devoid of large breaking the new law in Cameroon, Kingdom Department for International animals. It is a new situation, but one that where bushmeat is a prized delicacy Development plans to implement the has become disturbingly familiar. (Source: for rich city-dwellers, faces three conclusions of a recent study it carried This Day [Lagos], 23 April 2003.) years in jail and a CFAF 10 million out on the links between wildlife and fine. The ministry authorities have poverty. Mr Matthews told BBC News Cameroon demands bushmeat action been calling on restaurant dealers to Online: “That study said 150 million The rate at which Africa is devouring its help save protected wildlife by taking people – one in eight of the world’s poor Ð wildlife is entirely unsustainable, says gorillas, chimpanzees and elephant depend on wildlife for both protein and Cameroon’s environment minister. He is meat off their menus. income. The report’s recommendations demanding international action to control About 100 years ago, more than were excellent, but we have yet to see the trade, which produces as much as a million chimpanzees lived in any move towards carrying them out. I 5 million tonnes of bushmeat from the 25 African countries. Today, fewer hope the United Kingdom will incorporate Congo Basin alone every year. The trade than 150 000 remain, with healthy wildlife into its poverty strategies.” threatens the survival of several already reproduction populations found Some zoologists believe the bushmeat endangered species, including elephants only in six African countries. trade is so important to people’s survival and great apes. (Source: Cameroon Tribune that it would be better to try to control it The minister, Chief Clarkson Oben [Yaoundé], 31 December 2003.) than to stamp it out. They say it may be Tanyi-Mbianyor, was visiting London to possible to tell when large species such address a Bushmeat Campaign as apes are reaching a dangerous point

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by seeing when smaller animals such as trafficking. With populations of animals opposed to a full scientific study) carried cane rats enter the market. The smaller having been decimated in West and out by the International Fund for Animal species tend to do so just before the Central Africa, the focus is now turning Welfare (IFAW), bushmeat is the term flagship animals reach crisis point, and to Kenya. Ian Saunders of the African used to refer to meat from both the small this could serve as a warning mechanism. Environmental Film Foundation made and large wildlife species. These include (Source: BBC News Online, 15 December this revelation during a talk in Nairobi on rodents, birds, duikers, bush pigs, 2003 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/].) the “Bushmeat Crisis” in Kenya, which impala, gazelles, elephant and buffalo. [Please see under News and Notes for was hosted by the Kenya Wildlife According to the IFAW survey, over time more information on DFID’s wildlife and Coalition (KWC). the hunting of these wildlife species for poverty study.] Mr Saunders wants Kenyans to be commercial and domestic purposes has sensitized on the illegal bushmeat been on the rise. The survey concludes business. “When one talks of the illegal that this fact, coupled with deforestation bushmeat trade, it is the countries of and interference with nature, poses a West and Central Africa that immediately grave danger to wildlife. spring to mind. But it is these countries The IFAW survey was meant to and those further afield that pose an establish the extent of bushmeat external threat to one of Kenya’s consumption in Kenya. Like IFAW, other greatest natural resources: wildlife.” conservationists believe that one of the According to an Irish non- main causes of declining animal governmental organization (NGO), the populations in much of Africa is this illicit illegal global bushmeat trade is worth trade. more than US$5.5 billion a year. The Some participants argued that unless meat is smuggled from Africa to various benefits to landholders were increased, Bushmeat consumption in Ghana destinations in Europe and the United and proceeds from wildlife used in Since Ghana held a national conference States. Mr Saunders fears that countries community development, the animals on the bushmeat crisis in August 2002, such as Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia would continue to be seen as a freely Ghanaians have been made more aware and Côte d’Ivoire could soon become exploitable and uncared-for resource that of the threatened state of some like Nigeria, where the numbers of game benefits only those who get to it first. creatures in their forests. become very low and warns that the Historically, in the East African region, It is believed that with this knowledge eyes of the cartels will turn to other bushmeat has been seen purely as a Ghanaians have become more selective countries such as Kenya to supply the subsistence activity undertaken by in their consumption of bushmeat. To massive demand. traditional hunter/gatherer societies. The help sensitize Ghanaians further on the The conservationist says bushmeat is increasing human population, acute animals, reptiles and birds faced with the probably already being exported from poverty and widespread unemployment, danger of extinction, Environmental Kenya. According to Mr Saunders, gangs however, have led to a greater reliance Watch would begin write-ups on these or cartels operate from Nigeria and on natural resources. endangered species, courtesy of a Ghana. In 2001, two West Africans were Bushmeat is in demand because it is document entitled Endangered jailed in the United Kingdom for smuggling generally cheaper than domestic meat. bushmeat species in Ghana, produced and illegally selling endangered species In various surveys, it was found that by Conservation International-Ghana. and bushmeat in London’s Dalston affordability was the main reason why The creatures are categorized as Market. Their market is thought to be rural households cited bushmeat as the Endangered (EN), Critically endangered primarily African expatriates in the United most important meat protein source. The (CE), Vulnerable (V) and Data deficient Kingdom. British police uncovered more larger species are generally preferred (DD). Environmental Watch begins the than 2 tonnes of bushmeat. owing to the greater quantities of meat write-ups with the more than 40 globally The KWC is made up of several per carcass. threatened species of mammals, fishes NGOs, including the African In addition, respondents in many and birds that can be found in Ghana. Environmental Film Foundation, the Born areas surveyed showed a preference for (Source: The Independent [Accra], 16 Free Foundation, the East African their taste. With declining wildlife June 2003.) Wildlife Society, Youth for Conservation, numbers, a hunter’s catch per effort has Friends of Conservation, Pan African reduced in most survey areas. Profit Illicit trade in bushmeat in Kenya Conservation Network and the Bill motives and the increased value of Unauthorized trade in game meat is Woodley Mount Kenya Trust. bushmeat have led hunters to continue reportedly the second largest illegal But just what exactly is bushmeat? supply although the hunting effort business in the world after drug According to a recent rapid survey (as required is now far greater. To improve

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catch per effort, more sophisticated and project aims to research the livelihood unsustainable hunting methods are used dimensions of hunting for consumptive CUPUAÇU (THEOBROMA such as wire snaring, night torch hunting, use in tropical forests, including bushmeat GRANDIFLORUM) and the use of semi-automatic weapons. and the bushmeat trade, and offers a According to a report by the NGO dissemination channel for innovative Cupuaçu Trade Records Analysis of Flora and policy-relevant research. Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is a Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC), the year- To date, research on the bushmeat small-to-medium tree in the rain forest round demand for bushmeat has resulted issue has mostly been driven by canopy which belongs to the cocoa in the gradual erosion of traditional conservation priorities and livelihood family and can reach up to 20 m in hunting seasons. Increased numbers of concerns have tended to be secondary height. Cupuaçu fruit has been a primary hunters and traders that rely on bushmeat and contingent. But the importance of food source in the rain forest for both revenues have led them to hunt and trade bushmeat in range state economies indigenous peoples and animals alike. for longer periods of the year. The Youth requires that policy development takes the Cupuaçu fruit is known for its creamy for Conservation group, working in human dimension fully into account. exotic tasting pulp. The pulp is used tandem with the David Sheldrick Wildlife The project provides an opportunity to throughout Brazil and Peru to make fresh Trust, have carried out research on explore the differences in perspective juice, ice-cream, jam and tarts. The fruit snares and other hunting techniques. which arise when the human dimension is ripens in the rainy months from January Speaking at the KWC gathering, the youth brought to the fore, and priority is given to to April and is considered a culinary group programme officer, Steve Itela, said livelihoods, economic and sociocultural delicacy in South American cities where that these devices of death are largely concerns. demand outstrips supply. non-selective, explaining that a wire snare The project is pan-tropical in coverage, Indigenous peoples as well as local set for a small antelope could also cause and will seek to identify possibilities for the communities along the Amazon have the slow and agonizing death of an sharing of experience, both intraregionally cultivated cupuaçu as a primary food elephant. He added that whereas this and across continents (Africa, Latin source for generations. In former times, traditional form of hunting used to be for America-Caribbean, Asia-Pacific). The cupuaçu seeds were traded along the the subsistence of impoverished families, main, though not exclusive, emphasis will Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco rivers today it has become commercialized with be on mammals in tropical moist forests, where indigenous people drink cupuaçu bushmeat being sold regionally and also for it is here that the conservation juice after it has been blessed by a internationally. Youth for Conservation and challenges are greatest. shaman to facilitate difficult births. The the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust de- ODI is interested in publishing and “beans” are utilized by the indigenous snaring teams have removed 34 852 disseminating innovative work on wildlife Tikuna people for abdominal pains. snares since 1999. management issues, with a strong social Because of the close relationship to According to a survey by TRAFFIC, all and livelihood focus, and solicits the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.), in hunters using snares reported a catch per contributions from professionals from the addition to pulp production the seeds of effort of 1.539 kg per hour of effort, while range states. T. grandiflorum (about 20 percent of a hunter using traditional traps reported a fresh weight) can be used for catch effort of 0.723 kg per hour of effort. For more information, please contact: manufacturing chocolate-like foodstuffs. Hunters using night torching (use of Dr David Brown, Project Director, There are initiatives throughout Brazil to powerful lights to blind animals combined Overseas Development Institute, develop cupuaçu chocolate, also known with ringing a bell) reported 1.198 kg per 111 Westminster Bridge Road, in Brazil as “cupulate”. hour of hunting effort. (Source: The Nation London SE1 7JD, United Kingdom. In Japan this product is already being [Nairobi], 26 October 2003.) Fax: +44 20 79220399; produced and commercialized. In the e-mail: [email protected] or first quarter of 2002 alone, Amazonas Wild meat, livelihoods security [email protected]; state exported 50 tonnes of cupuaçu and conservation in the Tropics www.odi.org.uk seeds to Japan. It is expected that the The Bushmeat Project is the latest Japanese will buy approximately 200 undertaking of the Forest Policy and tonnes of cupuaçu seeds for chocolate Environment Group at the Overseas production next year. Once again, Brazil Development Institute (ODI). The project assumes the insignificant role of a is funded by a grant from the John D. & supplier of raw material. Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, in the There is a series of patents on the Conservation and Sustainable extraction of the fat from the cupuaçu Development Area of its Program on seeds and the production of cupuaçu Global Security and Sustainability. The chocolate. Almost all of them were

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registered by the company Asahi Foods patent to be granted: the processing of prepare various foods, drinks and Co. Ltd from Kyoto, Japan. Besides the cupuaçu is not a new technique. It has medicines. The rain forest tribes have patents, Asahi Foods has registered the been used by traditional communities in used guarana mainly as a stimulant and plant name “Cupuaçu” as a trade mark Amazonia for hundreds of years. astringent, and in treating chronic for various product classes (including Furthermore, cupulate was not invented diarrhoea. Botanist James Duke cites chocolate) in Japan, the European Union by Asahi Foods, but by the Brazilian past and present tribal uses in the rain and in the United States. (For the agricultural research agency, EMBRAPA. forest: as a preventive for complete story, please see: www. Asahi Foods does not currently hold arteriosclerosis; as an effective amazonlink.org/biopiracy/cupuacu.htm) any patents in relation to cupuaçu. It has cardiovascular drug; as an analgesic, registered “Cupuaçu” and “Cupulate” as astringent, febrifuge, stimulant and tonic Amazonia unites against biopiracy trade marks in Europe, the United States used to treat diarrhoea; and for The campaign against biopiracy in and Japan, which theoretically prevents hypertension, migraine, neuralgia and Amazonia, launched by the Acre-based Brazilian companies from selling products dysentery. non-governmental organization (NGO) made from cupuaçu on the international Nowadays, guarana is taken on a Amazonlink.org, has been joined by the market. (Source: Carta Maior, in Amazon daily basis as a health tonic by millions Amazonian Working Group (AWG), which News, 2 October 2003.) of Brazilians. Guarana has also been is composed of 513 local organizations. used as an ingredient in shampoos and The campaign is a result of an attempt by in hair-loss treatments. In Peru, the seed Amazonlink to support a project by rural GUARANA is used widely for a variety of ailments. producers to export sweets made from (PAULLINIA CUPANA) Today the plant is known and used cupuaçu to Germany. The organization worldwide and is the main ingredient in discovered that the name “Cupuaçu” had the “national beverage” of Brazil, been registered as a trade mark by the guarana soda. Eighty percent of the Japanese multinational company Asahi world’s commercial production of Foods in Japan, Europe and the United guarana paste is in the middle of the States. This means that Amazonlink Amazon rain forest in northern Brazil Ð cannot use the name cupuaçu on the still performed by the Guarani Indians packaging of its product even though it is who wild-harvest the seeds and process a plant native to Amazonia. Asahi also them into paste by hand. The Brazilian holds patents on the manufacture of Government has become aware of the chocolate from cupuaçu seeds (cupulate) importance of the local production of and the extraction of vegetable oils. guarana by traditional methods (Source: Amazon Newsletter, 6 March employed by the indigenous inhabitants 2003.) of the rain forest. Since 1980, the Guarana National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) has NGOs try to stop cupuaçu patent Guarana set up a number of projects to improve in Europe Guarana is a creeping shrub native to the local production of guarana. Now, The European Patent Office is analysing the Amazon (and particularly the regions under the direction of the FUNAI regional an application from the Japanese of Manaus and Parintins). In the authority in Manaus, many cooperatives multinational Asahi Foods to patent “the lushness of the Brazilian Amazon where in the rain forest support indigenous production and use of fat from cupuaçu it originates, it often grows to 12 m high. tribal economies through the harvesting seeds”. This would give the company the The fruit is small, round, bright-red in and production of guarana. right to produce and commercialize colour, and grows in clusters. As it While the Indians have been using cupulate, chocolate made from cupuaçu, ripens, the fruit splits and a black seed guarana for centuries, Western science explained Michael Schmidlehner, emerges Ð giving it the appearance of an has been validating that the indigenous president of the NGO Amazonlink.org, “eye” about which Indians tell legends. uses are well grounded. In 1989, a which has been campaigning against The uses of this plant by the United States patent was filed on a cases of biopiracy involving cupuaçu, Amerindians predates the discovery of guarana seed extract which was capable açai and other native Brazilian products. Brazil. South American Indian tribes of inhibiting platelet aggregation in Alongside German NGOs, (especially the Guaranis, from whence mammalian blood. A Brazilian research Amazonlink.org has promised an the plant’s name is derived) dry and group has been studying guarana’s offensive to stop the patenting process roast the seeds and mix them into a apparent effect of increasing memory, on the grounds that the request does not paste with water. They then use it in thought to be linked to the essential oils fulfil the basic legal requirements for a much the same way as chocolate Ð to found in the seed. A United States patent

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has been filed on a combination of The battle over Amazonia’s guarana supplies all the sugar utilized by Coca- plants (including guarana) for promoting The dispute involves millionaire Cola in Brazil. Over five years, Coca-Cola sustained energy and mental alertness investments, spying and a true battle of has invested $R 10 million in research, “without nervousness or tension”. words. The battleground is Amazonas planting, harvesting and improving the Guarana (often in combination with other state. At issue is the guarana fruit, guarana plant. According to Coca-Cola, plants) has also been found to facilitate discovered by indigenous people at the the technicians have reached an average weight loss. end of the eighteenth century and production of 1 kg of seeds per bush. The Guarana’s good health benefits and its industrialized into a drink in 1900. On one altered plants are reproduced in a nursery standing as a natural stimulant have side is Guarana Antarctica, of AmBev, that houses more than 180 000 shoots. caused its popularity to grow steadily which is proud of being “originally from At the end of this year, Coca-Cola worldwide. It can be found under many Brazil” and which has, for more than 40 gathered its first guarana harvest: 40 labels and as an ingredient in many years, bought its seeds from small farmers tonnes of seeds extracted from 410 ha. By herbal formulas, energy drinks and in Maues, a city located about 260 km 2005, it hopes to be self-sufficient in its protein bars. Unfortunately, too many from Manaus and considered the production and to increase production to (unethical) manufacturers are simply birthplace of guarana. On the other side is 160 tonnes. adding the guarana name to their labels Guarana Kuat, of Coca-Cola, which has In addition, the multinational is also to capitalize on its popularity Ð and just harvested (in the municipality of interested in commercializing the fruit for adding caffeine to their products instead. President Figueiredo, 120 km from other purposes, for example, cremes, (Source: www.rain-tree.com/guarana.htm) Manaus) its first crop of guarana with shampoos and even lipstick. plans to transform the region into the Perceiving Coca-Cola’s competitive newest pole of this Amazonas’ fruit. advancing and the loss of productivity in In its favour, AmBev has the tradition. Maues guarana, AmBev responded: it The taste of guarana is distinctive and Before the actual founding of Maues in elaborated an investment plan of $R 61 unique, and is the main reason for its 1798, the Satere-Mawe, an indigenous million in diverse projects in the region up success in Brazil as a soft drink. The people in the region, discovered the fruit’s until 2013; additionally, it has created 12 main ingredient of guarana is energetic ingredients. With the dried development poles to offer assistance to guaranine, which is chemically tongue of the pirarucu fish (Arapaima the rural communities and to finance the identical to caffeine. gigas), this indigenous people would expansion of guarana farming and the Guarana-based drinks are common scrape the trunk, extracting a powder recovery of the Maues guarana plants. in Brazil, but hard to find in most which would then be mixed with water, a At the centre of AmBev’s research is other countries. The success in Brazil concoction that guaranteed improved the Santa Helena Plantation, inaugurated was reason enough for Pepsi and results while hunting. In 1921, a chemist in 1972 in Maues. AmBev’s agricultural Coca-Cola to start the production of treated the fruit and was successful in engineer, Renato Cardoso Costa, Jr, their own guarana soda varieties. making a drink that maintained the explained that more than 280 000 shoots Pepsi tried to market “Josta” in the guarana flavour without its characteristic have been distributed, with an average of United States (and failed); Coca-Cola bitterness: Guarana Antarctica 1.5 kg of seeds per plant. In the still sells “Kuat” in Brazil (with some champagne. distribution, the corporation faced strong success). In most cases, imitation Maues guarana, the Brazilian leader in resistance from the local farmers. “Some brands still cannot compete with the production up until the 1980s, began to said that the plants that they cultivated original Brazilian brands. (Source: lose its productivity and the Bahia guarana were from the grandfather of the great- www.guarana.com/) plants assumed the leadership. One grandfather of the great-great-grandfather; reason for this is time: the average age of so the modernization and technology’s Maues guarana plant is 40 years, with incorporation had to be accompanied with productivity beginning to decrease after 30 a process of re-education and persuading years. A bush native to Maues produces the farmers,” explained Gileno Correia, the 80 g of seeds, whereas plants that have manager of the AmBev factory in Manaus. been genetically altered can increase Guarana is responsible for 25 percent production thirtyfold. of sodas in Brazil. According to an This reduced productivity is exactly October report by the AC Nielsen what Coca-Cola wants to take advantage consulting office, Guarana Antarctica of in the attempt to valorize its own controls 75 percent of the market, while guarana, a plant that the corporation Kuat maintains the other 25 percent. introduced three years ago. The crop is (Source: O Estado de S. Paulo, in sown in the Jayoro Sugar Factory, which Amazon News, 7 December 2003.)

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In northern Slovakia, coniferous Indigenous communities begin to produce HONEY honeydew is found, especially on spruce honey in Mato Grosso, Brazil and fir. This is the principal bee forage in The honey produced in the Xingu region Honey factory in Uganda the highlands and mountains of is now being sold outside the state. This Beekeepers in Uganda will no longer Slovakia. Other nectar sources in these month, the indigenous communities will have to hassle for the local market for places include bilberries, meadow send a shipment of honey to three São their honey with the opening of a new flowers and raspberries, all of which are Paulo supermarkets. They are honey processing plant in Kampala by hardy in the cooler climate. Dark honeys negotiating with the Pão de Açúcar the Mazima Group of companies next produced from forest fir and spruce are supermarket chain, which has shops in month. The plant, to cost U Sh 500 of outstanding quality and are much 12 Brazilian states and which could open million, is under construction in sought after by international markets. the door to the international market. The Nalukolongo near Kampala and on The long-term annual Slovakian honey communities currently produce 1 500 kg completion will process honey from yield is 12 to 15 kg per colony; however, of honey per month, and are beginning various parts of the country, for local top yields can surpass 80 kg per colony. to increase production. consumption and export. Honey is used by the beekeepers The product has strong commercial The Mazima Group’s managing themselves, sold directly to consumers, or appeal as it is produced by Indians. The director, Harshad Barot, said they were purchased by a number of companies and honey has organic certification from the undertaking this venture to exploit the exported, mostly to European Union Biodynamic Institute. The certificate is untapped value in organic honey that is countries: 1 500 to 2 000 tonnes are only awarded to products produced by plentiful in Uganda but not yet fully exported annually, representing one third sustainable practices which do not harm tapped. The Mazima Group is working to one half of the total annual yield. Honey the environment. The honey is the first together with the Uganda Beekeepers consumption in Slovakia is just 0.25 kg indigenous product to receive a Federal Association to provide materials and per capita. It is marketed in a variety of Inspection Seal from the Ministry of some financial assistance. (Source: New ways Ð cakes, nuts with honey, mead. Agriculture, which means that the honey Vision [Kampala], Uganda, 25 March Venom and royal jelly were used as is produced in accordance with health 2003.) additives in famous pharmaceutical and safety legislation. The seal products, but owing to the low prices of authorizes the sale of the honey in other these raw materials on the global states. (Source: Gazeta de Cuiabá, in market, beekeepers are no longer Amazon News, 17 July 2003.) motivated to produce them. (Source: Extracted from “Zoom in on Slovakia” in Bees for Development Journal, September 2003.)

BEEKEEPING IN RURAL Honey in Slovakia DEVELOPMENT Rich sources of bee forage allow efficient beekeeping in most areas of the Two weeks of lectures at the country. The landscape in Slovakia is University of Sheffield, United rugged Ð lowlands, hills and high Kingdom, followed by two weeks of mountain ranges lie close to each other. practical experience with tropical Therefore, Slovak honeys are usually bees in the United Republic of mixed. In the southern part of Slovakia in Tanzania at Njiro Wildlife Research the early spring beekeepers determine Centre, Serengeti Wildlife Research the survival of wintered colonies and Institute. observe their spring growth rates. These are dependent upon important early For more information, please contact: LAC nectar and pollen sources, including Bees for Development, Troy, fruit-trees and willows and oilseed rape. Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK. Lac-based livelihood in Orissa, India At the end of this initial season, Acacia is Fax: +44 16007 16167; Lac is the encrusted secretion of an in bloom and during the summer, clover, e-mail: [email protected]; insect, Laccifer lacca. This insect grows seed crops and sunflower provide pollen www.beesfordevelopment.org on some suitable trees from which it and nectar. consumes the sap as its food and

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produces a fluid that envelops its body Kusumi lac has a number of as a protective cover. This fluid, when advantages over the rangini variety: it is MEDICINAL PLANTS hardened, becomes the resin that is comparatively heavier and harder and known as lac. Brood lac is the twig of the best suited for artistic work. However, for Herbal medicine boom “threatens plants” host tree carrying lac encrustation. dyeing and similar uses, rangini lac is If the huge boom in herbal medicine said to be preferable. continues unchecked, up to a fifth of the In some forest areas near the coast, plant species on which the industry Gone are the days of gramophone climatic conditions sometimes facilitate depends could disappear, according to records and so also the days of their the production of three crops a year, but new reports. This could in turn basic raw material, lac. The advent of the encrustation in each crop is jeopardize the health and livelihoods of synthetic substitutes and reportedly thinner. the poor in India and China who harvest degeneration of age-old practices Traditional uses of lac include making them. have badly damaged the regime of bangles and lacquerware and as a Studies are showing that the industry this non-timber forest product, thus source of dye. There may also be Ð which fuels a world market worth affecting the livelihoods of the people therapeutic applications, with scientists US$20 billion Ð largely fails to ensure its traditionally dependent on it. confirming its antibacterial properties. raw material is harvested sustainably. Modern applications of this resinous The conservation group Plantlife substance and its derivatives are found International published a report that This tiny insect completes two life in the plastic, leather, electrical, reveals an uncertain future for many of cycles in a year, but in certain cases there adhesive, wood finishing and hat the wild plants. may be three cycles in 12 or 13 months. industries. One species highlighted by Plantlife The number of lac crops per year varies Indian lac dominated the world market as being under threat is tetu lakha according to the number of life cycles; for many years until 1950, when (Nothatodytes foetida), a small tree there are usually two crops harvested in a production in Thailand increased found in the rain forests in South India year from a single host tree. significantly and gained a major share of and Sri Lanka and used for anti-cancer The female insects secrete most of the lac market. Development of drugs in Europe. Others include a saw- the lac fluid. The quality of this fluid may synthetic substitutes has also affected wort known as costus or kusta vary according to the nature of the host the lac market badly. However, almost (Saussurea lappa) from India whose root tree. Other factors that affect the quality 85 percent of the lac produced in India is used for chronic skin disorders, and and quantity of production include is exported. (Source: Banabarata, the tendrilled fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa) climatic conditions (e.g. above 20¡C Issues II & III, 2002-2003 from Sichuan, China, used to treat facilitates the activity of lac insects), [www.vasundharaorissa.org].) respiratory infections. protection from pests and predators and [Please see Vasunhara in News and The market for African cherry (Prunus soil characteristics (that affect the growth Notes for more information.] africana), the bark of which is popular in of the host trees). Europe as a treatment for prostate Wild lac grows by itself in the forest enlargement, has collapsed because too with little or no human intervention. With many trees have been destroyed. In the cultivated lac, there is a possibility of past the trees, which grow in Africa’s controlling the quality as well as the mountain regions, survived because quantity of the product, which is not traditionally less than half of their bark possible with the wild variety. was harvested. But according to a recent Two different strains of the lac insect study by Kristine Stewart, from have been identified: “kusumi” and consultants Keith and Schnars in Florida, “rangini”. The kusumi strain, which growing commercial pressures have led produces the best quality of lac, grows to whole forests being stripped or felled. better on such trees as kusum Exports of dried bark halved between (Schleichera oleosa) and khair (Acacia 1997 and 2000 and the main exporter, catechu). The rangini strain prefers trees Plantecam, had to close its extraction like palas (Butea monosperma). Host factory in Cameroon. trees for the kusumi strain are In its report, Plantlife urges the significantly fewer in number than those industry to invest in cultivation. It also for the rangini strain and thus the proposes the introduction of a kite mark production of kusumi lac is also less to identify products that have been than that of the rangini lac in India. sustainably harvested.

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Some experts say Plantlife’s criticism The communication suggests that Medicinal plants: chainsaws is too conservative. Only a concerted companies and research institutions use in the drugstore effort by herbal practitioners, standard agreements with the providers Medicinal plants are used by a environmental groups and the industry of genetic resources, such as surprisingly high percentage of the itself can, they say, turn the tide. governments or local populations, which world’s population. This is partly for (For the full story, please see: set out terms and conditions under which cultural reasons and partly because they www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id the plants could be used and how the tend to be cheaper than drugs made by =ns99994538) (Source: NewScientist.com, benefits from their use should be shared. big companies. People also use plants to 9 January 2004.) All users of genetic resources are also cure problems Western medicine still encouraged to develop their own codes cannot solve. of conduct as a means of respecting the Many medicinal plants are readily 1992 United Nations Convention on available. Women grow them in their Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Bonn gardens or they grow naturally all Guidelines on Access and Benefit around. However, some key plants are Sharing (ABS) adopted under the becoming scarce owing to logging, Convention in 2002. overharvesting and deforestation, which Europe will also take measures to has put many families’ health at risk. raise users’ awareness of their For nearly a decade, Patricia Shanley obligations under the United Nations from the Center for International Forestry agreements, said the communication, Research (CIFOR) and Leda Luz from European Union to promote plant such as creating a European network to the State Forestry Institute in Minas sustainability provide information on international and Gerais, Brazil have been studying this European companies and researchers European laws on access and benefit problem in the Amazon. Their results, should share the profits made on sharing. presented in “The impacts of forest products using exotic plants such as It also opens the debate on the degradation on medicinal plant use and ginseng and green tea with the countries introduction into EU law of a requirement implications for health care in eastern of origin, urges a European Commission for patent applicants to reveal where Amazonia” in Bioscience, are hardly (EC) communication issued on Friday. they got their genetic resources from and reassuring. The statement, which encourages if they made use of the “traditional The authors focus on the Amazon city “international solidarity”, follows a new knowledge” of indigenous peoples or of Belém and find that most of its 1.7 report from the United Kingdom’s local populations. million inhabitants use medicinal plants Plantlife International that shows many The Council of Ministers and the to treat a wide range of ailments. The wild plants are under threat of extinction European Parliament have been invited city’s markets, shops, pharmacies, petrol from the booming herbal medicine to give their views on the proposals and stations and curbside vendors sell more industry. This in turn threatens the the public will also be consulted before than 200 different plants, of which about livelihoods of numerous populations, further steps are taken on the proposals. half grow naturally in the Amazon. The mainly in developing countries. (For the full story, please see: main downtown outlets alone make more The use of exotic plants such as Aloe www.beveragedaily.com/news/news- than one million sales each year, vera, ginseng, green tea and jojoba oil is NG.asp?id=48955) (Source: Beverage generating several million dollars, and widespread in the European Union (EU), Daily, 12 January 2004 in BIO-IPR sales are growing fast. Some plants are particularly in cosmetics, but there is [[email protected]].) just sold unprocessed, but there is also a also a growing demand for extracts of these plants in dietary supplements and functional foods. The EC urges companies and research institutes not to take genetic resources from other countries Ð usually developing countries that are rich in biodiversity Ð without their consent. Genetic resources, defined by the EC as materials of plant, animal or microbial origin, are usually found in the Southern Hemisphere, mostly in Latin America, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Africa.

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growing variety of capsules, powders, incentive-based approaches/certification). Syzygium alternifolium Walp. – an liquid medications and shampoos. The usefulness of an up-to-date global endemic medicinal plant Of the 12 top-selling medicinal plants framework document was strongly Syzygium alternifolium Walp. is an in Belém, eight come from forests. highlighted. Apart from governments and endemic and medicinal plant species of Logging companies use five of these non-governmental organizations, a new the Tirumala hills which are a part of the trees for timber which has depleted their key audience for the revised guidelines Eastern Ghats of India. The plant is supply. Many important medicinal tree will be the commercial sector (e.g. herbal found in open areas of rocky terrain on species are particularly vulnerable to medicine industry, traders). This sector the hills at an altitude of 600 to 750 m, logging because they grow slowly and can contribute significantly to where the soil is red and calcareous occur in low densities. Fewer trees mean conservation and sustainable use of shales. Flowering occurs in April and less access for the rural poor and higher medicinal plants through socially and May and fruiting in June and July. The prices for medicinal tree barks, roots and environmentally sound sourcing practices. plant is pollinated by insects and oils. That has made sick people’s lives To achieve maximum buy-in, the propagated by seeds. much harder. revised guidelines will be developed Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Politicians always like to talk about through a global consultation process, (Myrtaceae) is a small tree, the leaves health care because they know it affects which should be completed by December are sub-opposite, ovate, large, 20 cm all of us. But they pay too much attention 2004. TRAFFIC becomes the fourth long and 15 cm broad; the inflorescence to white coats and high-priced drugs and author of the revised document. The work is a cyme usually formed laterally from not enough to the plants that so many will be guided by a steering committee the axile of fallen leaves; the flowers are people turn to when they get ill. To get comprising two representatives from each small calyx tube turbinate, the limb four- the chainsaws out of our drugstores, that organization. lobed, with four rounded, calyptrate has got to change. (To request a free The original 1993 WHO/IUCN/WWF petals; the numerous stamens are bent electronic copy of this report in pdf or Guidelines on the Conservation of inwards in the bud condition; the ovary Word format, write to Titin Suhartini Medicinal Plants can be found at: is two-celled with several ovules in each [[email protected]]; to send www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/programmeth cell; and the fruit berry is globose comments or queries to the authors, emes/plants/0000000180.asp pyriform, one-seeded. The taxa is write to Patricia Shanley reduced to its population density and [[email protected]].) (Source: David For more information, please contact: natural spread and has become rare as Kaimowitz, Polex, CIFOR, 30 June Wolfgang Kathe, Ph.D., TRAFFIC- it is overexploited for its professed 2003.) Europe, Boulevard Émile Jacqmain 90, medicinal properties. B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Its fruits are fleshy and edible. Guidelines on the Conservation Fax: +32 2 3432565; The fruit pulp and alcoholic extraction of Medicinal Plants e-mail: [email protected]; of seeds possess antidiabetic At a meeting in 2003 organized by the www.wwf.de or www.traffic.org properties. The ripe fruits are also used World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-UK in making squashes, jellies and vinegar. and WWF/TRAFFIC-Germany, The juice of the fruits is used to cure representatives from the World Health stomach ache and ulcers while the Organization (WHO), the World external application of the fruit pulp Conservation Union (IUCN), Trade reduces rheumatic pains. The extract of Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in the stem bark possess antiseptic Commerce (TRAFFIC) and WWF properties. The leaves are the best discussed the need to revise the 1993 source for such economically important Guidelines on the Conservation of compounds as sitosterol (+) pintol, Medicinal Plants. These are global sideroxylon and sizalterin. The juice of guidelines that were published by WHO, the fresh leaves and pulp of the tender IUCN and WWF following the historic shoots are used to treat bacillary 1988 Chiang Mai Declaration “Saving dysentery. The wood is used for crafts, Lives by Saving Plants”. scantlings, beams, poles and All participants recommended the agricultural implements. (Contributed by: revision of the 1993 guidelines in the light N. Ramamurthy and of significant new developments in the N. Savithramma, Department of field of medicinal plant conservation and Botany, S.V. University, TirupatiÐ517 use over the past decade (e.g. 502, India [e-mail: community involvement in conservation, [email protected]].)

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landowner, or Memorandum of In the countries that supply them, Agreement, must stipulate that the medicinal plants are a controversial topic. landowner was informed of the reasons The livelihoods of many people in rural for the collection of plants. areas depend to a considerable extent on The department said the permit the wild collection of such plants, but applicant should not harvest between overharvesting has depleted wild November and February as this was the populations of many medicinal plant period in which flowering and seed set species in areas where they were normally took place. abundant only some 10 to 15 years ago. The same area should also not be A study Ð Medicinal and Aromatic harvested again for the following three Plants in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, years, while only secondary tubers may Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania. A study be harvested. of the collection of and trade in medicinal Devil’s Claw has gained popularity and aromatic plants (MAPs), relevant South Africa: permits to harvest since the 1900s, when it was recognized legislation and the potential of MAP use Devil’s Claw as having valuable analgesic and anti- for financing nature conservation and The future of one of Northern Cape’s inflammatory properties to assist in the protected areas Ð released today [12 most important medicinal plants, the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis. It September 2003] by BfN and carried out Harpagophytum procumbens DC, or was therefore no surprise that its demand by WWF-Germany and TRAFFIC-Europe Devil’s Claw, as it is more popularly had steadily increased since the 1960s, looks into the current volumes of the known, has been given a huge boost by leading to the export of the dried tubers medicinal plant trade, the sourcing of the laying down of permit conditions to Europe and other countries, making it medicinal plants from protected areas regarding large-scale harvesting of the a much sought-after product outside and the legal situation in five selected plant in the province. Africa. (Source: BuaNews [Pretoria], Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia- Large-scale harvesting is deemed to South Africa, 19 January 2004.) Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and be the harvesting of more than 40 plants. Romania. It also analyses several current This was decided by the Department of Medicinal plant collection in protected projects aimed at a sustainable use of Agriculture, Land Reform, Environment areas in the Balkans medicinal plants in protected areas in the and Conservation in Northern Cape, to Stocks of many medicinal plant species region and evaluates the potential for which the survival of this precious plant is in the Balkan countries have declined in using protected areas to link effectively very important. the past decades with some species nature and species conservation and the A spokesperson for the department, becoming rare or endangered owing to sustainable use of natural resources, Thabo Mothibi, said in a statement that habitat loss, habitat modification and thereby involving all stakeholders the introduction of permit conditions for overexploitation, among other reasons. affected by the chain-of-custody of the harvesting of Devil’s Claw in Northern The German Federal Agency for Nature medicinal plants sourcing and trade. “It is Cape was a proactive step to ensure its Conservation (BfN), WWF-Germany and vital that both range and consumer long-term survival, and to protect its TRAFFIC-Europe call for action to fix countries are aware of an urgent need to sustainable commercial use as a natural and implement measures to avert the share the responsibility for sustainable medicine through the prevention of further depletion of medicinal and sourcing, trade and use of medicinal and overexploitation. Mr Mothibi said that aromatic plant populations in the Balkan aromatic plants,” said co-authors of the there was a sharp increase in the countries, most of which are preparing report, Susanne Honnef from WWF- demand for Devil’s Claw as a natural for accession to the European Union. Germany and Wolfgang Kathe from medicine and it was estimated that in Western Europe’s herbal industry, TRAFFIC-Europe. 2002 more than two million plants were especially in Germany, which is the The study found that the medicinal and collected from the wild to meet the largest European medicinal plant aromatic plant species wild-collected in international demand. importer, relies on medicinal plant the largest quantities in the region are According to the Northern Cape supplies taken from the wild in the currently sage in Albania and Bosnia- Government Gazette (Vol. 10, No. 802), Balkans. Most of the more than 2 000 Herzegovina, juniper in Bosnia- the permit applicant should provide proof different plant species that are used for Herzegovina, dog-rose in Bulgaria, nettle of consent from the landowner on whose producing medicine or other herbal in Croatia, field shave-grass (Equisetum property the harvesting will take place, as products in Europe are collected from the arvense) in Croatia, as well as bilberry well as the submission of a Resource wild. A surprisingly large share Ð about 8 and raspberry in Romania. Species such Assessment and Management Report percent of the global medicinal plants as yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) and (RAMR). The written consent from the trade Ð originates from the Balkans. mountain tea (Sideritis raeseri) have

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become threatened almost throughout achieve higher market prices if the raw Brazil nuts vetoed in Europe their natural range in the Balkans. material is processed in the region or Sanctions imposed by the European Most medicinal plants in the Balkans country and products are sold on the Commission on the importation of Brazil are collected from the wild by the local national and international markets. (Hard nuts in their shells, owing to the population. As a rule, one or more copies of the study and the proceedings of presence of a fungus which is thought to intermediate traders and wholesalers are the seminar held in Vilm, Germany Ð be carcinogenic, have effectively brought involved in the chain-of-custody of the including the Declaration of Vilm Ð can be an end to the export of the product to trade; direct marketing by individual obtained from Gisela Stolpe, BfN Europe. The Brazilian Government and collectors or collectors’ cooperatives is [[email protected]]; an electronic the private sector lack the minimum uncommon. As a consequence, the share version can be downloaded from the BfN infrastructure to meet the European of the export price being earned by Web site [www.bfn.de/ 06/0602_en.htm].) standards. individual collectors is usually low. At the (Source: Traffic Press Release, All Brazil nuts exported to Europe must same time, all five countries have 12 September 2003.) be accompanied by a certificate stating developed a comprehensive system of their origin. All the nuts must also be laws and other regulations related to tested. Brazilian producers at present do environmental issues and the not have the means to comply with these conservation of natural resources. With regulations. The trade in the nut, which is the exception of Bulgaria, however, the a symbol of Brazil, is worth around implementation and enforcement of legal US$3.3 million per year. instruments has so far been relatively The European Commission decision ineffective. was based on a technical inspection In December 2002, a seminar convened carried out in Pará in January and by BfN, WWF-Germany and TRAFFIC- February 2003. The inspection team Europe in the Isle of Vilm, Germany, NUTS found levels of the fungus, aflatoxin, 100 brought together medicinal plant experts times greater than that permitted under from the Balkans and Germany to discuss Milk produced from Brazil nuts European Commission rules. ecological, social and financial Bread made with nut milk is a speciality of Brazilian diplomats in Brussels have implications of medicinal plant sourcing regional cuisine in Acre. As well as being criticized the decision as another and trade in the Balkans and at the same tasty, the product is highly nutritious. An example of European agricultural time served as one of the main incentives Acre-based company, Sello Industria protectionism. (Source: O Estado de S. to develop the study released today. Comercio, Importação is building a factory Paulo, in Amazon News, 17 July 2003.) Based on the results of the study and to produce pasteurized nut milk, which the seminar, action at several levels is may be used as an alternative to coconut Brazil nuts under threat urgently needed in most areas in the milk in cooking. The company already has Scientists are warning that the export of Balkans. Among other things, medicinal contracts with companies in Europe for Brazil nuts collected in the Amazon region and aromatic plant populations and wild the exportation of nut products. The could collapse if intensive harvesting collection activities have to be assessed product will begin to be sold in Rio practices continue. Until now, harvesting and species-specific and local maximum Branco, the capital of Acre, but the the nuts has been thought to be a quantities of annual wild-collection company hopes to expand its production sustainable way of preventing more determined. and sell the product to other states. This environmentally destructive activities such Effective control and monitoring year, Sello hopes to produce 100 000 as ranching. mechanisms must be established and a litres of nut milk. The factory will employ However, in this week’s Science, an comprehensive management plan has to 32 people. international team of researchers, led by be developed for every protected area, The Brazil nut is considered to be one of Carlos Peres, a tropical conservation which should guarantee that medicinal the most complete foods available. It is rich biologist from the University of East Anglia, and aromatic plant sourcing does not in protein, lipids and minerals. Brazil United Kingdom reports that current exceed sustainable levels. Based on the exports around US$3.3 million of Brazil harvesting practices are not sustainable in effective management of protected areas nuts every year but the product has been the long term. medicinal plant sourcing could banned in the European Community owing The scientists surveyed 23 natural subsequently contribute to nature to concern about contamination with a Brazil nut tree populations in the Brazilian, conservation in protected areas. carcinogenic fungus, aflatoxin. The ban will Bolivian and Peruvian Amazon. They In addition, collectors must Ð over the not affect the exportation of nut milk. found that populations that have been long term Ð be guaranteed a certain (Source: Página 20, in Amazon News, extensively harvested over several income level. It may be possible to 31 July 2003.) decades are dominated by older trees,

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suggesting that younger trees are unable económicos y a preservar los bosques to establish themselves in such areas. tropicales amazónicos, se halla Computer models confirm that, as a result, gravemente amenazada debido a la Los ÇtamshiesÈ son especies nativas these tree populations will dwindle over excesiva explotación. no maderables que tienen en común the long term if current practices persist. El nombre ÇtamshiÈ viene dado a un su condición de epífitas, con raíces Brazil nuts are the only internationally grupo de especies de fibras vegetales cilíndricas largas en forma de lianas traded seed crop collected from the wild. de las familias Araceaea y que cuelgan o están pegadas a los They are traditionally harvested from trees Cyclanthaceae. Estas especies tienen troncos de árboles de gran altura en that can reach 50 m in height and more en común la característica de ser bosques primarios amazónicos. En las than 16 m in circumference. At least hemiepífitas, con raíces aéreas, zonas rurales, debido a su flexibilidad 45 000 tonnes of nuts are harvested each cilíndricas o planas, largas, en forma de y alta resistencia al ataque de hongos year in the Amazon region. alambres, que cuelgan o están pegadas e insectos, se los utiliza en las In order to avoid a collapse of the Brazil a los troncos de los árboles en los construcciones como material de nut industry, the researchers recommend bosques primarios. Los ÇtamshiesÈ son amarre en sustitución del alambre. close monitoring and careful management especies nativas de los bosques of exploited tree populations to encourage amazónicos clímax y no se encuentran young trees to become established. en bosques secundarios. They also suggest that the annual quota Los ÇtamshiesÈ son productos no perfectamente a la fibra de mimbre. of seeds that can be harvested should be maderables del bosque, altamente Como una prueba más de su gran managed, and that a rotation system resistentes al ataque de hongos e popularidad, la capital de la provincia de should be implemented, alternating areas insectos, que tienen múltiples usos y Sargento Lores en Loreto se llama in which harvesting would not take place. aplicaciones. En las zonas rurales son Tamshiyacu, nombre puesto por sus (Source: Science, 19 December 2003.) material importante de construcción que antiguos pobladores, posiblemente por la reemplaza al alambre y se utiliza como abundancia del ÇtamshiÈ en ese lugar. elemento de amarre para sujetar vigas, En la actualidad el recurso escasea a TAMSHI caballetes y junturas. causa de la presión ejercida por su Es también común su uso en el tejido explotación y obliga a los pobladores Tamshi: otro producto no maderable de de canastas, esteras, camas, sombreros rurales a buscar en áreas cada vez más los bosques amazónicos con importancia y otros utensilios y materiales de pesca. distantes de los centros tradicionales de económica Los ÇtamshiesÈ, dependiendo del grosor producción. No obstante su utilidad, muy La fibra vegetal de ÇtamshiÈ juega un rol y características de la especie, se utilizan poco se conoce sobre aspectos básicos importante en la vida del poblador rural también en la construcción de balsas de de su taxonomía, biología, ecología y de la Amazonía peruana, pues se la madera, cercos para protección de características físicas y mecánicas, por utiliza habitualmente en la construcción animales, armado de camas en lo que urge desarrollar investigaciones de casas, utensilios domésticos y reemplazo del somier, tendales para orientadas a solucionar los problemas artesanías. Sin embargo, hay poca secar ropas y como materia prima para vinculados a su manejo y explotación. conciencia sobre la necesidad de su la fabricación de artesanías en diferentes conservación y manejo. La especie, que comunidades nativas. En zonas urbanas Para más información, dirigirse a: con un manejo adecuado puede se los utiliza ampliamente en la Juan Baluarte Vásquez o Dennis del contribuir a generar ingresos fabricación de muebles, pues reemplaza Castillo, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. Abelardo Quiñónez Km. 2,5, Apartado 784 Iquitos, Perú. Fax: +51 14 265527; correo electrónico: [email protected] o [email protected]

He plants trees to benefit another generation. Caecilius Statius (220–168 BC)

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 41 COUNTRY COMPASS

given out for rubber cultivation, 405 ha to and China. Matsutake, locally called BANGLADESH the Air Force, 10 125 ha have gone into sangay shamu, fetches about Nu 3 000 illegal possession and the Forest per kilogram in Japan and Bhutan has A forest stolen for cash Department controls only 3 650 ha. been exporting the mushroom for about The plantation of exotic trees Ð rubber, In Modhupur, once abundant with a decade. acacia and eucalyptus in particular Ð is a medicinal plants, one can hardly find There are other reasons for the major factor that has changed the native species such as Gandhi gazari, decline. Despite the vigilance of quality Modhupur sal forest (Shorea robusta) for ajuli (Dillenia pentagyna), dud kuruj, control inspectors, Japanese importers ever, with severe consequences for the sonalu (Cassia fistula) (golden shower), found nails inside the mushrooms, ethnic communities Ð Garos and Koch Ð sesra, jiga, jogini chakra (Gmelina seriously tarnishing the quality of who have lived in the forest for arborea), kaika, sidha, sajna, amloki Bhutanese export standards. Bad centuries. (Emblic myrobalan) and gadila. harvesting practices of mushroom With loan money from the Asian Currently, the Forest Department is collectors have also contributed to the Development Bank and the World Bank, implementing the second rotation of decline. According to Dawa Penjor, the in particular, the government has actually fuelwood plantation throughout the Bhutanese overpick, collect very young established plantations of alien species all country with loans for the Forestry Sector mushrooms, disturb the soil and damage over the public forest land. With the Project from the ADB. The controversy, the host plant, and carry plastic bags exception of the Sundarbans, only debate and protest that the first rotation of instead of baskets which prevented fragments of native forests remain in plantation (beginning in 1989/90) spores from being released in the forest. Bangladesh. generated are still alive. The Forest Collectors say that the productivity of the Pineapple and banana plantations have Department continues to ignore all these cultivated areas has declined by at least also expanded recently in the Modhupur protests and controversies around 10 percent in recent years. sal forest, which is a cause of serious plantations. (Source: Extracted from Exporters, farmers, agriculturists, concern owing to the heavy use of Modhupur. A stolen forest, robbed foresters, collectors, quality controllers pesticides (including DDT), and imported Adivasis, by Philip Gain, Society for and marketing experts in the business hormones to make the fruit bigger and Environment and Human Development met at a one-day workshop on 18 June ripen faster. Nowadays both pineapple [[email protected]] in Community 2003 to discuss “sustainable harvesting and banana production and trade are Forestry E-News, 2003.16.) and marketing of the mushroom”. The controlled by the Bangalee traders. participants deliberated on various cross- In Bangladesh, “social” forestry on cutting issues affecting the mushroom public forest land means big cash deals industry in Bhutan. with loans coming from international Chhimi Tshering of the agricultural financial institutions. The practice of marketing section, who presented a “simple plantation” forestry has been paper during the workshop, said that passed for “social”, “community” or little was known in Bhutan about the “participatory” forestry. The land belongs Japanese mushroom industry, the place to the Forest Department; loan money of matsutake in the industry, and the comes from the Asian Development Bank progress and the prospects of Bhutan’s (ADB); and the Forest Department exports to Japan. He added that establishes the plantations on public Canada, the Democratic People’s forest land, cutting native forests and Republic of Korea, the Republic of bushes with the argument that the local Korea, Mexico, Morocco, the United species are less productive and grow BHUTAN States, Turkey and China also exported slowly. The local people and often matsutake to Japan, with China and the outsiders are drawn into the practice as Matsutake export declines Democratic People’s Republic of Korea the so-called participants or beneficiaries Exports of matsutake mushrooms to dominating the market. Bhutan was the who have no say in the selection of Japan have slumped rapidly in recent smallest supplier. Bhutan also exported species, while production and trade are years says the National Mushroom matsutake to Thailand, Singapore, India, controlled. Centre (NMC) in Semtokha. According to Malaysia and China, Hong Kong Special According to some appalling statistics Dawa Penjor of NMC this is basically Administrative Region. about the state of the Modhupur forest because of the large production of Mushroom exporters said that the “low given by the Tangail Forest Office, out of matsutake in other exporting countries demands and uneconomic prices 18 600 ha in the Tangail part of the such as the Republic of Korea, the offered” because of an economic slump Modhupur forest, 3 160 ha have been Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in Japan, coupled with high

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charges and flight cancellations owing to visit: www.gudigwa.com) (Source: Press bad weather, were other reasons for the BOTSWANA Release, Conservation International declining exports to Japan. But a [Washington, DC], 1 May 2003.) marketing expert with the agricultural San Bushmen launch ecotourism project marketing section argued that the One of southern Africa’s most ancient information Bhutanese exporters had on and vulnerable communities, Botswana’s the Japanese mushroom industry was Bukakhwe San Bushmen, have launched either very limited or not accurate and a community-run ecotourism project built assured the workshop that the Japanese on preserving their traditional values and matsutake market was steady and that protecting the region’s declining wildlife. exports were worth continuing. Working in partnership with The programme director of the Conservation International and Renewable Natural Resources-Research Wilderness Safaris, the Bukakhwe Centre (RNR-RC) spoke about the Cultural Conservation Trust recently possibility of harvesting matsutake based inaugurated the new venture called BRAZIL on the principles of shared ownership. Gudigwa Camp. The ecotourism venture He explained that mushroom producing is fully owned by the Bukakhwe San Environmental protection areas areas were a “common pool” for which Bushmen and all proceeds will be in half of Amazonia an effective management strategy funnelled back into community Brazil should consider the idea of needed to be developed. development projects. The initiative aims transforming half of Amazonia into an Meanwhile, NMC has been taking to reduce pressure on wildlife in environmental protection area, according various initiatives to keep the industry Botswana’s Okavango Delta by providing to a document published by the World running and has been training the alternative sources of income that Bank; Brazil should combine “its matsutake collectors in the sustainable respect the Bukakhwe’s cultural heritage. tremendous natural riches”, with higher harvest of mushrooms. The beginning of Hunting, increased human settlement levels of human capital, foreign trade the harvest season is now being set and livestock encroachment have had a and innovation to “construct an economy every year and the collection of small- negative impact on some of the region’s based in knowledge and natural sized mushrooms is not permitted so that most endangered species such as the resources”. mushrooms can mature and shed their African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and The document advocates the spores. NMC has also set packaging African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). preservation of Amazonia’s ecosystems standards and has been encouraging Gudigwa’s cheetahs, wattled cranes, lions alongside the existence of highly collectors’ group formation to prevent and leopards are also under pressure. productive agriculture. (Source: O Estado overpicking and mismanagement. This new project gives the 700 members de S. Paulo, in Amazon News, 29 May To regain Bhutan’s market reputation of the Gudigwa community sustainable 2003 [[email protected]].) in exports to Japan, “Bhutan Fresh” will alternatives to livestock grazing and be used as the quality standard brand on incentives to protect local fauna. Secrets of the forests matsutake mushrooms exported to The Bukakhwe San Bushmen of Nuts, essential oils, precious stones, Japan. (For the full story, please see: Gudigwa live in northeastern Botswana certificated tropical hardwoods and www.kuenselonline.com/article.php?sid= in the upper extremity of the Okavango handicrafts are some of the treasures 3087) (Source: Kuensel online.com, Delta. Tracing their roots back to hidden deep in the Amazonian rain 24 July 2003.) Namibia and southern Angola, they have forest. Despite the fact that it occupies maintained their cultural heritage for two thirds of the territory of Brazil, the thousands of years, amid their unique Amazon region contributes 7 percent wetland surroundings. only of Brazil’s annual income. The Gudigwa Camp will host up to 16 Brazilian environment agency IBAMA guests at a time in comfortable grass estimates that Amazonia’s biodiversity huts modelled on traditional Bushmen could generate an income of $R 4 trillion, shelters. Through walking tours, four times more than the current GNP. community members will teach guests On 17 June 2003, 650 representatives about the San cultural heritage including of the public, private and “third” sector the use of medicinal plants, gathering met in Belém to discuss proposals to water in the dry season, traditional make the forest economy the motor storytelling, song and dance. (For further which drives the development of the information about the project, please region. During the meeting, the first

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group of timber producers with the One area of growth is the production of coveted “green seal” was formed. The cosmetic products, using raw materials group is composed of five companies The Sustainable Business Service is from all over the Amazon region. Beraca, and two communities in Acre. an initiative launched by Friends of the a São Paulo-based company which acts An initiative from the federal Earth-Brazilian Amazonia in December as an intermediary between producers government, the National Forests 2002. The project offers training Ð and and industrial manufacturers, has created Programme, promises to offer incentives not direct financial resources Ð to a research programme to identify for ecologically correct products. The small-scale community initiatives in potential ingredients. Copaiba oil is used idea is to transform an area twice the the Amazon region, which includes the to make antidandruff shampoo and acne size of the state of São Paulo into states of Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, products. Andiroba oil is used in national forests by 2010. Under this new Roraima, Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, anticellulite products. regime, the exploitation of the forest’s Tocantins and Mato Grosso. The sustainable development projects natural resources will be permitted as The aim is to strengthen the have an unquestionable appeal. A long as it conforms to the criteria of productive sector in the region specialist shop in São Paulo, which sells sustainable management, i.e. the through the development and ecologically correct stationery, furniture extraction of forest resources should sustainability of community-based and personal hygiene products, has benefit local communities without initiatives which are socially, seen an increase in its monthly income damaging the environment. economically and environmentally from $R 40 000 in June 2002 to Adalberto Verissimo, of the Institute of sustainable. The initiative is $R 100 000 today. The shop was the Man and the Environment in Amazonia benefiting rubber tappers, furniture first in Brazil to receive the Forest (IMAZON), said that the future of makers, producers of indigenous craft Stewardship Council’s “green seal”. sustainable development in the region goods, oils, palm hearts, honey, fruit (Source: Revista Istoé, in Amazon News, depends on the urgent resolution of the pulps and certificated wood. 25 June 2003.) land question since around 45 percent of The Sustainable Business Service is the forest has no owner. one of a number of initiatives aimed at Ecology makes a difference to Brazil’s Certificated timber continues to be up helping local people to exploit cosmetic industry to 20 percent more expensive than timber Amazonia’s natural resources The exotic names of fruits, seeds, barks which does not have the FSC “green responsibly. The service offers support and plants from the Amazon region have seal”. Other ecologically correct products in a number of areas: technical, legal, an ecological appeal which distinguishes are up to a third more expensive. “The marketing, business management, Brazilian products in the international appeal of these products is in the work etc., through partnerships with local cosmetics market. In the last five years, behind each item and the many families government, non-governmental the beauty products industry has grown which benefit from this economic organizations, specialist teaching by 102.7 percent. In 2002, export sales alternative which means that they do not institutions and law practices. The aim exceeded imports by US$35 million. It is have to leave their land,” said Verissimo. is to help 24 enterprises in the next estimated that more than US$190 million One piece of good news is that there four years. There have already been of products will be exported in 2003, is no shortage of projects in the region 200 candidates. representing a growth of 20 percent in aimed at bringing about sustainable Information about the candidates relation to 2002. development. The non-governmental will be included in a Sustainable Products which are “made in Brazil” organization Friends of the Earth- Business Databank, which may be are becoming increasingly common in Brazilian Amazonia has created a service accessed via the Internet. Any Europe, the United States, Africa and the for sustainable business, which offers potential candidates may contact Near East. Until 2000, 80 percent of advice to local communities in Amazonia. the service by e-mail (negocios@ Brazilian exports went to other countries According to Roberto Smeraldi, director amazonia.org.br) or via the Web site in Latin America. This year, that figure of Friends of the Earth, an economy (www.amazonia.org.br/negocios). has dropped to 55 percent. based on sustainable development could The use of biodiversity has given generate 500 000 direct and indirect jobs the national industry a distinctive in the next four years. The sustainable personality. According to Farmaervas’ business service received an investment commercial director, Walmir Paulino, of $R 1.5 million from the Netherlands natural cosmetics, particularly those with Government in its first year. It helps active ingredients from Amazonian companies selling forest products to plants, have a great marketing appeal identify markets and find buyers for their abroad. The company has recently products. launched an Amazonian line using

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essences of copaiba, pequi and development; and supplying fuelwood as andiroba. (Source: O Estado de S. an important energy source for a greater Paulo, in Amazon News, 25 September majority of the population. (Source: 2003.) Cameroon Tribune [Yaoundé], 30 December 2003.)

Fighting poverty through community forestry “Empowerment and livelihood improvement of the Bagyeli community Foundation helps communities protect through the sustainable use of the Cameroon Mountains biodiversity resources at the Ngovayang Forest in The United Nations Development CAMEROON Cameroon”: this is the purpose of a Programme (UNDP) is supporting Forestry products to boost economy project conceived for the Bagyeli or activities by the Cameroon Mountains The contribution of the forestry sector to Bakola people living around the Conservation Foundation to protect the Cameroon’s economy is significant. The Ngovayang Massif Forest in Lolodorf, area’s unique biodiversity by helping local latest report on the competitiveness of the Ocean Division. communities manage forest resources Cameroonian economy describes the The feasibility studies for the project and improve their livelihoods. UNDP is sector’s role in very simple terms; “its were carried out by the Cameroon providing US$300 000 for the initiative. contribution is important by virtue of its Biodiversity Conservation Society The Cameroon Mountains, lying in the direct and indirect fallouts.” The report is (CBCS), working in collaboration with the western part of the country, are the the result of a study on the diagnosis of Ministry of Environment and Forestry highest range in West Africa. The region’s the competitive nature of Cameroon’s (MINEF) and the Ministry of Social forests have been designated by economy realized by the Technical Affairs (MINAS). The project is being Conservation International as one of the Secretariat of the Committee on implemented with the financial support of world’s 25 biodiversity “hot spots” that Competitiveness in partnership with the the Dutch Development Agency (DGIS) need special attention to safeguard CRETES cabinet and James Bannet, an and Comic Relief. endangered species. international consultant. It has been CBCS collaborates with two main site Many villages in the mountains are carried out within the framework of the community-based organizations made isolated, and their people are among the fight against poverty, a strategy which up of the Bagyeli people and their Bantu one third of Cameroonians who survive challenges the Cameroonian economy allies. The government brings in on less than one dollar a day. They and particularly the private sector, already technical support through MINEF and depend on the mountains for resources identified as the major axis on which MINAS. such as fuelwood, honey, medicinal plants riches and employment could be created. The Bagyeli people who live around and game for food, and have strong On the basis of its enormous the Ngovayang Massif Forest are part of cultural bonds to the forests. The contribution to the economy, the report the second largest group of pygmies in mountains are also a vital source of water gives serious consideration to the central Africa and the world’s population for many inhabitants. forestry sector which possesses rich that still live as hunters and gatherers. Among the animals living in this unique potentials for making the economy more Their economy is based on hunting and environment are primates, including competitive within and outside the the collection of forest products. The chimpanzees and gorillas, mountain country. Ngoveyang forest covers an area of elephants and a number of rare bird The sector is also hailed for playing 62 700 ha, situated in the Centre and species. Over the years, however, forests the following role in the economy: South Provinces. have been cleared for farming and contributing to the amelioration of the The project aims at raising awareness grazing, leading to the drying up of road infrastructure especially in enclave and contributing to the empowerment of streams and the disappearance of wildlife. areas; reinforcing banking and local communities around the The Cameroon Mountains businesses; supplying wood to the Ngovayang forest to manage their Conservation Foundation is applying to numerous carpentry and furniture natural resources and improve their the Global Environment Facility for workshops nationwide known to have livelihoods. The project activities include: US$6 million in funding and UNDP is provided jobs to more than 20 000 training in natural resource management, working to mobilize an equal amount from people; providing non-timber forest promotion of indigenous natural resource donors and partners. To aid this effort, products, such as medicinal plants, management systems, and access rights UNDP hosted a round table in June 2003 vegetables, wild fruits and spices that to natural resources. (Source: Cameroon for representatives of donor and have undergone spectacular Tribune [Yaoundé], 26 December 2003.) government agencies in the capital,

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Yaoundé, and is following up to marshal Les produits forestiers non ligneux – quel villageoises. Ainsi par exemple, on peut se support for the foundation. rôle dans la gestion participative du servir des PFNL comme outil de Tanyi Mbianyor Clarkson, Minister of domaine forestier non permanent? mobilisation d’un grand nombre de the Environment, urged support for the La gestion participative est une des personnes pour cause de gestion foundation’s mission, noting that its work options fortes de la nouvelle politique participative. On peut aussi les utiliser is carried out within the framework of the forestière du Cameroun mise en œuvre comme un des indices d’identification des government’s Forest Environment depuis la seconde moitié de la décennie différentes parties prenantes de Sectoral Programme, supported by the 1990. Cette nouvelle démarche est une l’exploitation d’un massif forestier, comme World Bank. Donors to date include the réponse à l’échec des approches de support de négociation des plans et German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) gestion centralisée, «exclusive» et accords de gestion ou encore comme which has allocated US$2.1 million, the répressive par rapport à l’entreprise de matériel didactique dans le cadre de United Kingdom Department for conservation et de développement l’apprentissage collectif de la cogestion International Development US$740 000 durable. par l’action. On peut également relever le and the Forest Environment Sectoral Ë travers le triangle national, il existe fait que les situations de prélèvement Programme US$620 000. d’importants espaces offrant des excessif et de friction autour des PFNL The foundation is cooperating with possibilités de cogestion. Il s’agit peuvent constituer de puissants éléments communities to improve forest prioritairement des espaces-ressources de persuasion ou de conviction dans la management to conserve resources, des populations dans le domaine de communication sociale (sensibilisation, protect endangered species and improve forêts non permanentes dont l’exploitation dialogue) dont fait généralement appel le livelihoods by promoting ecotourism and relève du régime collectif villageois ou cheminement vers la cogestion. marketing of local products. The tout simplement de ceux dont l’accès est Sur le plan organisationnel, foundation also works with villagers to libre. Ces espaces regorgent pour la l’exploitation des PFNL peut être à la monitor the ecology and social and plupart des produits forestiers non ligneux base de la naissance d’une entité de economic conditions in the area. (PFNL: rotin, njansang, bitter cola, eru, gestion participative (association, These activities contribute to mango, etc.) dont les potentialités coopérative, groupe d’intérêt Cameroon’s efforts to reach two of the notamment en matière de gestion économique) dans la mesure où certaines targets of the Millennium Development collective demeurent ignorées. Pourtant, opérations d’exploitation commerciale des Goals for 2015: halving severe poverty par leurs caractéristiques, les PFNL PFNL constituent des facteurs de and ensuring environmental peuvent jouer un grand rôle dans le rapprochement des villageois. On peut sustainability. (Source: Newsfront, processus de mise en place et de par exemple penser aux «expéditions» de 13 August 2003 [[email protected]].) fonctionnement d’un système de gestion ramassage de Irvingia dans certaines multipartite ou participative des localités du sud et du sud-est, aux parties For more information, please contact: ressources forestières. de chasse dans les mêmes régions et Peter Ngu Tayong, UNDP Cameroon. En premier lieu, les PFNL peuvent aux opérations de cueillette, d’évacuation E-mail: [email protected]; or servir de révélateur d’un besoin de et de vente du rotin dans les campagnes Nicholas Gouede, UNDP cogestion à travers la surexploitation et du Nyong et Soo. A ces occasions, des Communications Office. les conflits auxquels donne souvent lieu groupes informels plus ou moins larges et E-mail: [email protected] leur prélèvement incontrôlé dans certains stables se constituent. Cette synergie massifs forestiers d’accès libre. Au-delà peut être capitalisée et canalisée vers de ce rôle de déclic (c’est-à-dire la mise une éventuelle initiative de cogestion. en exergue du besoin de gestion Les PFNL étant peu «sensibles» (ils concertée), les PFNL peuvent être utilisés polarisent moins d’enjeux politico- comme élément d’analyse des situations économiques et fonciers que le bois) et de précarité autour de l’exploitation des d’accès relativement facile peuvent être, ressources forestières. sans grande difficulté, pris comme En deuxième lieu, lorsque le principe ressources support ou ressources témoin d’une gestion collaborative des ressources dans le processus d’initiation et de forestières est retenu, les PFNL peuvent définition du cadre relationnel (rôles, contribuer de façon appréciable à droits, responsabilités) entre différents plusieurs étapes du processus de sa mise acteurs impliqués dans l’exploitation des en place dans la mesure où leur produits d’une forêt donnée. exploitation est relativement simple, facile Enfin, dans le cadre particulier des et suscite l’engouement de fortes forêts communautaires (au sens du proportions des communautés décret 95/531/PM: «une forêt du domaine

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forestier non-permanent faisant l’objet Comme on le constate, les PFNL the major reasons for the intact state of d’une convention de gestion entre une peuvent jouer un rôle significatif dans la the forest, especially on the western side. communauté villageoise et l’administration gestion participative des ressources The Bakossi people believe that the chargée des forêts»), l’exploitation forestières en général et en matière Mount Kupe forest is the greatest secret commerciale des PFNL peut être d’une d’obtention et de gestion des forêts meeting place in all Bakossiland. However, grande importance pour les communautés communautaires en particulier. Il revient as can be expected, the population locales. Par rapport au bois d’œuvre, donc aux différents acteurs de la gestion surrounding Mount Kupe forest uses it for l’exploitation des PFNL présente divers forestière d’exploiter les possibilités their livelihood and recreation via hunting, avantages: ces ressources sont qu’ils offrent dans leurs efforts farming, tourism and petty-logging. The relativement plus abondantes et d’opérationalisation du concept de native inhabitants saw human pressure on diversifiées et ont un temps de maturation participation. (Contribution de: Louis the forest, especially from the settler généralement court. Leur extraction est en Defo, CML, Université de Leiden [bourse population (non-Bakossians), as a step général simple et nécessite moins de WOTRO], Pays-Bas et Université de towards obliterating the valuable moyens (financiers ou techniques). Leur Yaoundé, BP 8297, Yaoundé, Cameroun biodiversity that nature has provided them évacuation peut se faire à travers des [mél.: [email protected]].) and, above all, their culture. Consequently, sentiers qui sont en général moins the local communities through their chiefs coûteux et perturbateurs que les routes Local communities take the lead in and in concert with other stakeholders dont fait appel le prélèvement de la implementing their conservation plans decided to put in place a farm-forest matière ligneuse. Par ailleurs, les PFNL Mount Kupe straddles the Southwest boundary, beyond which further human se prêtent mieux à l’exploitation en régie and Littoral provinces of Cameroon. Its activities are forbidden. The peculiar et sont comme on l’a déjà relevé, moins altitude ranges from approximately 600 aspect of the more than 52 km long sensibles que le bois. Par ailleurs, sans to a peak at 2 064 m. The forest is boundary in the Kupe forest is that the égaler à court terme les bénéfices largely submontane evergreen forest local people themselves took the decision financiers de l’exploitation des arbres, la (800 to 2 000 m), with some montane to put it in place and afterwards to commercialisation des PFNL par les forest species above 1 800 m and below demarcate the forest, technically villageois peut générer des sommes non 1 200 m. At present, the mountain’s supported by the Government of négligeables. Certaines études réalisées forest covers an area of approximately Cameroon and facilitated by the WWF- en Amérique latine ont d’ailleurs montré 42 km2. The forest is surrounded by 16 Coastal Forests Program. qu’à la longue, l’exploitation des PFNL villages/towns with an estimated An assembly of the “Kupe All Chiefs peut être économiquement plus profitable population of 140 000 inhabitants, Meeting” (community leaders’ forum), que celle des arbres. predominantly of the Bakossi tribe. consisting of 19 villages, was convened by Au-delà de leur montant, les sommes The forest has a wide range of the local chiefs to determine future susceptibles d’être générées par endemic, unique and endangered flora interventions in the Kupe forest, as l’exploitation commerciale des PFNL dans and fauna species, such as the Mount sanctioned by the Cameroon les espaces régis par le régime collectif Kupe bush shrike (Malaconotus of 20 January 1994. villageois peuvent être d’un grand appui kupeensis) exclusively on Mount Kupe Facilitated by WWF-Coastal Forests pour les communautés dans les efforts and the Bakossi forests. In addition, Program, with the technical assistance of d’obtention et de gestion des forêts there are seven bird species for which the Ministry of Environment and Forestry communautaires: cet argent peut aider Mount Kupe is a very important (MINEF), the 19 chiefs bordering the ces derniers à rechercher des partenaires population centre, a unique chameleon Kupe, collectively with other stakeholders, techniques et financiers, à financer species, eight primate species and about proposed Mount Kupe, as an Integral certaines étapes ou formalités dans le 20 endemic plant species, including Ecological Reserve in an enlarged Kupe processus (exemple: organisation des Coffea montekupeensis known in All Chiefs Meeting, after they had been réunions, création de l’entité légale de Bakossi as “deh a mbine”, a wild coffee well schooled on the provisions of the gestion, élaboration de plan simple de plant (discovered by the Earthwatch Cameroon Forestry Law. gestion). Les PFNL peuvent générer de team from the Kew Gardens, United The Cameroon Forestry Law of 1994 l’argent plus rapidement que le bois et cet Kingdom) believed to be more valuable highlights an Integral Ecological Reserve, argent peut financer le fonctionnement et than the robusta and arabica coffees as one of the highest categories of la consolidation de l’entité de gestion common in Cameroon. Protected Area Legal Status. If the aussi bien au cours du processus Apart from its scientific worth, Mount Government of Cameroon approves this d’acquisition de la forêt communautaire Kupe forest represents a rich and grand status, then Kupe will be the first Integral que de son exploitation en attendant que cultural force to the Bakossi people. Ecological Reserve in Cameroon (as at the les disponibilités financières s’élargissent They consider it as one of the strongest time of writing this article, September davantage avec l’exploitation des arbres. points of their culture, constituting one of 2003). As stated by the Cameroon

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Forestry Law, an Integral Ecological Seeking assistance on managing forest Reserve is a Permanent Forest, an area biodiversity CANADA whose resources of whatever kind are In 1994, a group of extension workers in completely protected in order to ensure the forestry, agriculture and community Salvaged ferns – the newest North full preservation of its climatic conditions. It development in Bova, Buea Limbe, Fako Island export implies that all human activities are strictly Division in South West Province formed Nurseries in the Lower Mainland have prohibited in such areas. Wewuley Consultancy to fight already ordered thousands of However, the administration in charge deforestation, promote participatory sustainably harvested ferns from North of forestry may authorize scientific forest management/sustainable Island residents as a result of harvesting research projects to be carried out in agricultural practices to rescue trials held in December 2002 and areas where such projects are not likely forest/agricultural land, the environment January 2003. to upset the balance of the ecosystem. and people from the threat of drought, Native ferns such as deer fern So far, although the status is still to be desert encroachment and soil erosion. (Blechnum spicant) and sword fern approved by the government, many Forests and trees on farms are the (Polystichum munitum) are highly desired people are respecting the boundary as lifeline of rural people. The group helps products in the nursery industry for use in elucidated by the general belief of the grassroots farmers, common initiative landscaping and restoration. Concerns local inhabitants, that their ancestors groups and community forest projects to about the sustainability of whole plant have the prowess to attack anyone who plant and manage trees. It also works to extraction, however, have resulted in a trespasses on the boundary. Also, the ensure that the trees that have been reduced demand for these wild-harvested joint monitoring staff of the Center of felled are replaced by establishing tree ferns in the past four to five years, Reproduction of Endangered Species- nursery training and helping the farmers particularly with the advent of successful Cameroon, a programme of the and groups to plant trees on their farm nursery propagation. If managed correctly Zoological Society of San Diego-USA, lands. It also organizes training in though, wild fern harvesting, as with other and WWF-Coastal Forests Program, has beekeeping. non-timber forest products (NTFPs), reported the presence of an encouraging The consultancy is helping to establish could be a sustainable and viable population of drills (Mandrillus community forests, including establishing industry for the North Island community. leucophaeus) and chimpanzees (Pan commercial forestry enterprises in their To ensure the ecological sustainability troglodytes) in the area. management plans covering timber, and economic viability of whole fern plant The gazettement process of Kupe is in fuelwood, fruits, charcoal, non timber extraction, harvesting trials were initiated progress and has been proving very forest products (NTFPs), medicinal on the North Island in December 2002. expensive. More funds are required to plants and bees, all of which can provide With the assistance of Western Forest follow it up to its end in a scrupulous some income for the rural people for Products and with the information manner and also to assist in the poverty alleviation. gathered from the North Island NTFP improvement of the livelihoods of the local Wewuley’s goal is to maintain a good Demonstration Project’s 2001 Botanical communities around Kupe by stirring up statistical database to guide future use Inventory, sites with good fern coverage other alternative conservation-related and protection of the “Green Gold”, the were selected. The research team then enterprises, as one of the strategies African rain forest ecosystem. The chose two species of fern, deer fern and towards reducing pressure on the would- consultancy has 28 members and sword fern, and conducted variable levels be Kupe Integral Ecological Reserve resource persons/volunteers, ten of of commercial harvest (0, 50 and Forest. (Contributed by: Ngwene whom are women. Members pay a 100 percent) within areas slated for Theophilus Nseme, WWF-Coastal Forest monthly contribution towards funding the timber harvest. Program, Nyasoso Office, PO Box 112, group’s activities, but these funds are Plots will be revisited after the timber is Tombei, Kupe-Muanenguba Division, not enough to cover the running costs harvested. Survivability of the ferns will South West Province, Cameroon [e-mail: and projects. The group is, therefore, be compared between the plots. If no [email protected]].) seeking assistance from non- significant difference is found between governmental organizations, donor the harvest levels and the survivability of agencies, interested agroforesters and the ferns, then it can be assumed that scientists. removing ferns prior to timber harvest is a sustainable method of whole fern For more information, please contact: extraction. If there is a significant Ndumbe Ekeme Stephen, Wewuley difference, other methods of sustainable Consultancy, PO Box 442 Buea, harvest should be explored. Fako Division, Cameroon. Fern harvest prior to road building, E-mail: [email protected] however, is clearly a salvage activity. In

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 48 COUNTRY COMPASS

coordination with Western Forest The NTFP Training Program is a Cormorant, Sherridon and National Mills. Products, proposed and flagged logging remarkable example of community Plans are under way to offer the course roads were identified and selected for economic development at its best. in Lynn Lake, South Indian Lake and additional harvesting trials, in order to Looking at ordinary things in Leaf Rapids. determine the economic viability of extraordinary ways, Keewatin WD is proud to be part of the Northern salvaging ferns for North Island Community College, Western Economic Forest Diversification Centre and the harvesters. Diversification Canada (WD), five Non-Timber Forest Products Training The data from the study will be northern Community Futures Program Ð a community economic analysed and a report made available. Development Corporations (CFDCs) Ð development project with tangible impact This project is led by Royal Roads Cedar Lake, Greenstone, North Central, on the lives and economic well being of University and funded by the Forestry North West and Kitayan Ð and the people and communities in northern Innovation Investment Research Province of Manitoba are working Manitoba. (Contributed by: Dave Buck, Program. (Contributed by: Diane Carley, together to ensure the success of the Canada.) Communications Coordinator, NTFP Northern Forest Diversification Centre. Demonstration Project, Sointula, BC, The centre, established in February For more information on the NTFP Canada [e-mail: [email protected]].) 2001, is a subsidiary of Keewatin Training Program or products available Community College in The Pas and was through the Manitoba Wild Harvesters For more information, please contact: set up to develop the non-timber forest Association, please contact: Wendy Cocksedge, NTFP Coordinator, products and ecotourism industries in Dave Buck, Northern Forest Royal Roads University, 2005 Sooke the north. One of the ways it does this is Diversification Centre, PO Box 509, Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V9B 5Y2. through the NTFP Training Program. The Pas, Manitoba, Canada R9A 1K6. E-mail: The NTFP Training Program, delivered Fax: +1 204 6278686; [email protected]; locally in the communities, teaches e-mail: [email protected]; www.island.net/~ntfp/ students about the industry, including an www.nfdc.ca/contact.htm understanding of their unique community resource base, the market potential, safe Coalition agrees to ban industrial and ethical harvesting, and NTFP-based activities in Canadian forest businesses. Students come away with An agreement announced on the information and skills they need to 1 December 2003 would exempt more assess opportunities and to develop an than half of Canada’s vast northern industry valued by some at hundreds of forest, about 1 million square miles millions of dollars annually in Canada. [about 2.56 million km2] in all, from “NTFP Training Program graduates know industrial activities, including logging and that the forest is more than a bunch of oil and gas exploration. trees,” commented Dave Buck, NTFP The boreal forest, as it is known, is project coordinator and instructor. just below the Arctic Circle and stretches Annette Brightnose graduated from some 3 000 miles [4 800 km] from the the July 2001 training session held in Yukon to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the Cormorant and is a member of the largest intact forest ecosystem in the Forests – much more than a bunch of trees Manitoba Wild Harvesters Association. world and makes up roughly half of Manitobans from remote northern Among the many products she and her Canada’s territory. The agreement communities are literally forging a new family are working on is collecting dry reached by a coalition of native tribes, path through the forest to enhanced diamond willow for walking sticks. The environmentalists and businesses seeks economic security. They are harvesting willow sticks are cleaned, peeled, to protect this evergreen expanse that often overlooked non-timber forest sanded and varnished repeatedly until has large bear, wolf and caribou product materials such as: mushrooms, they shine just right. After a leather hand populations, along with other species berries, floral greens, medicinal herbs, strap is attached to the top and a rubber and hundreds of native communities. craft supplies, landscaping products, and tip is placed on the bottom, a walking Approval by national and local more. Non-Timber Forest Product stick emerges from what was once governments is now necessary, as (NTFP) Training Program graduates are considered suitable for the fireplace. 90 percent of the forest is under public processing these materials and selling Interest in the NTFP Training Program ownership. (For the full story, please them to vendors in Canada and around is growing. So far, it has been delivered see: www.enn.com/news/2003-12- the world, including the United States in the northern Manitoba communities of 02/s_10903.asp) (Source: Environmental and Japan. Moose Lake, Cranberry Portage, News Network, 2 December 2003.)

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millions of hectares as nature reserves, investigation into the socio-economic CHINA which may have improved the biodiversity importance started in 1994. aspect. Questionnaire surveys of representative China’s forests, global lessons from To meet the growing demand for paper, samples of the Czech population, which market reforms small factories using agricultural residues took place from 1994 to 2001, were aimed Sweeping reforms since the late 1970s sprang up throughout the country. at investigating the level of NWFP have turned China upside down. China’s However, those factories soon became collection by the population. The following forests, global lessons from market the largest source of rural water pollution, main kinds of NWFPs were included in the reforms, edited by Bill Hyde, Brian so the authorities shut down 2 000 of set of NWFPs surveyed (in order of Belcher and Jintao Xu and copublished them. The government is now trying to importance): mushrooms without species by Resources for the Future and CIFOR, encourage foreign companies to build specification, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus shows what the reforms have meant for large modern pulp and paper mills that L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), forests. use wood instead of residues, but it is blackberry (Rubus fruticossus L.), In the early 1980s, the collectives that unclear where the wood will come from. elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and own about 60 percent of China’s forests They may get it from imports. China is cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). handed most of them over to individual rapidly becoming one of the largest The collection of NWFPs is second families to manage. Fifty-seven million importers of all sorts of forest products. among the main reasons for visiting households received 30 million hectares So what happens in China may forests, with a share of almost 29 percent of degraded land to plant trees on. dramatically affect forests worldwide; (short-term recreation had first place, with Millions more households were allowed to and we all need to pay attention. 42.5 percent). But NWFPs are also picked manage existing forests and share the (A limited number of copies of this book during short recreation activities, as well profits. The government partially are available free of charge for people in as during forest visits for other main liberalized forest product markets, developing countries. To request one purposes. Data obtained show that about particularly for bamboo, fruits and pine please write to Nia Sabarniati two thirds of the inhabitants and four fifths resin. [[email protected]]; others can of households collected NWFPs. Many families that received forests purchase the book from RFF press Mushrooms were picked by 70 percent of initially overexploited or deforested them. [www.rffpress.org]; to send comments households, bilberries by almost 50, But after a few years both forest area and or queries to the authors, please write raspberries by almost 30, blackberries by timber stocks started to grow as farmers Brian Belcher [[email protected]].) more than 20, elderberries by 15 and planted more trees. Things improved (Source: David Kaimowitz, CIFOR cranberries by 8 percent. On average, more quickly in regions which handed [[email protected]], Polex Listserve.) more than 11 kg of these commodities over forests faster, went further towards were picked per year by an average liberalizing markets, charged lower taxes household in the Czech Republic in the and had more consistent policies. CZECH REPUBLIC period from 1994 to 2001. One half of that The reforms made some farmers better amount was mushrooms by fresh weight. off, particularly those who were better Collection and importance of NWFPs The total average annual value of NWFPs educated and well connected and who Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) Ð collected reached CK 2 999 million. grew bamboo and fruit-trees. Planting forest berries, mushrooms, medicinal (Source: RG5.11, IUFRO News.) windbreaks increased many farmers’ crop plants and partially plants for decorative yields. However, there are still too many purposes Ð are picked intensively in the For more information, please contact taxes and regulations for most farmers to Czech Republic by forest visitors but are the author: prosper from selling timber. More than 80 mostly not marketed. In particular, edible Ludek Sisak, Faculty of Forestry, percent of the country’s poorest counties mushrooms, forest berries and medicinal Czech University of Agriculture Prague, are in forested mountainous regions and plants have been well-known products of Kamycka 129, 165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, in many of them life is improving slowly. the Czech forests from time immemorial. Czech Republic. The total area in forests grew by five According to Article 19 of Forest Act No. E-mail: [email protected] million hectares between 1980 and 1993. 289 of 1995, individuals are entitled to Yet, while the plantation area increased enter the forest at their own risk and to by 21 million hectares, the area in natural collect, for their own needs, any forest forests declined by 16 million hectares. berries and dry wastewood lying on the The net result was good for reducing soil ground. Although the collection of NWFPs erosion, but bad for biodiversity. The is a very popular public activity, there was government has since banned logging in no objective information about the several major regions and set aside importance of NWFPs before the

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Economic Development Project (CBED) GRENADA is the focus on NTFP cultivation on marginal lands, idle lands, and farm Grenada is the world’s second largest spaces. In addition to replenishing these producer (after Indonesia) of the well- wild resources, cultivation activities known spice, nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). provide high-value crops for income The cost of nutmeg has declined sharply, generation. triggering an economic crisis for the “Spice Island”. Any fluctuation in the nutmeg price jeopardizes Grenada’s The Community Based Economic economy. More than 30 percent of the Community Based Economic Development Project (CBED) is a four- population earns a livelihood by Development Project (CBED): NTFP year bilateral project funded by the cultivating the spice. A nutmeg glut has cultivation benefiting marginalized Canadian International Development resulted in the price falling from US$1.50 mountain farmers Agency (CIDA) and Centre canadien per pound [0.4536 kg] to US$1 per pound The hills of Uttaranchal are rich with d’étude et de coopération in 2003, resulting in a reduced income for NTFP resources. Communities in this internationale (CECI). The project is the farmers. (Source: MFP News, XIII.4.) region are dependent on these forests implemented in partnership with the and resources for their day-to-day needs Himalayan Study Circle and the as the topography of the region is not Kumaon Agriculture and Greenery INDIA conducive to the traditional cropping Advancement Society in the districts practised in the plains. Traditionally, of Champawat and Pithoragarh in Traditional Knowledge Digital Library NTFPs that are collected from the wild Uttaranchal, India. The National Institute of Science support and supplement farm-based The CBED project is designed to Communication (NISCOM) of the Council incomes. serve 15 000 families in 230 villages. of Scientific & Industrial Research, New At the same time, hill farming is Its goal is to reduce rural poverty by Delhi (India) is developing a Traditional suffering owing to the damage to crops supporting the social and economic Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) in caused by wildlife. NTFP cultivation, on reform processes of the Uttaranchal collaboration with the Department of the other hand, is less prone to wildlife government. This will be achieved by Indian Systems of Medicine and interference. In fact, cultivation helps to implementing an integrated set of Homeopathy, Government of India, reduce the pressure on dwindling forest activities aimed at improving the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in resources and farmers can adapt NTFP livelihoods of the local communities order to protect India’s traditional cultivation as a sustainable source of through participatory processes in knowledge from biopiracy. income. community-based sustainable The TKDL proposes to digitize, in Additionally, permilia (lichen), moss economic development. phases, information available in the grass, soap nut, Cinnamomum tamala public domain on Ayurveda, Unani, and Valeriana jatamansi are collected on Siddha, Naturopathy and Folklore. a large scale and sold every year. As a Women and children are The TKDL will be available in different result of this considerable collection, the predominantly involved in NTFP foreign languages (e.g. English, French, quantity of NTFPs available has collection during the lean agricultural German, Spanish), as well as Indian diminished. periods. NTFP collection is less languages, which will make it accessible Asparagus racemosus Willd, a thorny demanding on women’s workloads and to patent examiners globally. It will be climber has been identified as a potential encourages time-saving activities. The made mandatory for patent examiners to commodity for cultivation. The roots of cultivation process is less labour refer to TKDL before granting patents on this plant are one of the important demanding than other cultivations and non-original inventions. ingredients of Ayurvedic preparations in involves one-time sowing, no India. A. racemosus along with its wild maintenance and natural irrigation. For more information, please contact: cousins (A. adscedence) is collected The CBED project has provided Mr V.K. Gupta, Chairman, TKDL Task from the wild in different parts of the training and support to producers and Force and Director NISCOM, NISCOM, country (90 percent) without considering community leaders in establishing Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg (near Pusa its regeneration. There is a strong need nurseries, maintenance and Gate), New Delhi 110 012, India. to focus on the cultivation and proper management of crops, concepts in Fax: +91 11 5787062; harvesting for perpetual availability. marketing and marketing activities, and e-mail: [email protected]; For these reasons, one of the technological aspects. All training is www.niscom.res.in components of the Community Based followed by field exposure to

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demonstration plots, which CBED has million hectares, it is the largest protected conservation area without the prior developed in Champawat and area of rain forest in Borneo and one of consent of the local communities. Local Pithoragarh districts. Farmers in the the largest in Southeast Asia. communities had very little power in project are organized into Producer Self The history of the natural landscape of trying to defend the forest or secure the Help Groups (PSHGs) so that production the park is inexorably intertwined with the source of their economic livelihood and collective marketing can be history of its people. About 16 000 Dayak against the interests of logging managed. people live inside or in close proximity to companies, exploration or outside In addition, the outreach of PSHGs is this national park. The communities living collectors of forest products. promoted in the project area in order to in and around the park are still largely Under these circumstances, the WWF increase the cultivation of selected crops regulated by customary law or “adat” in Kayan Mentarang project developed a and to organize other collective the conduct of their daily affairs and the strategy and programme of field activities production activities. To date, the CBED management of natural resources in their that would lead to the legal recognition of project has involved 800 producers and customary territory. Traditional forest “adat” claims and “adat” rights so that the involvement of more producers next areas with protection status or strict indigenous communities could continue year will enable economies of scale of management regime exist. “Tana ulen”, to use and manage forest resources in production. for example, is land whose access is the conservation area. Activities included: The CBED project has also restricted, limited. It is an expanse of community mapping; qualitative established nurseries which provide low- primary forest rich in natural resources assessments of the use and availability cost planting materials at the local level such as rattan (Calamus spp.), sang of forest resources with economic value; so that more producers can undertake leaves (Licuala sp.), hardwood for workshops for the recognition of “tana plantation. Nurseries are raised and construction (e.g. Dipterocarpus spp., ulen” or forest under traditional managed collectively to benefit all group Shorea spp., Quercus sp.), fish and customary management; participatory members in PSHGs. (Contributed by: game, all of which have high use value planning for zonation recommendations Erica Stillo, CBED India.) for the local community. and the redrawing of the external The Nature Reserve established in boundaries of the park; drafting of “adat” For more information, please contact: 1980 had a strict protection status, or customary regulations for the Ravi Pacholi, NTFP Specialist, CBED meaning that no human activities are management of the national park; India, Link Road, Takana Tiraha, allowed inside the protected area. The strengthening of local organizations and Pithoragarh, Uttaranchal, India. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) institutional development. E-mail: [email protected] together with the Indonesian Institute of Following several meetings and Research (LIPI) and local people ran a discussions among the ten “adat” leaders long-term social science research from the customary lands around the park programme (Culture and Conservation, area, the Alliance of the Indigenous 1991Ð1997) and conducted experimental People of Kayan Mentarang National Park community mapping to show that the (FoMMA) was formed and formally communities were dependent on forest established on 7 October 2000. The main resources and had rightful claims to the objectives were to create a forum for land. The results provided the necessary conveying the aspirations of the evidence to recommend a change of indigenous communities and debating status from Nature Reserve to National issues concerning the management of the Park in 1994 (where traditional activities national park and natural resources in the are allowed). customary lands of the park. FoMMA is The issue of social entitlements, and concerned with guaranteeing the particularly the lack of tenure security, protection of the forest and the sustainable was identified by the WWF team as a use of natural resources as well as the INDONESIA key issue and priority area for protection of the rights of indigenous intervention in the period 1996Ð2000. people, and is also concerned with The Dayak people in the first comanaged Although the Dayak people had been increasing their economic prosperity. protected area living in the area and had made use of FoMMA now legally represents the The Kayan Mentarang National Park, the forest resources for centuries, the indigenous people on the Policy Board of situated in the interior of East forest they inhabited and managed was the park, a new institution set up to preside Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo, lies at “state forest” with open access, whereby over the park’s management. The Policy the border with Sarawak to the west and the state could decide to allocate Board includes representatives of the Sabah to the north. With its gazetted 1.4 exploitation rights or decide to establish a central government (agency for Forest

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Protection and Nature Conservation), the The head of the ministry’s forestry water abstraction by upstream users last provincial and district governments, and planning body, Boen M. Purnama, said year also raised tension between the two FoMMA. The operating principles of the the move was needed to provide users. board emphasize the importance of accurate data and information on forests The destruction of forests has also had coordination, competence, shared in the country. The cooperation, which a serious impact on biodiversity. A large responsibilities, and equal partnership will last five years, will start with pilot percentage of the country’s biodiversity among all stakeholders. The board was projects in South Kalimantan and West occurs in forests. Deforestation is known formally established in April 2002 with a Kalimantan. Boen earlier said the to have impacts on viable species Decree of the Ministry of Forestry, which ministry did not have accurate data on populations within the forests. (Source: also spells out that the park is to be 60 million ha of forest in the country, The East African Standard [Nairobi], managed through collaborative including the rate of deforestation. 10 March 2003.) management (a first in Indonesia). Indonesia has lost more than After decades of marginalization and 75 percent of its forest over the past few Experts want carvers banned from forests dispossession, recent developments in decades. Over the past five years, some In Malindi, about 1 000 wood carvers the Kayan Mentarang National Park offer 43 million hectares of Indonesia’s forest, yesterday urged the government to lift hope to the indigenous communities of the equivalent of half of Kalimantan the ban on tree felling in the remaining Kalimantan. It is becoming increasingly Island, has been destroyed. (Source: forests. Malindi Handicraft Co-operative evident that conservation objectives can Jakarta Post, 12 September 2003 cited Society chairman, Joseph Kimulu, said rarely be obtained or sustained by in Community Forestry E-News that the ban on logging may render imposing policies and projects that 2003.15.) wood carvers jobless. produce negative impacts on indigenous Speaking at the Malindi Handicraft peoples and local communities. Centre, Kimulu said the local wood Alternative and progressive approaches carvers make beautiful curios depicting that genuinely take into consideration Kenya’s wildlife and cultural heritage that local people’s needs and rights and attract tourists from all corners of the secure their full involvement in world. Wood carving, he said, was a biodiversity management and decision- major job creator and that unless the making can provide a more solid basis for government lifts the ban on logging, the ecological protection and the multimillion-shilling wood carving improvement of people’s livelihoods. industry would collapse. There is hope that the comanagement Environmentalists have called for the arrangement being developed in Kayan ban on logging, saying the cutting of Mentarang will fulfil these objectives. trees from the remaining forests could (Source: Community Forestry E-News wipe out forests in the district. Malindi 2003.14 [[email protected]].) Green Town movement chairman, KENYA Godfrey Karume, lamented that the For more information, please contact: unrestrained cutting of trees by wood Cristina Eghenter, WWF Indonesia Biodiversity greatly affected by loss carvers had threatened the world famous Kayan Mentarang Project. of forest cover Arabuko Sokoke Forest with extinction. E-mail: [email protected]; The allocation and destruction of forest Karume strongly opposed the cutting Martin Labo, Alliance of the Indigenous lands has had a serious impact on useful down of indigenous forests which, he People of Kayan Mentarang National plants and animals, says Michael added, are a major tourist attraction and Park (FoMMA). Gacanja of the Kenya Forest Working essential for scientific study. (Source: E-mail: [email protected]; or Group. The pressure on useful plants will The East African Standard [Nairobi], Maurizio Farhan Ferrari, Forest increase owing to reduced habitat. 31 October 2003.) Peoples Programme. Continued overcollection of medicinal E-mail: [email protected] plants will eventually end in the loss of Kenya Wildlife Service permit to cut rare those plants and affect the health of tree type now revoked Forestry ministry to map forests people who are not able to purchase The Kenya Wildlife Service has been The forestry ministry and the National modern medicines. directed to revoke a 20-year-old permit it Coordinating Agency for Surveying and Forest loss in water catchment areas granted to a trader for the cutting of an Mapping signed a memorandum of contributes to reduced water flow in endangered medicinal tree. It should understanding for a joint project to map rivers. In Mount Kenya Forest, low water also stop any further exploitation of the out the country’s forests. levels for downstream users following Prunas africana tree used in

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manufacturing medicine, environment Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) representative network of protected minister Newton Kulundu said yesterday. and the Panton Trust. All three laws areas covering at least 30 percent of the The minister accused the Kenya were passed by the Liberian legislature country’s existing forest area or about Wildlife Service of abusing its authority earlier this year and will come into force 1.5 million hectares. The Government of as the custodian of the Convention on shortly. Liberia is committed to establishing this Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Liberia contains two of the three network, including an expansion of Sapo He said that although the government remaining large blocks of Upper Guinean National Park and the creation of Nimba had listed the plant under its endangered rain forest: the Lofa-Gola-Mano block in Nature Reserve, as part of a species, Kenya had been providing 60 the northwest contiguous with Sierra Memorandum of Understanding signed percent of the world’s supply, estimated Leone, and the southeastern Liberian in 2002 with Conservation International Ð at K Sh 28.1 billion per year. block that extends into Taï National Park one of five CEPF donor partners. The indigenous tree, found in Baringo, of Côte d’Ivoire. The Upper Guinean (Source: October 2003 CEPF E-News Kakamega and Samburu districts, is Forest, CEPF’s strategic focal area in [[email protected]].) used in manufacturing drugs for prostate the Guinean Forests of West Africa cancer. (Source: The Nation [Nairobi], hotspot, is a coastal rain forest belt 14 November 2003.) covering six countries from western Togo to eastern Sierra Leone. Today roughly Opposition to new forest regulation 40 percent of the original Upper Guinean The government has been accused of forest cover survives in Liberia alone. interfering with the local communities’ The first of the laws amends the New right to enjoy forest resources. The leader National Forestry Act of 2000. It defines of the official opposition, Uhuru Kenyatta, a series of eight protected area types said yesterday that a new regulation that and the uses permitted and prohibitions bars people from entering forests was for each, establishing a coherent legal denying minority communities access to framework for the conservation of forest food, grazing lands, water, fuelwood and resources. medicinal plants. The second Act expands Sapo Area MP Musa Sirma said the decree National Park – Liberia’s first and only MADAGASCAR was contrary to the Forest Act, which fully protected area Ð to more than allows local people to source food and 180 000 ha, an increase of 38 percent. GEF grant of US$13.5 million supports other necessities from forests. (Source: Biological surveys coupled with GIS and protection of Madagascar’s biodiversity The East African Standard [Nairobi], remote sensing analysis since 2001 have A US$13.5 million grant, approved today 7 December 2003.) demonstrated that Sapo Park is among by the Council of the Global Environment West Africa’s least disturbed lowland rain Facility (GEF), is supporting forest areas, with populations of forest Madagascar’s ambitious plan to protect LIBERIA elephants, chimpanzees, pygmy its globally significant biodiversity, which hippopotamus and other species whose includes hundreds of species that are Forest protection laws West African ranges have been severely unique to the island. Three landmark laws have been signed reduced outside Liberia. Botanical “Protection of Madagascar’s representing an important step forward collection experts who visited the park in biodiversity and natural resources will in securing protection for Liberia’s late 2002 found six species new to contribute to improving the quality of life globally important biodiversity. The three science in just ten days. for the country’s residents, many of whom laws Ð the Protected Forest Area The third Act creates the Nimba depend directly on natural resources for Network Law, the Sapo National Park Nature Reserve out of the former Nimba their livelihoods,” said Len Good, CEO Act and the Nimba Nature Reserve Act Ð East National Forest. Analysis indicates and chairman of the GEF. “This project aim at protecting Liberia’s forests from this mountainous reserve could be as will also benefit the global environment, deforestation, fragmentation and extensive as 13 568 ha. The reserve is since Madagascar contains numerous degradation. contiguous with the Nimba Nature unique species, including many medicinal Preparation of the laws was led by Reserves of Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, plants that are of critical importance to the Fauna & Flora International (FFI) with which together were declared a World .” technical input from numerous Liberian Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1981. The project is funded by a GEF grant of and international partners and with Together, these laws represent US$13.5 million and US$135.4 million in financial support principally from the significant progress towards the overall cofinancing from other sources, including European Commission, the Critical goal of creating a biologically US$18.5 million from the Government of

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Madagascar. The World Bank and the support the enforcement of logging Madagascar. This methodology covers United Nations Development Programme regulations. (Source: Global Environment ecobiological, socio-economic, technical (UNDP), two of GEF’s implementing Facility [Washington, DC] Press Release, and statistical aspects and is divided into agencies, are managing the project in 24/11/03.) four phases: i) preparation; ii) data partnership with key government agencies collection; iii) data analysis; and iv) data and non-governmental organizations Data collection and analysis related storage and dissemination. (NGOs). The project supports the third to NWFPs The proposed methodology was tested and final five-year phase of Madagascar’s In most African countries, non-wood forest for the frog Mantella aurantica and the innovative Environmental Action Plan, products (NWFPs) play a significant role medicinal plants Catharanthus roseus and which was started in 1991 with the in livelihoods by providing key subsistence Prunus africana. The case studies analyse support of a broad coalition of international products and income. In Madagascar, quantitative and qualitative information, donors, agencies and NGOs. NWFPs such as medicinal plants, propose a data collection form for animals Madagascar, the fourth largest island in ornamental plants (e.g. orchids, aquatic and plants and present recommendations the world, is one of the 17 recognized plants), xerophytes, essential oils (e.g. for the better use and improved statistical mega-diverse countries that represent Syzygium sp.) and living animals (e.g. data collection of NWFPs. 80 percent of the world’s biological birds, mammals, reptiles and insects) The study concludes that many gaps, diversity. As a result of Madagascar’s represent 40 percent of the export value of irregularities and challenges still exist with longstanding geographical isolation and the entire forest products sector. regard to the use of NWFPs, including highly varied microclimates, the archaic life Despite its socio-economic importance, their monitoring and evaluation. The study forms making up Madagascar’s terrestrial the availability of statistical data on the notes the urgency to implement a plan of ecosystems have evolved into some of the social, economic and ecological aspects action for the entire NWFP sector in order most unique biodiversity in the world. of NWFPs is very limited. Therefore a to promote the sustainable use of NWFPs Without substantial and sustained study, Data collection and analysis related and presents a programme of work for the intervention, there is a real risk that to NWFP Ð a pilot study in Madagascar, development of an appropriate data numerous species that are unique to was carried out within the context of the collection system with regard to NWFPs. Madagascar will become extinct. European Commission-FAO Partnership (An electronic version of this Working Deforestation caused by illegal logging Programme, Data Collection and Analysis Paper, FOPP/03/1 Ð La collecte et and unsustainable agricultural practices, for Sustainable Forest Management in l’analyse des données statistiques sur les among other factors, is a major threat to ACP Countries Ð Linking National and produits forestièrs non ligneux. Un étude the biodiversity. It also leads to a rapid International Efforts. The main objective pilote à Madagascar, is available on FAO’s loss of topsoil, which in turn diminishes of the study was to review available NWFP home page [www.fao.org/ forestry/ the country’s agricultural productivity and information on NWFPs in Madagascar foris/webview/fop/index.jsp?siteId=2301&la accelerates its downward spiral of and to propose an appropriate ngId=1&geoId=0&sitetreeId=13473].) extreme poverty. Nearly 80 percent of the methodology to improve the quality and [Please see under Publications of Interest country’s poor inhabitants live in rural quantity of statistical data on NWFPs in for more information on the Working areas and depend on the land almost the country. The preliminary results of the Papers of FAO’s NWFP Programme.] exclusively for their livelihoods. study were presented and discussed in a GEF funds will be used to preserve the workshop held in Antananarivo in quality of Madagascar’s globally significant November 2001. biodiversity and natural resources. In Madagascar, NWFP statistics are Investments made under Madagascar’s collected and maintained by various Environmental Action Plan from 1991 to institutions such as the Service de la the present are leading towards the Conservation de la Biodiversité with establishment of a comprehensive regard to NWFPs listed on the environmental policy and regulatory appendixes of the Convention on framework, and have already led to the International Trade in Endangered creation of environmental institutions. The Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Government of Madagascar’s Ministry of and the Service de la Valorisation Water and Forests, for example, has économique des Ressources forestières successfully carried out an action plan to for NWFPs not covered by CITES. improve governance. This plan included The study proposes a methodology to the transferral of 70 percent of permit fees improve the availability of data on the to local stakeholders, thus providing an production, consumption and marketing of increased incentive for communities to NWFPs of major importance in

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Something most parks have in These two case studies show that common are tourists. In Liwonde National grassroots development projects can not Park a group of approximately 50 women only be monetarily successful and living outside the park’s western sustainable, but effective in building a boundary have learned they can benefit positive relationship between the from the national park by taking national park and the surrounding advantage of its tourist market. For the communities. As populations continue to past two and a half years these women grow there becomes an even greater have been making and selling different need to involve local communities in the crafts, such as jewellery made from local conservation and management of natural seeds, banana leaf baskets, decorative resources. Through basic income- mobiles and baskets made from bottle generating projects such as these, tops. In collaboration with the park staff, community groups can improve their the women can collect the materials for quality of life with the money they make, the crafts and benefit from the park the skills they learn and from the sense without overutilization of its resources. of empowerment they gain and, MALAWI With all the resources needed to produce furthermore, help to protect the national the crafts found locally, sustainability in park and its resources in the process. From poaching to sustainable use of the project is ensured. The women sell (Contributed by: Erin Meyer, US Peace NWFPs: two successful cases from the crafts in their own stores as well as at Corps Volunteer/WWF-Finland, PO Box Malawi’s national parks the tourist lodge within the park. 66, Monkey Bay, Malawi [e-mail: National parks in many countries face Remarkably, they initiated the project in [email protected]].) problems with the surrounding 2001 with a loan of less than US$5 and communities for a number of reasons. in one year they have made well over The promise of ecotourism in Lake Poaching and the mistreatment of the US$2 000. This is in an area where most Malawi National Park caught poachers is one example of how families are subsistence farmers and Lake Malawi, 600 km long and 60 km animosity develops between a national families have little annual income and wide, is the southernmost basin of the park and the people living outside its where women are rarely employed and African Great Rift Lakes system. The lake boundary. One way of solving this conflict generally do not control any of the hosts some of the greatest diversity of is to implement projects in which the household money. Through this project freshwater fish in the world, especially community benefits from the park and the women have learned to benefit from cichlid fish. To protect examples of the appreciates its presence rather than the tourists visiting the park, and lake’s aquatic communities as well as resenting it. In many southern African therefore appreciate the establishment of their habitats, Lake Malawi National Park countries governments have initiated the national park and the conservation of (LMNP) was established in 1981 and different long-term projects aimed at the its resources. designated as a UNESCO World Heritage collaboration between their national parks Similarly, at Lake Malawi National Site in 1984. LMNP encompasses the tip and the communities that border them. Park a natural resources committee has of the Nankumba peninsula in the The Government of Malawi has called been able to demonstrate the success of southern end of Lake Malawi, consisting their efforts Community Based Natural an income-generating project, of 87 km2 of terrestrial area including 13 Resource Management (CBNRM), and its independent of selling or utilizing islands, and a 7 km2 aquatic zone. goal is to mobilize villagers to work national park resources, such as fish or The park was designed so that the five together with the park instead of against wood for carvings. Six months ago the enclave fishing villages situated on it. Rather than poaching out the vital group was taught how to make peanut beaches inside the park could continue resources or stealing wire from the park butter and peanut brittle with locally their traditional way of life undisturbed, fence, they should work together with the grown groundnuts. Again, by utilizing the allowing fishing outside the protected national park extension staff and learn local resources the project is aquatic zone and permitting fuelwood how to benefit from it. sustainable. The group was given a loan collection and collection of other NWFPs In two national parks in Malawi, of US$3 to buy the initial supplies and inside the park, e.g. primary products grassroots development initiatives with now, six months later, they have made such as building poles and grass, and community groups have shown that with more than US$500 to share between five secondary products such as wild plant very little input successful and sustainable members. The natural resources foods, medicines, fibres and dyes, projects can bring monetary benefits to committee now has the capital to initiate bushmeat (mammals and birds), insects, the members and in turn create a positive other projects such as a community curios for the tourist industry and relationship with the national park. garden, woodlot or beekeeping. domestic tools.

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Today, LMNP encases the largest tourism in LMNP, and how the different management system, but at the same village in Malawi, Chembe, with an stakeholders see the potential of tourism time controlling and ensuring that estimated population of 12 000. Like as a means of benefiting both the local development is sustainable. Dialogue many other communities on the shores of community and the environment. between traditional authorities, park Lake Malawi, Chembe is struggling with Fieldwork of the study took place between authorities and businesses should result the effects of overfishing, unemployment August and December 2003. in the distribution of income from and an HIV/AIDS pandemic that threatens Preliminary results show that although ecotourism to the local community. In to destroy the local social fabric. With its the number of foreign visitors in LMNP addition to facilitating the whole process hot climate and low rainfall the region has has decreased strongly during the last ten directly, NGOs can contribute remarkably the lowest agricultural productivity in the years, presumably owing to economic by promoting Malawi in general. The country. The still rapidly growing instability in the southern African geographic location and cost base alone population of the village is in greater need subcontinent, tourism still provides restrict marketing LMNP for the masses; of the dwindling fish and forest resources important economical inputs for local therefore, the tourism most suitable for of the park, posing the threats of livelihoods. The seven lodges operating in the area can be defined as ecotourism. woodland degradation and loss of the village employ directly around 100 (Contributed by: S. Rantala, WWF- biodiversity. In this situation, new, local people. Income also comes from Finland and T. Tyynelä, MTT Agrifood innovative means are required to provide local arts and crafts that are sold to Research Finland.) both sustainable economic opportunities tourists. Indirect benefits include a small as well as conservation of the clinic run together with a lodge by an For more information, please contact: environment. Israeli non-governmental organization Ms Salla Rantala, WWF-Finland, An important source of income for (NGO). The road leading to the village, Lintulahdenkatu 10, 00500 Helsinki, Malawi, which is among the ten poorest the condition of which has been seen as Finland. countries in the world with annual per a major hindrance for local development, E-mail: [email protected]; capita income of US$170 (2001), are the is also being upgraded, which will www.wwf.fi tourists attracted by Lake Malawi. In the facilitate access to the park and hopefully case of LMNP, the development of boost local economies. Most of the lodge ecotourism activities in the area has been owners see the future positively, with suggested as a means of providing local potential for growth and employment people with an ecologically and opportunities. economically sustainable source of On the other hand, five out of seven of income. The International Ecotourism the lodges are owned by foreigners who Society characterizes ecotourism as have been granted 25-year leases on “responsible travel to natural areas that property by the Malawi Government. This conserves the environment and sustains means that the biggest gains (or possible the well-being of local people”. From this losses as well) from the business go point of view, the natural preconditions for abroad, a fact that creates doubt about ecotourism are ideal in Chembe. In the the benefits of tourism among local absence of large-scale tourism and with people. With no capital, locals have few the emphasis on “environmentally possibilities to start their own businesses. friendly” activities, the negative Another thing to consider is the MALAYSIA environmental impacts of tourism can be exceptionally high population density of considered relatively minor. the area; ecotourism usually works well in Community approach to save forest As a part of a conservation and supporting smaller communities. It can be The joint WWF-Malaysia and WWF- development project by the World Wide asked, how many of the hundreds of Denmark project “A Community-based Fund for Nature (WWF)-Finland unemployed fishermen can the tourism Approach to Conservation and (Conservation of Endangered Species of sector realistically employ in the future? Development in Ulu Padas, Sabah”, Fishes and Forests of Lake Malawi It is vital that developing ecotourism in launched in January 2002, aims to lay a National Park: Environmental and LMNP should be a participatory process strong foundation for conservation and Economic Strategies, started in 2001) we including all the stakeholders: local sustainable development in the Central studied the socio-economic potential of people, the state, tour operators and Bornean Montane Forests. Ulu Padas, ecotourism in Lake Malawi National Park. NGOs working in the area. The role of the which includes about 85 000 ha of state We investigated what kind of state can be seen as supporting the and reserve land near the Sabah- stakeholders need to be taken into building of sufficient infrastructure for Kalimantan border, is part of these account when promoting nature-based tourism and an effective park forests. In this area are two villages

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inhabited by about 800 people. The local the shea butter industry. The West companies interested in developing shea communities depend on the surrounding Africa-based conference followed a butter market opportunities with West forest resources for their daily needs, similar event held in Washington, DC in African shea producers and exporters. and the scenic areas and cultural January 2003 that attracted nearly 70 (Source: Corporate Council on Africa heritage sites are the foci of local United States companies. Both served to [Washington, DC] Press Release, tourism initiatives. educate participants on the shea 6 March 2003.) The project aims to provide the industry as well as to create an impetus, expertise and funding support environment for United States buyers needed to improve the capacity of and West African sellers of shea to MEXICO stakeholders, especially the local meet. WAIBL is a programme of the community, to address land-use and Corporate Council on Africa (CCA). The Sierra Madre Alliance tenure conditions. It should enhance the The Tarahumara and Tepehuan people management and development of Mexico’s Sierra Madre have been capabilities of the Ulu Padas community, The Corporate Council on Africa under siege for generations. Their lands assist the development of alternative (CCA), established in 1992, is a non- and forests have been seized. Tens of economic uses of forest and promote partisan 501 (c) (3) membership thousands have retreated to remote and transboundary cooperation. (Source: organization of more than 150 desolate areas, choosing a life of silent Daily Express News, 4 November 2003, American corporations dedicated to suffering over integration in Mexican in Community Forestry E-News strengthening the commercial society. Many have been able to sustain 2003.17.) relationship between the United States a rich traditional life, but others find and Africa. CCA members represent themselves caught between two worlds: Parks get input of villagers nearly 85 percent of total United States the old world which is disappearing with Public participation plays an important private sector investments in Africa. the forests and the new world where role in finalizing the management plan (CCA’s Web site is at: they find discrimination, poverty and for Sabah’s largest park Ð the www.africacncl.org) depression. Corruption, drug trafficking, 139 191 ha Crocker Range. More than and violence all contribute to the 100 people including district officers, suffering of these indigenous peoples. village heads and village, security and The conference featured industry Uncontrolled logging has taken 99 development committee members experts who spoke on commodities as percent of their forests, destroyed vital attended a two-day workshop on exports, quality control and high-altitude watersheds and threatened “Sociological Issues in and around standardization, possible means to the forest plants they depend on for Crocker Range” to work out issues on improve the industry through regional food, medicine, and ceremonies, as well land, villages, natural resources, water collaboration, marketing, labelling and as a number of endemic and and the environment. packaging tips for the United States endangered species. While the park is gazetted strictly for market, and challenges and The Sierra Madre Alliance and our protection, villagers living within or near opportunities for shea in the United Mexican partners have been working to the park continue to rely on the States. Included in the 160 conference improve the environmental and social resources for their livelihood activities. participants were shea producers, conditions in the Sierra for more than ten But the biggest issue facing all parties distributors and exporters from Mali, years, with indigenous community concerned is probably traditional Burkina Faso, Ghana, the Niger, participation. We focus on conservation- resource use: native customary rights Senegal, Guinea, Benin and Togo. Four priority areas in the Sierra, where both versus modern law. (Source: Daily United States companies also attended. endangered species and endangered Express News, 18 December 2003, in Following the conference, WAIBL communities struggle for survival. Community Forestry E-News 2003.18.) arranged site visits to two Malian (Source: SMA Update, 4 December villages. Thirty of the conference 2003.) participants attended, taking the MALI opportunity to see shea butter produced For more information, please contact: in the traditional manner by the women Sierra Madre Alliance, 1650 Sioux Dr. Mali promotes West African shea industry in the villages. CH44-119, El Paso, TX 79925, USA. The West Africa International Business As shea butter quickly gains wider or Linkages Program (WAIBL) brought recognition in the United States, the Chihuahua, Mexico Field Office. together 160 United States and West WAIBL conference served to bring more Fax: +11 52 614 4160861; African participants in Bamako, Mali to attention to the industry and the potential e-mail: [email protected]; discuss US-Africa business agreements in for collaboration between United States www.sierramadrealliance.org/index.shtml

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shade and timber as well as prevent and better the state’s socio-economic NAMIBIA further desertification which threatens well-being. (Source: Daily Trust [Abuja], many areas countrywide. (Source: The 19 November 2003.) Marula can bear fruit for Namibia Namibian [Windhoek], 30 April 2003.) FThe government has recognized the Jigawa to spend US$1 million on gum economic potential of the marula tree fruit arabic development and its by-products. As a result it has Jigawa State government and the African funded the establishment of community Development Foundation (ADF) are to projects such as the Eudafano Women’s spend US$1 million to develop gum Cooperative in the north. arabic production in the state. During a Addressing a crowd of people from all visit to the state research institute at over the country at the recent Kazaure, governor Saminu Turaki said Omagongo Cultural Festival 2003, that the ADF would provide US$700 000, including King Shikongo Taapopi of while the Jigawa government would Uukwaluudhi, President Sam Nujoma invest US$300 000 in the project. said marula trees, or “omugongo” as The News Agency of Nigeria reports they are known by indigenous people, that the money from the ADF would be play a critical role in the lives of many from a US$5 million grant offered to the Namibian communities especially in the state two years ago, of which only north. He said the Eudafano Women’s NIGERIA US$1 million were utilized for community Cooperative is involved in the empowerment projects. commercial production and marketing of Jigawa boosts gum arabic production Turaki, who led ADF president several kinds of products derived from A joint initiative between the United Nathaniel Fields to the institute, said the marula fruit. These products, Nujoma States-based African Development Jigawa government had spent more than said, include various types of cosmetic Foundation and the Jigawa State US$300 000 on enhancing gum arabic products, refreshments, wine and government has raised N 280 million for production in the state. The secretary of cooking oil. the provision of five million seedlings of the institute, Malam Ma’amun Aliyu, had The president suggested that in Acacia sp. to produce gum arabic to earlier disclosed that some five million addition to marula fruit, the economic boost the production of the product and tree seedlings had been raised last year potential and viability of other indigenous reduce the menace of desertification. as part of efforts to boost the economic fruit and plants can be investigated with The joint effort would see to the potential of communities in the state. He a view to exporting them on a provision of 100 ha of land to develop a said that while most of the seedlings were commercial basis. He said it is important special programme on drought and planted by farmers across the state, the for traditional communities to utilize their desertification protection through the institute on its own had set up 100 ha of knowledge of local natural resources as establishment of gum arabic centres. gum arabic plantation in three locations in a way of maximizing benefits from Disclosing this to journalists, the the state. Namibia’s wealth of biodiversity for all director-general of the state research Jigawa, which has about 900 ha of the people. Omugongo fruit is institute, Dr Hilton Gommes, said 200 gum arabic plantations, has established a traditionally used as a source of wine farmers were used to nursing the five laboratory to process the product, and (omagongo), juice (oshinwa) and million seedlings. He said that the entered into an agreement with some cooking oil (odjove). The by-products farmers had already been provided with United States companies to export the that remain after the extraction of free seedlings for gum arabic and will be commodity. However, inadequate funds cooking oil and manufacturing of given N 3 for each seedling nursed. had affected the procurement of the cosmetics are used to make different Dr Hilton added that the farmers are also commodity from the farmers, while staff of types of soap. “I would like to emphasize provided with free seedlings to grow on the Gum Arabic Processing Company the fact that our people can only derive their farms. have been left without salaries for ten benefits from our flora and fauna if we He disclosed that officials of the months. Turaki, however, said he believed continue to promote the conservation of African Development Foundation, led by the injection of the capital from the ADF our environment and the utilization of our Dr Nathaniel Fuse, have already visited would facilitate the increased production natural resources in a sustainable the state to study the success of the capacity of the farmers and the status of manner,” he said. initiative. the company, as well as provide for a The president called on communities Dr Hilton Gommes described the greater expansion of the total production to plant many indigenous trees so that institute’s achievement as a capacity of the state. (Source: Daily Trust they can provide the country with fruit, revolutionary idea to improve agriculture [Abuja], 20 January 2004.)

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and unsustainability during the different reasons is that the forests in this region PAKISTAN steps of processing, and the contain three of South America’s government’s attitude towards NTFPs. endangered birds: royal cinclodes, ash- Review of non-timber forest products The literature available was studied in breasted tit-tyrants and white-browed tit- (excluding medicinal plants) in Pakistan order to compile data related to NTFPs spinetails. Pakistan’s forest cover is 4.8 percent (excluding medicinal plants) and it was Polylepis forests, sometimes called and comprises four floristic regions, assessed that Pakistan has a great “enchanted forests” because of their low which are rich in floral diversity. About potential for NTFPs but that there is canopy, twisted growth pattern and striking 80 percent of rural people are dependent need for research on each individual red peely bark, are relicts from pre- in one way or another on non timber product using a bottom-up approach for Colombian times. Polylepis protects fragile forest products (NTFPs) for their proper planning, better levels of soils from erosion, replenishes watersheds domestic as well as commercial use. production, sustainable income through and harbours plants used by local people. Local people use their traditional sustainable utilization, training and Outside the ancient city of Cusco, knowledge for the collection, processing, capacity building of related personnel polylepis is a mainstay for existence. The packing, drying, marketing and and the community for the conservation trees provide fuelwood, construction consumption of various NTFPs. The of different forest resources. (Source: materials and medicinal plants to most important NTFPs produced in Abstract of a paper by Abdul Latif, Quechua-speaking people who maintain Pakistan are: morels (Morchella Researcher, Ethnobotany Project, WWF- much of their centuries-old lifestyle and esculenta, M. conica, M. vulgarus, etc.), Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan [e-mail: tradition. Nevertheless, current honey (Apis cerana, A. dorsa, A. forea, [email protected]].) consumption patterns, along with burning A. mellifera, etc.), fruits and nuts (pine of surrounding grasslands to create nut or chalghoza, walnuts, wild pasture for cattle and sheep, are persimmon, mulberry, wild fig, jujube, threatening the resource. While pear, gur gura, etc.), vegetables community members are well aware that (kachnal), condiments and spices (wild their survival depends on maintaining pomegranate), mazri palm, silk cocoons these forests, they have had few options and many others. These are not only a until recently. source that fulfils the domestic needs of That is where the American Bird local people, but are also a source of Conservancy (ABC) and the Peruvian income for their livelihood. About Association for the Conservation of 34 percent of local people are dependent PERU Andean Ecosystems (ECOAN) come in. on NTFPs for income generation. During The two organizations have teamed up the study, about 131 species were cited Saving polylepis forests with support from the Critical Ecosystem in the literature but there are actually The Andean condor usually takes the Partnership Fund (CEPF) to work together more than that. Exports of selected credit as the flagship species for the with three local villages to protect the NTFPs, such as morels, fruits and nuts, mountain range that runs the length of forests and develop alternatives for mazri, silk cocoons, etc., amounted to South America. However, several less- fuelwood and timber. Their Polylepis PRs 1 507.60 million in 2000/01. In known Andean species can make similarly Project fits perfectly into CEPF’s strategic 1991/92, the total production was impressive claims to fame. One of these is approach in the tropical Andes to 89 568.3 tonnes. There is a 60 to polylepis, a group of tree species in the encourage community-based biodiversity 70 percent increase in the prices of rose family, which wins the prize for being conservation and natural resource various NTFPs from 1991/92 to 2001/02. the highest altitude woody plant in the management to offset threats and ensure These products, after collection and world. In many ways polylepis is a retiring durable change. processing, are sold to the entrepreneur tree, growing slowly and quietly in The key to successful conservation of and then reach the main market. There sheltered valleys close to the high Andean these endangered birds and their habitats are wide fluctuations in both the supply grasslands called paramo or puna. In a is solving the problem of unsustainable and production of these products; vista that features large open expanses wood consumption. The Polylepis Project 65 percent is lost on its way to the main punctuated by towering snow-capped aims to develop a local non-governmental market and then in exporting. There are volcanoes, polylepis can easily be organization presence in the communities, problems, such as lack of awareness overlooked. provide data on and monitor biodiversity, about collection and processing of However, as a result of a reduction in include indigenous people in conservation, various products among local collectors, polylepis throughout its range, it is now engage villagers and policy-makers in in sufficient research and development, receiving significant attention in the Cusco biodiversity conservation, raise community market trends and monopolies, wastage Department of southern Peru. One of the awareness of conservation, make rural

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development more compatible with In the meantime, a survey and Ethnobotanical methodologies were biodiversity conservation and build a monitoring programme for polylepis forest used in the villages of Campuestohan and constituency for conservation. species is underway. It has already paid Patag, mountain communities of similar As part of the CEPF-supported part of off with unexpected and happy news. forest types (lower montane). the project, in the village of Abra Malanga, Recently ECOAN discovered a 6.5 ha Campuestohan, the principal survey site, 86 community members, together with 13 polylepis forest fragment with eight pairs of was selected owing to its strong links with young British volunteers and members of previously unrecorded royal cinclodes. an environmental NGO (Coral Cay ECOAN, expanded polylepis forest by (Source: Extracted from an article by Conservation). Patag, a larger region replanting 5 000 saplings. At an altitude of Abigail Rome in September 2003 CEPF outside the NFEFI project area, was 4 200 m above sea level, it was no easy E-News [www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/ picked to increase the validity of any task. In nearby Cancha Cancha, where in_focus/current_issue.xml].) conclusions, having suffered less 3 000 polylepis saplings were planted, ecological destruction (i.e. by logging). residents had to trek more than 11 km Data were collected utilizing various uphill with an elevation gain of 1 000 m to methods including interviews, reach their planting site. In another of the questionnaires, workshops and surveys communities, Huacahuasi, the closest both in the field and in more formal polylepis forest is more than 12 km away surroundings with the village residents. from the village. ECOAN has determined The uses of species were classified into that if the 170 families continue their the following subcategories: annual pilgrimage to harvest trees for environmental, food, material, medicinal fuelwood and construction, the entire and social. Communities, habitat types resource will be gone within 30 years. PHILIPPINES and gender knowledge discrepancies Other sources of fuel are needed. were also compared for the two regions. Through the Polylepis Project residents NFTPs in the Philippines All the resulting information on NTFP have planted 10 000 eucalyptus trees on Camilla Mitchell, a University of Edinburgh plants was subsequently shared with the degraded lands far from native forests M.Sc. student, recently explored the use Biodiversity Information Centre of the and close to the community. of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in National Museum of the Philippines. One of the major positive outcomes of the North Negros Forest Reserve in the One hundred and two distinct taxa were the project is that the villagers are Philippines (Negros Occidental). Her identified as NFTPs with 51 different uses becoming aware of the need to manage thesis revealed a variety of NFTP uses in (43 percent had more than one use, their lands in order to ensure its productivity the surveyed regions and extensive local 27 percent existed in both areas), more into the future. Previously, some simply cut knowledge on affected species, despite than half of which were medicinal in whatever they could find, without heed as minimal economic reliance on them. purpose. Ornamental plants represented to where the polylepis were coming from or The research was conducted in the largest group in the environmental the long-term impacts. collaboration with the United Kingdom- subcategory, reflecting the regions’ ECOAN is also working to help these based Coral Cay Conservation, an biodiversity and protective designation. communities gain title to their traditional esteemed tropical reef and rain forest Most species were distinct to either forest lands, an important move towards conservation non-governmental or village habitats; knowledge of forest providing incentive for sustainable organization (NGO), and the Negros species was considerable despite management. One of the steps in the Forests and Ecological Foundation Inc. exploitation of these species being lower. process is the development of (NFEFI). The project surveyed the use of Results also suggest that the information conservation action plans, including NFTPs derived from the area as well as held by women was limited to village limiting harvesting, reforestation and their subsistence and commercial value. plants while men had knowledge on fencing replanted forests to protect them Interest was sparked owing to concerns species of both habitats; this probably from grazing animals. of prevalent deforestation, especially in a relates to the dominance of medicinal Birdwatchers will travel far to see such reserve that contains a large proportion plants in the villages, and the exploration endangered species as the royal cinclodes of the remaining rain forest of Negros of areas beyond tenancy by men. or the tit-spinetail. If these birds are Island Ð part of a forest ecoregion Significantly it was found that NGO-led provided with the necessary habitat and identified by the World Wide Fund for education has increased awareness of the active measures are taken to ensure their Nature (WWF) as the eighth most importance of forest conservation and the survival, villagers may eventually be able vulnerable in the world. NFTP use was potential for herbal medicines. The greater to host visitors, taking them to see the investigated in two local communities as medicinal use is affiliated with socio- fruits of their conservation labours and well as species-based information and economic needs rather than any gaining some income at the same time. attitudes towards NFTP use. commercial exploitation, extended by the

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involvement of the Dutch Alternative Areas System Law of 1992, covers a total returns possible. Many kinds of handicraft Indigenous Scheme (AID) foundation. area of 22 202 ha of terrestrial reservation items can be made from other NTFPs but The vulnerability of this rain forest owing that includes the three villages of currently the supply of finished products is to logging and agricultural clearance has Cabayugan, Marufinas and Tagabinet. It is limited and irregular while their quality is further deterred the promotion of NFTPs richly endowed with diverse plants and not competitive with those made as a commercial venture. Although less animals, and protects old growth forests elsewhere. environmentally intrusive than logging, the with more than 800 plant species. Most of The appropriate marketing strategy thesis acknowledged that sustainable the area is timberland although the buffer therefore must be anchored on activities NFTP extraction could not exist without zone portions subjected to human that will i) directly increase the sales and yield management initiatives. Instead, habitation and encroachment have been income of households; ii) direct marketing sustainable agricultural practices are being farmed, with the inhabitants employing efforts through strong and reactivated encouraged to protect the area and traditional agricultural practices. The cooperatives and local associations; and inhabitants of the North Negros Forest primary feature of PPSRNP is the 8.2 km iii) support the enrichment and Reserve, with support only for NFTP long underground river flowing through a regeneration of the NTFP raw material enterprises that complement forest spectacular karst formation with the dome- base. The first criterion is aimed at regeneration. The research is the first of its shaped Mount St Paul being the highest increasing the marketable surplus and kind in Negros and has set a strong point. Because of its unique natural product value through the diversification of precedent for future work, which may aid characteristic and outstanding universal products and markets; value-adding the development of sustainable value, it is among those included in the activities via processing/product management initiatives concerning UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Until transformation, quality improvement and NFTPs. (Full reference: Mitchell, C. 2002. 2000, park visitors averaged about 30 000 product labelling; and having shorter A survey of non-timber forest product use annually. market channels through direct marketing. in the North Negros Forest Reserve, There are several reasons why The second entails providing the Negros Occidental, Philippines. M.Sc. marketing of NTFPs is given importance. necessary support services (financial, thesis, University of Edinburgh. Available First is the recognition that NTFPs, which infrastructure, marketing linkages and from Coral Cay Conservation are currently utilized and marketed, have price information) to strengthen and [[email protected]].) (Contributed by: considerable potential in providing reactivate existing local organizations, thus Saritha Visvalingam, Research Intern, livelihoods for the buffer communities, enabling them to market their products Coral Cay Conservation Ltd, given their abundance in the area and that efficiently and collectively. These are The Tower, 125 High Street, Colliers timber production is prohibited. Second is needed to lower their transaction and Wood, London SW19 2JG, UK that it is through improvement in marketing marketing costs as well as minimize [e-mail: [email protected]].) that such potential can actually be realized product losses and to ensure delivery of considering the difficulties that the their products at the right time, place, and Market development for non-timber forest communities are experiencing in the form according to the requirements of products: the case of Puerto Princesa disposal of their products. Third is that the buyers and markets. Eventually, the high Subterranean River National Park economic benefits created through efficient economic surplus to be gained by the Market development for the non-timber marketing provide the most tangible cooperatives will be distributed to the forest products (NTFPs) of Palawan incentives for sustaining production members according to basic cooperative province, particularly in the Puerto activities as well as enrichment, renewal principles. The third criterion is intended Princesa Subterranean River National and protection of the natural resource/raw not only to achieve environmental goals Park (PPSRNP), has been identified as material base. And fourth is that NTFPs but also to ensure the long-term one of the thrusts of the Palawan Council provide opportunities for the local people to competitiveness of PPSRNP NTFPs via for Sustainable Development (PCSD). participate in the development of their the inherent advantage of having a This is implemented through the Palawan communities. continuous supply of quality raw materials. Tropical Forestry Protection Programme NTFPs in PPSRNP include rattan, (Contributed by: Isabelita M. Pabuayon, (PTFPP), a special project supported by almaciga resin, bamboo, honey, nipa Ph.D., Professor, Department of the European Union starting in 1995. shingles, nito, tikog, pandan, buri, vines, Agricultural Economics, College of PTFPP seeks to improve the living medicinal plants, orchids and ornamentals. Economics and Management, University of conditions and incomes of rural Rattan, almaciga resin, honey and the Philippines Los Baños, College, communities in priority catchment areas. bamboo are gathered in commercial Laguna, 4031 Philippines [e-mail: One of these is the Cabayugan River quantities and sold by the local people [email protected]].) Catchment which is part of PPSRNP. individually through entrepreneurs, largely [Dr Pabuayon served as NTFP Marketing PPSRNP, which is classified within the in raw, unprocessed forms, hence they do Consultant for PTFPP for the period scope of the National Integrated Protected not get the most favourable economic AprilÐOctober 2001.]

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business and legal issues training, e-mail: [email protected]; RUSSIAN FEDERATION consultation on small business and www.iucn.ru or www.iucn-cida.ru; community-based enterprise or NTFP small business development project development, and support for Tim Brigham, NTFP Small Business in the Russian far east sustainability and monitoring Development Consultant, 3878 Over the past three years the IUCN-CIS programmes. It is the hope of project Cowichan Lake Road, Duncan, Forest Conservation Programme has participants that the successful BC, Canada V9L 6K1. been involved with a community development of these opportunities will Fax: +1 250 7483582; economic development project focused decrease the pressure to move forward e-mail: [email protected] on the Kamchatka Peninsula and with potentially damaging resource Sakhalin Island. (This project is one exploitation activities, such as gold component of the larger project “Building mining and oil extraction within or close to SOUTH AFRICA Partnerships for Forest Conservation the World Heritage Sites. and Management in Russia” funded by The project is focusing on groups of Reaping new medicines from old cures the Canadian International Development people who have not normally had the Samson Mvubu’s corner of the bustling Agency [CIDA] and managed by IUCN- chance to participate in small business or Faraday Market is crammed with World Conservation Union.) natural resource management Ð bundles of bark, roots, bulbs and animal The activities in the Russian far east indigenous people and women. It is the parts used to treat all manner of are aimed at assisting remote intention of all involved that, over time, maladies. Mvubu is an “inyanga”, a communities of the region to develop local community groups will take over traditional herbalist. He spent years their non-timber forest product resources production and marketing activities. Four learning to treat illnesses using plants sustainably. With 29 active volcanoes family and cooperative NTFP-based found in the fields and forests and the largest surviving populations of businesses have already been started by surrounding his village. Visitors to this wild salmon and brown bear, Kamchatka native communities on Kamchatka with market come to Mvubu for cures from has a richly deserved reputation as a wild the assistance of the project. Started from the countryside. Among them are a small and relatively untouched land. Apart from scratch, these businesses are now but growing number of scientists, who the difficulties presented by living in a marketing their products Ð so far these show up armed with notebooks and ask remote area with a harsh environment, are herbal teas, dried wild berries and lots of questions. “The traders here are many of Kamchatka’s residents are birch bark souvenirs within the Russian not happy about them,” he says of the facing new challenges brought on by the Federation and abroad. The Kamchatka scientists. “They just run away with our collapse of the Soviet regime. Since the Herbal Tea Community Association plants under their arm and they don’t early 1990s, communities on Kamchatka successfully fundraised for the new come back.” (and elsewhere in the country) have drying equipment. Five years ago, few scientists bothered experienced economic decline made About 400 people are involved as to visit Mvubu and his fellow healers. worse by the withdrawal of federal experts, trainees and participants of other Now, however, it seems the world is support to outlying regions and traditional project activities. We hope that the waking up to the vast untapped potential resource use such as reindeer herding. project will make a contribution to the of biological and indigenous resources. In our project, NTFPs are viewed as development and implementation of the Bioprospecting Ð searching nature for one part of a local sustainable livelihood global approaches to sustainable plants and animals with commercially strategy (including tourism, cultural community development and poverty useful properties Ð is a booming field. activities, hunting, herding). We provide alleviation. (Contributed by: Nikolay Traditional healers like Mvubu, who tend Shmatkov, NTFP Component to come from poor, marginalized Coordinator, IUCN-CIS and Tim Brigham, communities, are increasingly perceived NTFP Business Development as the ones who might lead scientists to Consultant, Canada.) important discoveries. “Everyone wants access to biodiversity,” says Dr Marthinus For more information, please contact: Horak, manager of bioprospecting at the Nikolay Shmatkov, NTFP Component Council for Scientific and Industrial Coordinator, IUCN-CIDA Project, Research (CSIR), which is sponsored by IUCN-World Conservation Union, the South African Government. Office for Russia and CIS, With 24 000 plant species, the 17 Marshal Vasilevski St, 123 182 biodiversity of this country is almost Moscow, Russian Federation. unparalleled. And with almost 300 000 Fax: +7 95 4905818; traditional healers nationwide, local

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knowledge of plants and their uses is In this study, our aims are: equally abundant. Increasingly, CSIR ¥ to determine which NWFPs have an scientists tap into the knowledge of economic value; traditional healers, who have helped to ¥ to inventory them; identify hundreds of the plants that ¥ to research actual and potential researchers are studying now. However, market possibilities; in South Africa Ð where at least ¥ to stop exploiting nature heedlessly 70 percent of people rely on traditional and to produce a plan; remedies Ð no major drug has yet been ¥ to determine alternative plants for developed. Dr Namrita Lall, a botanist at agriculture; and the University of Pretoria, is one of many ¥ in this context, to use forest areas in hoping to change that. Working with a which trees do not grow. traditional healer, she has found what (Contributed by: Prof. Dr Zafer Cemal could be a promising alternative TURKEY Özkan and Res. Ass. Sefa Akbulut, treatment for tuberculosis. Karadeniz Technical University, The potential rewards of this type of Non-wood forest products in the Department of Forest Botany, 61080 cooperation are considerable for both Black Sea region Trabzon, Turkey [e-mail: sakbulut@ scientists and traditional healers, Horak Non-wood forest products (NWFPs), risc01.ktu.edu.tr].) says. But collaboration also raises which provide different possibilities such troubling issues. Operating in a legal as food security, health and employment, vacuum, researchers and corporations are neglected in Turkey, especially in the UGANDA historically have laid claim to indigenous Black Sea region. NWFPs have an resources without compensating important role in the economy of the Uganda’s biodiversity under threat communities or obtaining their consent. country as well as rural areas. In this UGANDA’s biological wealth is under Even now, rich countries have resisted region, very few NWFPs are used in serious threat with an increased rate of demands from the developing world that trade. The social, economic and destruction from 10 to 15 percent per traditional knowledge be recognized environmental functions of NWFPs are decade, leading to a decline in food under international patent laws. And while not taken into consideration in Turkey security. This rate of loss of biodiversity the 1992 Convention on Biological and therefore national forestry policy was referred to as “high” by the report Diversity recognizes the need for does not consider these products released by the Makerere University stronger regulatory mechanisms, many important enough. Institute of Environment and Natural developing countries rich in biodiversity The need for natural resources Resources. The report, The state of have yet to pass their own laws increases daily owing to a growing Uganda’s biological diversity 2002, claims protecting biological and indigenous population and industrial development. that forests, soils and wildlife located resources. Because of this situation, people are now outside protected areas are in danger. Meanwhile, Mvubu at the Faraday undertaking research into non-wood The degradation of biological Market says he has stopped speaking to forest products to ascertain their resources undermines the tourism scientists because he mistrusts their utilization possibilities. The Black Sea potential, the availability of medicinal motives. region is rich in natural resources, plants and the well-being of the human In a major breakthrough earlier this especially plant species diversity. For population. (Source: New Vision year, however, CSIR announced an example, Rosa canina, Digitalis [Kampala], 15 April 2003.) agreement with the San of the Kalahari ferruginea subsp. schischkinii, Orchis Desert to share in the profits of a potential tridentata, Thymus pubescens, which are United States gum arabic buyer eyes blockbuster weight-loss drug. However, grown in this region, are NWFPs. Karamoja district just how much the San will benefit Unfortunately, however, in Turkey there A United States company is in Karamoja financially remains to be seen. The has not yet been an extensive inventory district to collect samples of gum arabic, a pharmacological giant Pfizer recently to realize that potential. tree sap used in the manufacture of soft pulled out of the deal, and any drug that This study will now take place in drinks. President Yoweri Museveni wants may yet be developed from “hoodia” is Hamsiköy (located in Trabzon city in the to have the region listed among the top still years away. (Source: Extracted from northern Black Sea region) and will be foreign suppliers to the American market. www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,6 carried out as part of my Ph.D. thesis. In Jimmy Lomakol, the coordinator of 1090,00.html?tw=wn_techhead_1, cited future phases, we want to spread the Moroto’s private sector promotion, said the in GRAIN Los Baños [grain@baylink. study to the entire region and then the Atlantic Gum Corporation has taken mozcom.com], 11 November 2003.) whole country. samples from the acacia trees in different

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parts of Karamoja for analysis. He said consultancy firm), said recently that that the firm, which is funded by the Uganda is to start shipping gum arabic to UNITED REPUBLIC American Soft Drinks Association, had the United States market early next year, OF TANZANIA identified 20 sites from which the samples after functionality tests on its quality, had been collected and that the process of durability and market potential were Spice industry potential sampling could take about two years positive. She said that Coca-Cola, which The spice industry should be recognized before Uganda was allowed to export the has been paying for some of the tests, will as a distinct sector with a high fast-track much cherished tree sap to the American be one of the main buyers. “There is a lot export potential requiring only low levels and European markets. of potential in this product, which can be of investment, says the Board of External He said that penetrating the American exploited by many people in the northern Trade (BET). market required that any raw material part of the country to pull themselves out A spices export development strategy used in the manufacture of any product of poverty,” she said. She added that prepared by BET in November 2002 came should be traced to its origin. “They (the growing the crop does not need much up with four strategic objectives to rescue Atlantic Gum Corporation) are also initial capital. the spice sector in the country. Among particular about the output and behaviour Whitaker, however, strongly objected to them are the creation of an adequate of the trees from where the samples are the agricultural subsidies, which are being institutional structure for sector leadership, picked,” Lomakol said. This was being implemented by firms from the West, increasing the capacity of the sector to hampered by the community who felled saying that they are strangling the meet technical requirements of the market some of the identified trees for the commodity prices for products from and accelerated expansion of the industry. construction of huts. He said that in some developing countries. Achieving recognition for the sector instances, the herders also picked and ate However, there are advantages for being the major strategic objective, BET the sap before it was gathered for Uganda in developing commercial discovered that this strategy is paramount analysis. “We have therefore embarked on production of gum arabic because it is a because the perceived underlying problem the sensitization of the community and are major ingredient in several foods including would appear to be the awareness and using some of the local leaders in the sodas, beers, salad dressings and ice- recognition of the spice industry as a identification and preservation of the trees cream. It is also used in the significant sector with a tremendous export sampled for analysis,” Lomakol said. pharmaceutical industry. potential. Museveni introduced the idea of The Sudan is the world’s leading To improve the spice sector, BET gathering gum arabic sap for the United producer. Another potential leading intends to create and establish an States market during the launching of the supplier is northern Nigeria, where two appropriate institutional framework for the disarmament exercise in December 2001. years ago USAID helped fund a new sector to enable it to realize its full Museveni informed the community in testing laboratory in Jigawa state. Importer potential. It will take full advantage of the Karamoja that the region could become Services Corporation, the largest gum private and public sector smart one of the largest exporters of the sap in processing firm in the United States, last partnership. According to BET, this the world. (Source: New Vision [Kampala], October announced that it would buy the strategy can only work if there is the 15 May 2003.) entire 2002 gum arabic crop from Jigawa establishment of the Tanzania Spice state, valued at US$400 000. (Source: Producers and Exporters Association Multinational may buy gum arabic New Vision [Kampala], 30 December (TSPEA) and designation of the research A variety of laboratory tests on the 2003.) and development responsibility to existing suitability of Uganda’s gum arabic for research institutions particularly to support export and use in several industries have Norway and the European Union give smallholder producers. turned out to be positive. This was a forestry U Sh 25 billion Regarding increasing the capacity to major hurdle before Uganda could export The Norwegian International Agency for meet the technical requirement of the to the United States and particularly to Development (NORAD) and the market, BET suggested that Tanzania major buyers such as the soft drinks European Union signed a joint improve its reputation as a quality supplier giant, Coca-Cola. memorandum to support the National in world markets since it has a good Local gum arabic is mainly grown in Forestry Authority on Monday. The joint opportunity of capturing markets within Karamoja and a few other parts of support is worth U Sh 25 billion for the Africa and overseas, e.g. in the East northern Uganda. President Yoweri next five years. African Community (EAC), Southern Africa Museveni has been closely associated The National Forestry Authority was Development Community (SADC) and with the efforts of getting an international formed early this year to oversee the 1.4 Common Market for Eastern and Southern market for the rare commodity. million hectares of forests in 506 central Africa (COMESA). Rosa Whitaker, president of the reserves in the country. (Source: The Furthermore, in the expanding Whitaker Group (a Washington, DC-based Monitor [Kampala], 12 November 2003.) European Union, Tanzania has tariff-free

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market entry under the Everything But States: rationale and recommendations for Arms arrangement and the huge United UNITED STATES a participatory approach. See also the States market preferential treatment OF AMERICA companion report, Workshop guide and under the African Growth and Opportunity proceedings: harvester involvement in Act which the United Republic has Non-timber forest product management inventory and monitoring of non-timber Tanzania has now fully ratified. and biodiversity in the United States forest products. To acquire success in the strategic In June 2002, the Institute for Culture and All of these documents are available objectives, BET is expected to involve the Ecology (IFCAE) received an 18-month online (www.ifcae.org/projects/ncssf1/). Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security grant from the National Commission on (Contributed by: Kathryn A. Lynch, ICFAE, and the Tanzania Investment Centre in Science for Sustainable Forestry (NCSSF) USA.) order to mobilize and encourage both to assess the relationships between forest foreign and local investment. management practices, NTFPs and For more information, please contact: The spice industry presents a major biodiversity in the United States. This Kathryn A. Lynch, Eric T. Jones or opportunity for Tanzania to exploit and research had two objectives: i) synthesize Rebecca McLain, Institute for Culture reap economic benefits in the relatively data regarding the impact of non-timber and Ecology, PO Box 6688, Portland, OR, short term with only a nominal input of forest product management on forest USA 97228. resources and attention. Among the ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity; Tel./Fax: +1 503 3316681; opportunities within the sector and ii) directly support the ability of forest e-mail: [email protected]; development are the thousands of small managers to assess NTFP sustainability. www.ifcae.org farmers that are already knowledgeable The project consisted of five interrelated about spices. Thus training would not start components. The first involved the from scratch. Others are the exchange expansion of IFCAE’s Web-based species ZAMBIA rate and trade regimes that are database used for identifying commercially liberalized. There is a growing market for harvested NTFPs in the United States. The Maureen Mwanawasa Community Initiative derived products such as extracts and second component expanded IFCAE’s embarks on mushroom drying projects oleoresins. Web-based NTFP bibliographic database The Maureen Mwanawasa Community The world market for spices and herbs that catalogues references specific to Initiative (MMCI) has embarked on two is valued at more than US$2.3 billion. NTFP conservation, policy, management, pilot projects to dry mushrooms in From 1995 to 1999, imports averaged culture and ecology (see Kasempa and Ndola rural. First lady 500 000 tonnes, growing at an average of www.ifcae.org/ntfp for both databases). Maureen Mwanawasa, after touring the 8.5 percent per annum. The third component consisted of updating Technology Development and Advisory However, the sector also has problems, state and federal NTFP management Unit (TDAU) of the University of Zambia e.g. Tanzanian spices are not branded; surveys to document managers’ views on yesterday, said that the two areas during the majority of the products have no how management activities affect local the rainy season had a lot of mushrooms, traceability system; and the poor image of biodiversity and to learn more about which could be dried and preserved. This Tanzania as a source of supply needs inventory and monitoring efforts. The fourth would help people to sell and achieve urgent reversal. component involved conducting food security. The spices currently being produced by ethnographic interviews in eight Maureen [Mwanawasa] said her Tanzania include: cardamom, ginger, ecoregions of the United States to organization had been trying to change the turmeric, cinnamon, garlic, black pepper, synthesize harvester knowledge about attitude of women’s clubs for them to do cloves, chilli, onions, vanilla, cumin, management and biodiversity. The final activities that gave them profit and enabled coriander, paprika, mustard, spring onions component consisted of four regional them pay for health services, send their and nutmeg. Spice production in Tanzania workshops designed to bring together land children to school and attain food security. is mainly carried out in areas with tropical managers, policy-makers, scientists, She said her visit to TDAU followed an and subtropical climate. Normally no buyers and harvesters to discuss enquiry for a mushroom solar drier, chemical fertilizers are used. multistakeholder approaches to biological manufactured by the unit. (Source: The Available data of the spice industry monitoring. Results from this research are Post [Lusaka], 22 October 2003.) sector indicate that overall the sector has synthesized in the document The been growing by more than 10 percent relationship between non-timber forest per annum in value terms since 1997. The product management and biodiversity in actual export value grew from US$1.148 the United States. million in 1997 to US$11 million in 2001. Workshop results are analysed in the (Source: Business Times [Dar-es- document Non-timber forest product Salaam], Tanzania, 11 April 2003.) inventory and monitoring in the United

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carefully edit, fact check and translate 2003 IUCN RED LIST FUNGAL PARTNERS each questionnaire. The Eco-Index’s “What’s New?” IUCNÐWorld Conservation Union has Palaeontologists theorize that the page is an online environmental recently released its updated Red List, evolutionary leap of plants from ocean to magazine, updated each month. regarded as the world’s most reliable land was accomplished by plants forming (Source: CEPF E-News, November 2004 inventory of the conservation status of a symbiotic relationship with fungi. Today, [[email protected]].) flora and fauna. With more than 2 000 90 percent of all plants are associated entries added and 380 taxa reassessed with fungi in the soil, and 80 percent since the release of the previous year’s could not survive without their fungal AFRICA – THE MOST list, the Red List currently records more partners. The complete article, Corner on PROMISING ECOTOURISM than 12 000 species threatened with ecology: partners ... for 500 million PRODUCT IN THE WORLD extinction; 762 plants and animal species years!, by Gigi La Budde, is available at: are already logged as “extinct”. www.forestrycenter.org/news/news.cfm?n A passion for Africa, tourism based on a The list finds that are ews_id=284 code of ethics, a belief in the power of an overriding threat to global biodiversity, tourism as an instrument of prosperity, threatening to undermine populations of can all be major factors in responding to native plants and animals on islands and the challenges of poverty and inequity, continents. but, most of all, prospects of peace. All known conifer species have been These points encapsulated the mood reassessed, and the 2003 list sees new of the Conference on Tourism, Peace entries of more than 1 000 Ecuadorian and Sustainable Development, held in plants, 125 Hawaiian plants, more than Luanda, Angola at the end of May in 300 cycads and 35 Galapagos Island conjunction with the World Tourism snails. Organization (WTO) Commission for IUCN will undertake a major analysis of Africa. The conference was chaired by the Red List in 2004, the results of which Mr Jorges Alicerces Valentin, Minister of will be presented to the third IUCN World Hotels and Tourism of Angola, and Conservation Congress in Bangkok in attended by some 40 countries including November 2004. RAINFOREST ALLIANCE more than 20 ministers of tourism. The LAUNCHES EXPANDED issues discussed included For more information, please visit: ECO-INDEX macroeconomics, peace dividends, www.redlist.org/ investment, partnerships, economic The Eco-Index is an Internet resource impact analysis, aviation liberalization managed by the Rainforest Alliance that and interface with New Partnership for contains detailed information about Africa’s Development (NEPAD). In conservation projects in Latin America. It addition, related case studies were has information about more than 550 reviewed from across the continent. projects of 400 non-governmental There was also widespread support organizations and government ministries for the view that Africa has the throughout the neotropics. The site is in opportunity to use its unique tourism English and Spanish, while profiles of assets Ð its cultures, traditions, natural Brazil-based projects are also available beauty and wildlife Ð as a major factor in THE STATE OF THE in Portuguese. The database is poverty reduction and in unlocking peace WORLD’S ECOSYSTEMS searchable by keyword, country, dividends where conflict is resolved. The organization, funders and/or by 70 meeting shared the view articulated and The World Wildlife Fund International different categories. demonstrated by Mr Dawid DeVilliers, released its report on the state of the Project directors submit information on WTO Deputy Secretary-General, that world’s ecosystems Ð as measured by the Eco-Index via a template “passion for Africa and a belief in the the Living Planet Index Ð and the human questionnaire, available on-site (or upon power of tourism as a change agent can pressures on them through the request by sending an e-mail to: eco- be a major factor in responding to the consumption of renewable natural [email protected]). To ensure the quality of challenges of poverty and inequity.” It resources. The report is available at: information, Eco-Index staff members, also underscored the value of WTO’s www.panda.org/livingplanet/lpr02/ based in New York and Costa Rica, Global Code of Ethics as invaluable

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guidance for the kind of tourism that latter now actively developing an African Africa must seek to pursue. “Africa is the Tourism framework and reaching out to AMAZONIA: most promising ecotourism product in other institutions for support and DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT the world, we must develop it with interface. (Source: Vanguard [Lagos], 13 DESTRUCTION passion, profitably, through partnerships June 2003.) at all levels and above all with a strategic Every year 1 600 000 ha of forest are vision and the commitment from the destroyed. In an attempt to revert this governments of Africa,” said the Tourism situation, the government is launching Minister of Mauritius, Mr Nandcoomar WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION TO the Sustainable Amazonia Programme. Bodha. BECOME SPECIALIZED UN AGENCY Five million square kilometres Peace is fundamental to tourism containing a fifth of the planet’s development. With peace, tourism can Among the actions taken at the 15th freshwater and ten million animal and be a central factor in economic growth, General Assembly of the World plant species: the vast Amazonian rain sustainable development and social Tourism Organization (WTO), held from forest acts as the planet’s guardian, progress. Without it the potential 20 to 23 October in Beijing, China, was maintaining the fragile balance in its vanishes. Delegates stressed that the decision to transform the climate. But Amazonia’s problems are as partnership in tourism must be stronger organization into a specialized agency vast as its riches. There are 380 000 than terrorism. of the United Nations. The UN General small rural properties in the region. Rural The geopolitical shift towards Assembly in turn approved this producers clear the forest to prepare the development generally and Africa decision on 7 November 2003. soil for planting, destroying the trees specifically was also noted with Delegates also supported the which could serve as an important optimism. The UN Millennium Organization’s “Sustainable Tourism Ð source of income. Each year, the area Development Goals, seeking to halve Eliminating Poverty” (ST-EP) initiative, devastated is equal to 1 600 000 football extreme poverty by 2015, the Summits a joint project with the United Nations fields. of Doha on Trade Inclusion, of Monterrey Conference on Trade and Development Gilney Viana, Secretary for on Debt Relief and of Johannesburg on (UNCTAD) to encourage sustainable Sustainable Development, said that the Sustainable Development all led in the tourism that aims at alleviating poverty. greatest challenge now facing Amazonia right direction for positive change. is to modernize it without damaging the Regionally, the concept of an African For more information, please visit: environment. He said that Amazonia Union and of NEPAD provided new www.world-tourism.org/ cannot limit its economy to the exciting visionary mechanisms for exportation of raw materials. “One of the African integration and renaissance Ð the alternatives is to diversify production by incorporating technological innovations and aggregating value to insert Amazonia’s products into the national and international markets”, he said. He emphasized that sustainable development must be associated with the generation of jobs, better distribution of income and a reduction in environment impact. The Amazonian rain forest occupies five million square kilometres, 61 percent of the territory of Brazil, and covers the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. The region’s economy is based on mineral extraction, ranching, logging and export agriculture (mainly soya and cotton). In 2000, the Gross Regional Product was $R 73 billion, 6.5 percent of Brazil’s GNP. In recent years, environmentalists have criticized government policies

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which have favoured the advance of the said the initiative was recently discussed the project and transform the region into agricultural frontier in the region and and supported by the Presidents of a large ecotourism corridor. offered incentives for damaging the Namibia and South Africa, Sam Nujoma The Ministry of the Environment is environment. They have also strongly and Thabo Mbeki, and their creating a Tucumumaque Working criticized logging, mineral extraction and governments. He said the project would Group to develop integrated action in the the construction of roads and improve the conservation management area surrounding the national park. One hydroelectric plants in the region which of an area with the richest biodiversity in of the group’s immediate priorities is to have had a serious environmental Namibia and provide a new focus for elaborate a management plan and to impact. tourism development in the south of the implant a basic infrastructure to protect The document, published by the country. the park. The region is known as the Ministry of the Environment, considers Malima indicated that negotiations with Guiana Shield and is classified as being some of the alternatives for the Angola were also under way for a of “extreme biological importance”. The development of the region. Predatory transfrontier park consisting of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)- timber extraction, for example, could be Skeleton Coast Park in Namibia and Iona Brazil announced last year that it will replaced by the adoption of certificated National Park in Angola. (Source: The make US$1 million available for the forest management. In the agricultural Namibian [Windhoek], 14 April 2003.) creation of the new park. The World sector, incentives could be offered to Bank and the Global Environment Fund producers who increase the productivity will also finance the project. (Source: of areas which have already been IBAMA, in Amazon News, 10 April devastated. Ecotourism has been 2003.) flagged as a means of generating income without damaging the environment. Other alternatives include investment in biotechnology and charging for environmental services. (Source: Radiobras, in Amazon News, 13 November 2003.)

PARTNERSHIP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Brazil and France have approved a proposal to create a working group to help the French Government to implant a conservation area in French Guiana close to the border with Brazil. The 3 million hectare area covers practically CROSS-BORDER the whole extension of the PARKS ON THE WAY Tucumumaque Mountains National Park, which Ð with an area of 3.8 million Namibia’s Ministry of Environment and hectares Ð is the largest conservation Tourism is finalizing a treaty for the area in the world in a tropical forest establishment of a transfrontier park region. comprising the Ai-Ais Park in Namibia France is relying on Brazilian and the Richtersveld Park in South expertise and the communities living in You see things; and you say, “Why?” Africa. the park to create the conservation area. But I dream things that never were; Motivating his ministry’s budget for The two countries are planning further and I say, “Why not?” 2003Ð2004 in the National Assembly on cooperation to develop ecotourism in the George Bernard Shaw Thursday, Minister Phillemon Malima region. They hope to involve Suriname in

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FOREST PRODUCTS AND ¥ sustainable production technologies FAO ECONOMICS DIVISION (mechanisms of agarwood formation in nature, artificial inducement of resin Travel of NWFP officers in plantation-grown trees, chemistry of Mr Paul Vantomme travelled to Canada agarwood); FAO’S FORESTRY BRANCH LIBRARY as one of FAO’s representatives at the ¥ conservation and legal status World Forestry Congress [see Special (protection of natural Aquilaria stands The Forestry Branch Library (FOBL), a Features for more information]. During the and legal issues, community branch of the FAO David Lubin Congress, Mr Vantomme had the role of participation in sustainable agarwood Memorial Library, provides FAO FAO Technical Secretary for three production); personnel and external users with sessions: i) A2C Efficient use and ¥ manufacturing and sale of sustainable timely and accurate information about processing of resources; ii) A5A Best agarwood products (world markets for forestry and related areas. It houses management practices, certification; and agarwood products, price trends, more than 3 500 books and over 600 iii) B4B Management for non-timber forest marketing strategy, extraction current periodical titles, yearbooks products. He made the following technology and value-added product and other serial titles on forestry and presentations: i) Towards improved development, packing, labelling and related areas. It also has a large classification of NWFP through the product promotion). collection of “grey literature” – existing international product classification Some 30 presentations were made on including documentation on FAO schemes; ii) Opportunities and challenges the above issues. A field trip to An Giang forestry projects and papers and for non-wood forest product certification Province was organized in order to show reports from various FAO meetings Ð (written together with Sven Walter); and participants the activities of the TRP much of which is not readily available iii) Trade opportunities for non wood project, with regard to the establishment anywhere else. Additional forest- forest products in niche markets. of Aquilaria crassna plantations, the related publications, including the research carried out on inducement special collections on forestry Mr Sven Walter travelled to Viet Nam and techniques and the establishment of tree meetings, which include World Papua New Guinea in November 2003 to nurseries. Finally, working group sessions Forestry Congresses since 1985, are discuss issues regarding agarwood. In were held in order to discuss further the accessible on request. Viet Nam, he attended the First following key issues: i) Management of The library provides multilingual International Agarwood Conference and agarwood plantations and propagation of service (English, French, Spanish, in Papua New Guinea he met with agarwood producing species; ii) Linking Italian) including reference and national personnel regarding the FAO- demands with supplies; iii) Trade and information assistance, bibliographic financed Technical Cooperation legislation; iv) Cultivation of agarwood searches, photocopies and, through Programme (TCP) project “Eaglewood and impacts of agarwood domestication; the David Lubin Memorial Library, Management Project”, TCP/PNG/2901(A), and v) International cooperation in interlibrary loan services are provided. which became operational in October agarwood research. 2003. [Please see FAO in the Field for Mr Walter made a presentation on “The For more information, please contact: more information on this TCP project.] impact of certification on the sustainable Ms Vanda Ferreira dos Santos, The First International Agarwood use of NWFP Ð Potential implications for Librarian, FAOÐForestry Library, Conference “Wood of the Gods” was held the sustainable use of agarwood” and 00100 Rome, Italy. from 10 to15 November in Ho Chi Minh chaired the working group on “Linking Fax: +39 0657055137; City and An Giang Province. It was co- demands with supplies”. In addition, Mr e-mail: organized by the Tropical Rainforest Walter organized an informal round table [email protected] Project (TRP) Foundation, the National with experts dealing with agarwood University of Ho Chi Minh City, the An issues in Papua New Guinea. Giang University and the University of For further background information on Minnesota; the main sponsor was the the conference and the TRP project, visit European Union. the Web site (www.agarwood.org.vn). Some 70 participants from 20 countries Information from experimental agarwood participated in the conference and trials at NuiGiai Mountain, An Giang exchanged views on the: Province, Viet Nam, carried out during the ¥ ecology and cultivation of Aquilaria First International Agarwood Conference (botany, geography and ecology of field trip, can be found at: Aquilaria genus, propagation and http://forestpathology.coafes.umn.edu/aga management of Aquilaria trees); rwoodmeeting.htm

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In Papua New Guinea, Mr Walter met career and very much appreciate the with the National Project Coordinator and open-minded conversations with my other representatives from governmental colleagues. (Contributed by: Daniela and non-governmental organizations as Göhler, M.Sc. in Forestry [Technical well as the private sector, in order to University of Dresden].) discuss issues with regard to agarwood management and utilization in Papua New NWFP-Digest-L Guinea in general, with particular FAO’s NWFP Programme has been emphasis on the implementation of producing the NWFP-Digest-L since April TCP/PNG/2901. In addition, Mr Walter 2000. The goal of this free e-mail journal assisted in the preparations and is to link NWFP interests worldwide, participated in the 5th Inter-agency share information, foster discussion Committee Meeting on Agarwood. During pertaining to NWFPs, promote regionally the meeting, the results of the international oriented e-mail lists and Web sites, and agarwood conference were shared and complement existing NWFP awareness the TCP project presented and discussed. I worked as an intern in the Forest networks. Diverse views and materials Products Service from September to relevant to NWFPs are encouraged. Mr Walter carried out a backstopping December 2003 under the supervision of To join the list, please send an e-mail mission to Cameroon from 8 to Olman Serrano and Paul Vantomme. The to: [email protected], with the 13 December 2003 in the context of main task was to contribute a paper to the message: subscribe NWFP-Digest-L TCP/CMR/2905 “Institutional support and NWFP Programme about the role of To make a contribution once on the sustainable management of non-wood edible forest insects, mainly caterpillars, list, please send an e-mail to the forest products”, in order to: i) establish to food security in central Africa. Based on following address: NWFP-Digest- contacts with the implementing agency four case studies carried out by national [email protected] (Ministry of Environment and Forests experts, I prepared a synthesis that Back issues of the Digest may be [MINEF]); ii) elaborate a work plan consolidates key information and found on FAO’s NWFP home page: together with the project team; and iii) recommendations, and outlines fields of www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/fop/in analyse the information available on further research. Additional literature was dex.jsp?siteId=2301&langId=1 NWFPs in Cameroon. [Please see FAO in reviewed to complement some the Field below for more information on information to specific topics. Numerous this TCP project.] discussions with Paul Vantomme and During the mission, several project Sven Walter, but also remarks and team meetings were organized in order to suggestions of other colleagues, such as inform collaborators about project entomologists, contributed a lot to my objectives and procedures, to clarify the work. [An article by Daniela on this tasks of each partner (FAO, MINEF and subject has been included in Special consultants) and to discuss administrative Features.] as well as technical aspects. The final Working Paper, which will be published in the spring of 2004, includes Volunteers the synthesis as well as the case studies. Report from Daniela Göhler, who In addition, an article on the subject will be worked as a volunteer with FAO’s produced (ODI Wildlife Policy Briefing) NWFP Programme. focusing more on policy issues. I also had The FAO volunteer programme is a very the opportunity to attend several good chance for young people to gain an presentations and conferences on various FAO IN THE FIELD insight into the work of international topics, and to work in another of my fields organizations and to have firsthand of interest, the international forest regime. Cameroon: sustainable use and experience in the UN system. It is just as Under the supervision of Christian management of non-wood forest products important to find financial support for such Mersmann, I reviewed a document FAO was requested to assist the an internship. An excellent opportunity is summarizing forest-related institutions Government of Cameroon in the the Carlo Schmid Programme of the and processes at the global and regional development of their non-wood forest German Academic Exchange Service levels. product (NWFP) sector. (DAAD), which provides scholarships for I regard the internship with FAO as a FAO’s Technical Cooperation students and graduates. very important step in my professional Programme project “Institutional support

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to promote the sustainable use and their partners such as the Center for Papua New Guinea: Eaglewood management of non-wood forest products International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Management Project in Cameroon” (TCP/CMR/2905[A]) will the Department for International Upon request of the Government of analyse the NWFP sector, elaborate Development (DFID) and FAO to promote Papua New Guinea, FAO is assisting the recommendations for the sustainable the sustainable use of NWFPs. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority in management and use of selected products The Technical Cooperation Programme the sustainable management and and will contribute to the elaboration and project TCP/CMR/2905(A) will build on commercialization of eaglewood implementation of a national strategy and these and will support MINEF and SDNL in (Gyrinops ledermanii, also known as action plan. The FAO NWFP Programme their efforts to promote the sustainable use agarwood, aloeswood or gaharu) is the lead technical unit responsible for of NWFPs. In this context, the project will through its Technical Cooperation the technical implementation of the collaborate with key stakeholders and Programme “Eaglewood Management project. organizations, including the Forests and Project” TCP/PNG/2901(A). Many households in Cameroon depend Environment Sector Programme Eaglewood is a valuable non-wood on NWFPs as a source of food, (Programme sectoriel des forêts et de forest product that has been construction material, medicines and l’environnement [PSFE]). commercially exploited in Papua New income. Fruits (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis), The project’s main outputs will be: Guinea for approximately ten years. High leaves (e.g. Gnetum spp.) and spices (e.g. ¥ An assessment of the production and external demand combined with low Ricinodendron heudelotii) are among the market chain of key NWFPs, including national capacities with regard to most relevant edible NWFPs. Other economic, ecological, social, eaglewood production and important NWFPs include medicinal plants technical, legal and institutional commercialization has resulted in (e.g. Prunus africana) and rattan (e.g. aspects. uncontrolled exploitation and Laccosperma secundiflorum). Despite the ¥ Strategies for the sustainable inappropriate trade structures which actual and potential benefits of using management, consumption and marginalize local producers. Rough NWFPs for both subsistence and trade, commercialization of two selected estimates indicate that if unsustainable various legal and institutional constraints NWFPs. harvest and trade continue, eaglewood hinder the sustainable use of NWFPs, ¥ A proposed national strategy for the resources in certain areas will be totally including the inappropriate management development of the entire NWFP depleted by 2005 not only threatening of resources providing NWFP and unclear sector. the tree species but also leading to tenure systems. Project activities will start with a rapid substantial economic losses. The Government of Cameroon appraisal of the NWFP sector in The objectives of the 20-month recognizes the important role of NWFPs in Cameroon, followed by the in-depth project, which started in October 2003, poverty alleviation, particularly in rural assessment of two selected NWFPs and are: i) to strengthen institutional areas. In 1998, the Ministry of their production, consumption and trade capacities of technical staff from Environment and Forests (MINEF) created patterns. governmental and non-governmental a Subdivision for the Promotion and organizations at the national level and Processing of NWFPs (Sous-direction de For further information, please contact: the management capacities of local la promotion et de la transformation des Ms D. Diallo Ba, FAO Representative, resource owners and producers at the produits forestiers non ligneux [SDNL]) in PO Box 281, Yaoundé, Cameroon. grassroots level; and ii) to assist the order to promote the sustainable use of Fax: +237 2204811; governmental organizations concerned NWFPs. e-mail: [email protected]; in the elaboration of a national In November 2001, the University of or eaglewood conservation and Yaoundé and FAO co-organized a seminar Mr Sven Walter, Forestry Officer, management strategy. This strategy will on “NWFP in Cameroon: Potentials, NWFP Programme, FAO, Rome, Italy. be based on the assessment of the Constraints and Perspectives” E-mail: [email protected] ecological and socio-economic impact of (www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y7384F/Y73 eaglewood production and the 84F00.HTM), which was followed by a identification of appropriate processing national workshop organized by MINEF in and harvesting technologies, including January 2002 on “The Status of the NWFP inoculation techniques to promote Sector in Cameroon”. These workshops oleorosin production. Collaboration analysed the NWFP sector and identified among all stakeholders concerned will key challenges faced by NWFP producers, be enhanced. consumers and traders. Furthermore, the Expected project outputs are: workshops acknowledged the efforts ¥ Sustainable management strategies, made by governmental organizations and guidelines and policy measures on

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eaglewood as part of the who use or depend on them. The vision Human beings use the environment policy are formulated. was for a “centre without walls”, creating heavily. Projected population growth and ¥ The extension and regulatory new spaces for scientists from national economic activity will mean loss of capacity of governmental and non- institutions around the world to work with biodiversity at a greater rate. Although governmental organizations is each other and to build closer ties with biological resources are renewable, their strengthened. the policy community and with local overuse is usually associated with loss of ¥ Effective training and awareness people. To celebrate ten years of activity, biodiversity. Among the major threats are campaigns on eaglewood CIFOR has produced Forests and overexploitation of forest and vegetation management are carried out at the people: research that makes a resources for fuel, fodder, manure, grassroots level. difference, which highlights some of grazing, fishing and hunting, expansion of ¥ Workable community-based CIFOR’s key achievements in its first agricultural land for an ever-increasing eaglewood management models on decade of research. A chapter “Beyond population, and the practice of slash-and- customary land in three selected timber” is dedicated to CIFOR’s work burn agriculture in mountain regions. areas are designed and undertaken. with non-wood forest products. Biological resources are deteriorating ¥ Promising extraction methods are rapidly throughout the world, primarily tested. For further information, please contact: because of unsustainable approaches ¥ Cost-effective fungal inoculation CIFOR, PO Box 6596, JKPWB, used in human activities. techniques adapted to Papua New Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. Against this background, the Guinea conditions are developed. Fax: +62 251 622100; International Conference on Himalayan As a result, it is expected that the e-mail: [email protected] Biodiversity (ICHB-2003) was organized assistance will contribute to sustaining from 26 to 28 February 2003 in the management of eaglewood Kathmandu, Nepal, on the occasion of resources and the livelihoods of people the International Year of Mountains (IYM, using eaglewood resources. 2002). The participants at the conference recognized that: For further information please contact: 1. The Himalayan range is a unique Mr Michael Avosa, National Project chain of mountains with fragile Coordinator, PNG Forest Authority, ecosystems and high endemic, rare Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. and endangered species of wild flora E-mail: [email protected]; and fauna that fulfil basic daily needs or for millions of people living in Mr Sven Walter, Forestry Officer, mountains and plains. NWFP Programme, FAO, Rome, Italy. 2. These mountain ecosystems are E-mail: [email protected] largely neglected and are greatly [Please see under Products and Markets threatened by human pressure. for more information on Agarwood.] 3. Exploration of flora and fauna and INTERNATIONAL their habitats and mechanisms for CENTRE FOR HIMALAYAN maintenance of biological diversity BIODIVERSITY (ICHB) are inadequate at present. 4. Degradation and loss of biological The Himalayan region is the largest, diversity are at high levels. highest and most populous mountain 5. Appropriate approaches needed to chain in the world, and it is one of the address these issues are lacking, but world’s richest ecosystems in terms of recent developments (e.g. large- biological diversity. Extreme variations in scale conservation) appear positive. altitude, aspect, geology and soils over 6. Traditional practices (forestry, CENTER FOR short distances have resulted in a wealth agriculture) and indigenous INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY of natural ecosystems. The Himalayas technology are disappearing. RESEARCH (CIFOR) are home to hundreds of endemic plant 7. There is a lack of coordination and species and some of the world’s rarest communication among scientists and CIFOR was created in 1993 to promote wildlife species. These rich biological a lack of partnership among a different type of forestry research Ð resources have traditionally served as scientists, planners and managers. research that would find solutions to the the foundation for the economic and 8. A comprehensive Red Data Book is challenges facing our forests and those cultural life of mountain people. lacking.

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9. There is a need for habitat mapping population genetics of Himalayan and ¥ develop and maintain the using geographic information tropical flora and fauna. The centre in biodiversity Web site. systems and global positioning future will not only maintain state-of-the- In this way, the centre will maximize system techniques. art equipment, laboratories and the impact on “Himalayan biodiversity” 10. There is a lack of appropriate Himalayan greenhouses to conduct by bringing together all stakeholders in teaching curricula and biochemical, molecular, ecophysiological a common forum to exchange expertise. infrastructure and research and ecological research, but will also capabilities in the area of develop research and international For more information, please contact: biotechnology to assign and use training programmes and activities Ram Bhandari, Coordinator, biodiversity for the betterment of throughout the Hindu Kush-Himalayan International Centre for Himalayan society. (HKH) and other mountain countries in Biodiversity, ICHB Secretariat, As a result, the conference passed a the world. Himalayan Resources Institute, series of resolutions in the Kathmandu The centre’s major programmes and GPO Box 13880, Kathmandu, Nepal. Declaration of the International activities include the following aspects. Fax: +977 1 4484328; Conference on Himalayan Biodiversity The centre will: e-mail: [email protected] or (ICHB-2003). In considering the ¥ actively establish an information [email protected] mandate of the ICHB-2003, as well as management system with the the ways in which governments and support of the various national and local, national and regional/global level international organizations to meet organizations could help achieve a the needs of non-governmental, better understanding of biological rural and indigenous organizations diversity and its related issues and and individuals working on greater cooperation in ensuring the biodiversity conservation in both the sustainable development and poverty developed and developing countries; alleviation of Himalayan regions, the ¥ store and plot information about International Centre for Himalayan geographical areas and record or Biodiversity (ICHB) was created by the attach area attributes such as Himalayan Resources Institute (HIRI) in species’ distribution, habitats, close coordination, collaboration and management plans, surveys and cooperation with institutions and reports; individuals working in education, ¥ keep track of information on research and training in the field of indigenous peoples, cultures and conservation and sustainable use of ethnic groups; biological diversity supporting ¥ catalogue scientific and traditional Himalayan people in their search for knowledge of plants and animals Ð sustainable development. The centre species distribution, references to will run as an autonomous project of source materials, bibliographies, HIRI. surveys, taxonomy, research, The centre is committed to attracting management, protective status and students from Himalayan countries who experts; will play leadership roles in future ¥ publish and disseminate a conservation efforts, as well as graduate newsletter of Himalayan biodiversity; students from Nepal and abroad ¥ publish a yearly International Journal seeking expertise in Himalayan of Himalayan Heritage; biodiversity, systematics and ¥ organize regular international conservation biology. Students training courses, workshops, associated with the centre study both seminars, conferences and the Himalayan and tropical ecosystems congresses on Himalayan You will find something more in with particular strengths in Himalayan biodiversity; than in books. Trees and stones will teach plant-herbivore dynamics, population ¥ develop and maintain a regional and you that which you can never learn from biology and conservation of birds in the international network for future masters. Himalayas, ecology of forest fragments, cooperation, collaboration and Saint Bernard systematics of flowering plants, coordination on Himalayan (1090–1153) evolution of genes and genomes, biodiversity;

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new plant-based materials and natural This workshop was part of a national TREASURES OF remedies. study funded by the National Commission THE CARIBBEAN Treasures of the Caribbean was on Science for Sustainable Forestry LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM designed by the British European Design (www.ncssf.org). 6–7 APRIL 2003 Group (www.bedg.org) and organized by The project’s goal is to assess the Denzil Phillips International relationships between forest The Caribbean stretches along the humid (www.denzil.com), CDE associate management practices, NTFPs and coasts of nine Latin American countries to consultant for pharmaceuticals. biodiversity in the United States. the tip of Florida. The extraordinary The companies represented come from biodiversity of the ecosystems of the 20 or Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, For more information please contact: more nations of the “Land of the Caribs” Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Katie Lynch, Institute for Culture and offers an incredible wealth of medicinal Grenadines, Barbados, Belize and Ecology, PO Box 6688, Portland OR and aromatic plants, many of them little Jamaica. They have recently formed the 97228, USA. known in Europe. Caribbean Herbal Products Association. E-mail: [email protected]; Equally diverse are Caribbean culture, www.ifcae.org or www.ifcae.org/ntfp/ religion and economy. The Caribs followed For more information, please contact: the Arawaks, both bringing plants, Denzil Phillips International, CDE medicines and implements from their Associate Consultant Pharmaceuticals, INTERNATIONAL native lands along the Amazon. European 25 Stanmore Gardens, Richmond, CONFERENCE ON influence arrived with Columbus in 1492, Surrey TW9 2HN, UK. BAMBOO RESOURCE paving the way for a continued exchange Fax: +44 20 89482673; UTILIZATION AND of trade, people and technology with the e-mail: [email protected]; PROCESSING newly discovered “West Indies”. www.denzil.com; TECHNOLOGY Every wave of newcomers brought their www.naturalproducts.co.uk or YIYANG, CHINA own traditional medicines and sacred www.caribbeanherbs.net 8–10 SEPTEMBER 2003 plants, which also had to adapt to the special conditions of their new environments. Over the centuries, For more information, please contact: Caribbean herbs and spices have thus The Bureau of Scientific and Technical often developed differing characteristics to Science and Technology of Yiyang City, botanically identical plants grown in other No. 31, South Kangfu Road, Yiyang City, parts of the world. Hunan Province, China 413000. “Treasures of the Caribbean” was one E-mail: [email protected] or of the first attempts to promote Caribbean [email protected] herbal products on the European market. The special exhibition provided information on some of the Caribbean’s INVOLVING HARVESTERS RECENT TRENDS IN most important medicinal plants and their IN INVENTORYING AND PHYTOMEDICINE AND uses and was prepared with contributions MONITORING OF NON- OTHER ALTERNATIVE from nine leading herbal companies from TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS THERAPIES FOR HUMAN the region. The exhibition included PORTLAND, OREGON, USA WELFARE – GLOBAL product samples and technical 4 SEPTEMBER 2003 SUMMIT ON MEDICINAL information on many of the Caribbean’s most important herbal products as well as This participatory workshop was built PLANTS (GSMP) MAURITIUS material on its herbal medicine and around small group activities and 25–30 SEPTEMBER 2003 botanical heritage. Some of the products interactive discussions on: a) current included in the exhibition, such as Aloe inventory and monitoring efforts of vera and nutmeg, are well known. Others, NTFPs; b) potential barriers to including For more information, please contact: such as Santa Maria, quassia and harvesters in inventory and monitoring Dr Anita Menon, Organizing Secretary, fitweed, are relative newcomers to and how to overcome them; and c) Global Summit on Medicinal Plants, c/o Europe. The exhibition and accompanying participants’ recommendations on the Century Foundation, No. 35, 3rd Cross poster formed part of the awareness design and implementation of a pilot Road, Vignannagar, Malleshpalya, campaign to highlight the importance of programme that would involve harvesters Bangalore 560 075, India. the Caribbean as a potential source for in inventory and monitoring. www.cenfound.org/global/global.html

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that are not sustainable or that still need ¥ promote and support the long-term THE 4TH CHINA assistance to make the transition to full protection and conservation of old- NATIONAL BAMBOO sustainability. growth forests. CULTURE FESTIVAL The symposium was organized by XIAN NING, CHINA members of the Medicinal Plant Working For more information, please contact: 9–11 OCTOBER 2003 Group, which is part of the Plant Brigitte Commarmot, Swiss Federal Conservation Alliance, a consortium of Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, This meeting was organized by the ten federal agencies and more than 145 CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. State Forestry Administration of China, non-federal cooperators working Fax: +41 1 7392215; the Hubei Provincial Government and collectively to prevent plant extinction and e-mail: [email protected]; the International Network for Bamboo to encourage natural habitat restoration. www.wsl.ch/forest/waldman/ and Rattan (INBAR). The co-organizers rakhiv_2003/; were the China Bamboo Industry For more information, please contact: or Association and the Forestry Bureau Natasha Hall, AHPA, 8484 Georgia, Dr Fedir D. Hamor, Carpathian of Hubei Province, Government of Avenue, Suite 370, Silver Spring, Biosphere Reserve, PO Box 8, Xian Ning. MD 20910, USA; UA-90600 Rakhiv, Zakarpatska Oblast, An international training workshop on or Ukraine. bamboo furniture processing was held Lori Diamond, Aveda Corporation. Fax: +380 3132 22054; immediately after the festival and showed E-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected] the innovative Chinese products that are www.plantconservation.org/mpwgconf made from bamboo Ð from furniture erence/ or www.nps.gov/ through panelling and flooring to plants/medicinal/index.htm NON-TIMBER FOREST handicrafts and edible shoots. PRODUCTS CONFERENCE: INBAR held a one-day seminar on WORKING WITH ALL the utilization of bamboo during the NATURAL FORESTS IN THE FOREST festival. THE TEMPERATE ZONE DUNCAN, BC, CANADA OF EUROPE – VALUES 4 AND 5 NOVEMBER 2003 For more information, please contact: AND UTILIZATION Fu Jinhe, Ph.D., Program Officer, Subjects covered included: RAKHIV, TRANSCARPATHIA (UKRAINE) International Network for Bamboo and 14–18 OCTOBER 2003 ¥ What is happening with NTFPs in Rattan, Beijing 100101-80, China. Canada? Fax: +86 10 64956983; The objectives of the conference were to: ¥ Potential employment and business e-mail: [email protected] ¥ review the status quo and the state of opportunities knowledge about natural (old growth) ¥ Information on how NTFPs can be forests in the temperate zone of used SYMPOSIUM ON Europe; ¥ New ways of looking at the forest as INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP ¥ show the value of natural forests from a whole ecosystem FOR THE PRESERVATION different points of view and to analyse ¥ Reclaiming traditional practices OF MEDICINAL AND conflicting interests and aims on a through NTFPs AROMATIC PLANTS local, national and international level; ¥ assess the economic potential of For more information, please contact: PHILADELPHIA, USA 14–15 OCTOBER 2003 natural forests and forest reserves; Stella Johnny, NTFP Coordinator, ¥ intensify the international and Cowichan Tribes, 5760 Allenby Road, This symposium explored supply, interdisciplinary cooperation in Duncan, BC V9L 5J1, Canada. demand and natural inventory issues research on natural forests; Fax: +1 250 7481233. facing the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) industry and laid the foundation for addressing sustainability, environmental and human rights issues on an industry- wide basis and determined appropriate models. The symposium demonstrated that models for sustainability already exist and illustrated how much of the MAP supply comes from supply chains

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economic growth through market Fax: +63 49 5363481/5362850; MONITORING AND development. These biodiversity e-mail: [email protected]; INDICATORS OF FOREST products have a high potential to offer [email protected] or BIODIVERSITY – FROM realistic gains and the World Herbo Expo [email protected]; IDEAS TO OPERATIONALITY 2004 explored new investment and trade www.erdb.laguna.net opportunities for biodiversity-friendly [Please see also under News and Notes for FLORENCE, ITALY 12–15 NOVEMBER 2003 products to benefit the rural poor in India. more information on Rattan.]

This international conference was For more information, please contact: arranged by IUFRO, together with its Dr R. Sugandhi, President, People For BORNEAN BIODIVERSITY collaborators. The conference had four Animals, “Vasundhara Bhawan”, E-4 AND ECOSYSTEM main themes: Patel Nagar, Bhopal 462021, M.P., India. CONSERVATION 1. Validation and further development E-mail: [email protected]; INTERNATIONAL of indicators of forest biological www.thegreenearth.org CONFERENCE 2004 diversity. KOTA KINABALU, MALAYSIA 2. Pan-European Forest 23–25 FEBRUARY 2004 stratification/Forest types for REGIONAL CONFERENCE assessing biological diversity. ON SUSTAINABLE This conference was organized by the 3. Pressures on forest biodiversity and DEVELOPMENT OF Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems causes for biodiversity loss in Conservation Programme and had for its RATTAN IN ASIA European forests. main theme “Biodiversity Conservation: LOS BAÑOS, THE PHILIPPINES 4. Emerging user needs and creating a 21–23 JANUARY 2004 Now or Never”. dialogue for successful implementation. The emergent pressure on the For more information, please contact: ecosystem and the environment brought Ms Kertijah Abd. Kadir, BBEC IC 2004, For more information, please contact: about by deforestation and increasing Science and Technology Unit, Ms Brita Pajari, European Forest dependence on timber has been 7th Floor, Block B, Wisma MUIS, Institute, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 influential in the shift towards NTFPs. 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Joensuu, Finland. Rattan is second only to timber in many Fax: +60 88 249410; Fax: +358 13 134393; ASEAN countries in economic e-mail: [email protected] or e-mail: [email protected]; importance. The significance of NTFPs [email protected]; www.efi.fi/events/2003 as a source of livelihood and capital www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/announcement. inputs is now being realized. htm

WORLD HERBO For more information, please contact: EXPO 2004 Mr Celso P. Diaz, Director, ERDB, VII WORLD BAMBOO BHOPAL, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA Overall Project Coordinator, CONGRESS 12–14 JANUARY 2004 ITTO Pre-Project, College, NEW DELHI, INDIA Laguna 4031, the Philippines. 28 FEBRUARY–4 MARCH 2004 The World Herbo Expo 2004 was the first of its kind and was an attempt towards the The seventh World Bamboo Congress eradication of poverty from India through convened under the theme “Bamboo for the utilization of the US$62 billion market Development: Prosperity for People and for botanical medicines. The World Herbo the Environment”. Expo 2004 was sponsored by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, the Ministry of Environment For more information, please contact: and Forests and ISMH (Ministry of Health Congress Secretariat, B-66 (Basement), and Family Welfare, Medicinal Plants Shivalik, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi, India. Board), Government of India. Fax: +91 11 26163085; The aims of the World Herbo Expo e-mail: [email protected]; 2004 were the development of www.worldbamboo.org commercial and novelty products that will have high value added, so that rural communities achieve sustainable

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decline of pollination services will be PEOPLE IN PARKS: MANAGEMENT OF TROPICAL covered and discussed. BEYOND THE DEBATE DRY FOREST WOODLANDS NEW HAVEN, USA AND SAVANNAS: For more information, please contact: 2–3 APRIL 2004 ASSESSMENT, , Breno M. Freitas, Organizing SCENARIOS Committee, CP 12168 Campus do Pici, Achieving conservation in 60.021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. BRASILIA, BRAZIL human-inhabited protected areas 12–14 APRIL 2004 E-mail: [email protected]; The debate over people in parks has www.solitarybees.ufc.br been a fiery one, yet one thing has For more information, please contact: become clear: human-inhabited Prof. Dr José Imaña Encinas, University protected areas (HIPAs) are a reality of of Brasilia, Forestry Department, CP 2ND INTERNATIONAL the conservation landscape. Protected 04357, 70919-970, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. SYMPOSIUM ON area managers and policy-makers Fax: +55 61 3470631; GENDER AND FORESTRY: acknowledge that areas of high e-mail: [email protected] CHALLENGES TO conservation value are already a home SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS and subsistence base for local AND FORESTRY communities, and are attempting to incorporate these communities in MANAGEMENT ARUSHA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA conservation planning. The challenge 1–10 AUGUST 2004 that remains is how to achieve conservation in HIPAs. The conference is being organized by the Although formally HIPAs are a relatively Gender and Forestry Research Group of new phenomenon, some preliminary International Union of Forest Research conclusions about what works and what Organizations (IUFRO), in collaboration does not can now be drawn. Major efforts with ENVIROCARE, University of Dar-es- to integrate communities within protected Salaam, Sokoine University, Morogoro. areas have been under way for the last The aim of the symposium is to identify decade, providing time for reflection and areas in which women and men have analysis of empirical data. Other protected access to forest resources in the effort of areas that incorporate local community INTERNATIONAL improving the livelihoods of resource- participation may also prove highly WORKSHOP ON SOLITARY poor people and sustainable forestry instructive for identifying the effective BEES AND THEIR ROLE IN management locally and globally. The elements to conservation in HIPAs. symposium focuses on such themes as POLLINATION The Yale Chapter of the International women and forestry, gender, poverty and CEARÁ, BRAZIL Society of Tropical Foresters will convene 26–29 APRIL 2004 sustainable development, forest resource all sides of the debate to identify utilization and income-generating constructive lessons in the effort to create The workshop is promoted by the activities for local people, ideology, human-inhabited protected areas of Brazilian Pollinators Initiative and religion and environmental responsibility. lasting conservation value. Social and organized by the Universidade Federal The objectives include: natural scientists, resource managers, do Ceará, with the support of the ¥ To identify non-wood forest products policy-makers, community leaders and Brazilian Ministry of Environment and the for medicine and food and see how other interested parties will come Brazilian Council for Scientific and best women can use such resources together to share their experiences in Technological Development. for poverty reduction without dealing with this challenge. The purpose of the workshop is to damaging the environment. update knowledge on solitary bees, ¥ To address forestry gender issues of For more information, please contact: especially their use for crop pollination. national, regional and global Yale ISTF Conference, c/o Tropical Subjects such as rearing, building up importance. Resource Institute, Yale School of population techniques, standardized ¥ To promote transparent Forestry and Environmental Studies, methodologies, losses of species multistakeholder verification of 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, diversity, population declining and compliance with forestry CT 06511, USA. management practices, assessment of management standards that protect E-mail: [email protected]; the economic value of their pollination the livelihoods of the poor and www.yale.edu/istf/ services and the economic impact of the vulnerable groups such as women.

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¥ To discuss the implementation of manage resources sustainably. By deal primarily with tropical and national, regional and global laws, sustainability, we mean to leave future subtropical tree species, the organizers conventions and agreements for the generations with as many management are very interested in experiences from sustainable management of forests. and utilization options as the current non-tropical regions in relation to ¥ To enhance women’s support for generation enjoys. assessment and management of tree forestry ownership, control and rights The twenty-first century is being species for multiple products (in particular of use of forests and sharing of marked by a number of converging non-timber forest products). benefits. scientific, technological and societal factors that advance the possibility of For more information, please contact: For more information, please contact: improved concurrent sustainability of Dr V.P. Tewari (Forest Resource Prof. Elizabeth Ardayfio-Schandorf, natural resources and human institutions. Management and Economics Division, Chair, Technical Committee, These factors provide the principles upon Arid Forest Research Institute, Department of Geography and which this symposium is organized. PO Krishi Mandi, New Pali Road, Resource Development, University of Jodhpur 342005, India. Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. For more information, please contact: Fax: +91 291 2722764; E-mail: [email protected]; Dr Sidney Draggan, Senior Science e-mail: [email protected] or www.metla.fi/org/nmh/gender- and Science Policy Advisor, Immediate [email protected]; symposium-2003-1ann.pdf Office of the Assistant Administrator for www.afri.res.in/iufroconf2004/index.htm Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel INTERNATIONAL Rios Building, Mail Code 8101R, 1200 17TH COMMONWEALTH CONFERENCE ON Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, FORESTRY CONFERENCE: REGENERATING DC 20460, USA. FORESTRY’S CONTRIBUTION MOUNTAIN FORESTS Fax: +1 202 5652431; TO POVERTY REDUCTION e-mail: [email protected]; KLOSTER SEEON, BAVARIA, GERMANY COLOMBO, SRI LANKA 12–16 SEPTEMBER 2004 www.monitoringsymposium.com 28 FEBRUARY–5 MARCH 2005

For more information, please contact: For more information, please contact: Prof. Dr R. Mosandl, Lehrstuhl für Libby Jones, Secretary, Standing Waldbau und Forsteinrichtung, Committee on Commonwealth Forestry, RMF 2004, Am Hochanger 13, Forestry Commission, United Kingdom. 85354 Freising, Germany. Fax: +44 131 3164344; Fax: +49 8161 714616; e-mail: [email protected] or e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]. tu-muenchen.de; www.forst.tu-muenchen.de/events/ rmf2004/ FORESTS IN THE BALANCE: LINKING TRADITION AND TECHNOLOGY – XXII MONITORING SCIENCE IUFRO WORLD CONGRESS AND TECHNOLOGY BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SYMPOSIUM: UNIFYING MULTIPURPOSE TREES 8–13 AUGUST 2005 KNOWLEDGE FOR IN THE TROPICS: SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ASSESSMENT, GROWTH For more information, please contact: Dr Russell Haines, Queensland WESTERN HEMISPHERE AND MANAGEMENT Forestry Research Institute, PO Box DENVER, COLORADO, USA JODHPUR, INDIA 20–24 SEPTEMBER 2004 22–25 NOVEMBER 2004 631, Indooroopilly 4068, Australia. Fax: +61 7 38969628; Efforts of natural resource professionals The Arid Forest Research Institute e-mail: [email protected]; throughout the Western Hemisphere in (Jodhpur, India), in collaboration with the http://iufro.boku.ac.at the twentieth century have led to a International Union of Forest Research number of revelations regarding the way Organizations (IUFRO) Divisions 1, 2 and in which human beings interact with the 4, is organizing this international natural world and how to (and how not to) conference. Although the meeting will

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Abel, T. 2003. Understanding complex Angelsen, A. & Wunder, S. 2003. Villaviciosa (España). SERIDA, 2002, human ecosystems: the case of Exploring the forest poverty link: key 2 Vol. Vol. 1, págs. 251–257. ecotourism on Bonaire. Conserv. concepts, issues and research Ecol. [Online], 7(3): 10. implications. CIFOR Occasional Becker, C.D. & Ghimire, K. 2003. Paper, No. 40. viii + 58 pp. Jakarta, Synergy between traditional Abuzinada, A.H. 2003. The role of Indonesia, Center for International ecological knowledge and protected areas in conserving Forestry Research. conservation science supports forest biological diversity in the kingdom of preservation in Ecuador. Conserv. Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Environ., 54(1): Araújo, M.B. 2003. The coincidence of Ecol. [Online], 8(1): 1. 39Ð45. people and biodiversity in Europe. (www.consecol.org/vol8/iss1/art1) Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 12(1): 5Ð12. Adams, W.M. 2003. Future nature. A Beckley, T. et al. 2002. Indicators of vision for conservation. London, Aubertin, C. 2002. Les produits forest-dependent community Earthscan. ISBN 1853839981. forestiers non-ligneux, outil de la sustainability: the evolution of rhétorique du développement research. Forest. Chron., 78(5): Aguilar-St¿en, M. & Dhillion, S.S. durable. Natures Sciences Sociétés 626Ð636. 2003. Implementation of the (France). (avrilÐjuin 2002), 10(2): Convention on Biological Diversity in 39Ð46. P4494. Bengwayan, M. 2003. Intellectual and Mesoamerica: environmental and cultural property rights of indigenous developmental perspectives. Environ. Badola, R. & Hussain, S.A. 2003. and tribal peoples in Asia. May 2003. Conserv., 30(2): 131Ð138. Conflict in paradise Ð women and 40 pp. London, Minority Rights Group protected areas in the Indian International. (Download from: Aguirre, A.A., Ostfeld, R.S., Tabor, Himalayas. Mtn. Res. Dev., 23(3): www.minorityrights.org/OnlineReports G.M., House, C. & Pearl, M.C., eds. 234Ð237. /OnlineReport.asp?ID=31) 2002. Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. New Balick, M.J., Arvigo, R., Shropshire, Benítez-Malvido, J. & Martínez- York, NY, Oxford University Press. G., Walker, J., Campbell, D., Ramos, M. 2003. Impact of forest 432 pp. Romero, L., Iwu, M.M., ed. & fragmentation on understory plant Wootton, J.C. 2002. The Belize species richness in Amazonia. Al-Eisawi, D. 2003. Effect of biodiversity Ethnobotany Project: safeguarding Conserv. Biol., 17(2): 389Ð400. conservation on arid ecosystem with medicinal plants and traditional a special emphasis on Bahrain. knowledge in Belize. Ethnomedicine Bennett, E.L., Milner-Gulland, E.J., J. Arid Environ., 54(1): 81Ð90. and drug discovery, pp. 267Ð281. Bakarr, M., Eves, H.E., Robinson, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA, New J.G. & Wilkie, D.S. 2002. Hunting the Alongi, D.M. 2002. Present state and York Botanical Garden Institute of world’s wildlife to extinction. Oryx, future of the world's mangrove forests. Economic Botany. 36(4): 328Ð329. Environ. Conserv., 29(3): 331Ð349. Barrera, C.P. & Peredo, S.F. 2002. Bertin, R.I. 2002. Losses of native plant Al-Sayed, M. & Al-Langawi, A. 2003. Importancia de la socialización del species from Worcester, Biological resources conservation conocimiento local para la Massachusetts. Rhodora, 104(920): through ecotourism development. conservación de la diversidad bio- 325Ð349. J. Arid Environ., 54(1): 225Ð236. cultural: el caso de Armerillo (Chile). Dapena de la Fuente, E. y Porcuna Bhatt, Kailash Chandra. 2003. Altan, Y. 2001. Some interesting Coto, J.L. (Eds.). Servicio Regional Planning for forest resource and endemic plants collected from the de Investigación y Desarrollo biodiversity management: principles, east and northeast of Turkey and Agroalimentario, Villaviciosa organisations and methodologies. their threatened categories. Pakistan (España). La agricultura y ganadería New Delhi, Concept Publishing Co. J. Bot., 33(2): 157Ð166. ecológica en un marco de ISBN 81-7022-879-4. diversificación y desarrollo solidario. Andelman, S.J. & Willig, M.R. 2003. Gijón, 16 al 21 de septiembre de Bosch, C.H., Siemonsma, J.S., Present patterns and future prospects 2002. Actas del 5¡ Congreso de la Lemmens, R.H.M.J. & Oyen, L.P.A., for biodiversity in the Western Sociedad Española de Agricultura eds. 2002. Plant resources of tropical Hemisphere. Ecol. Lett., 6(9): Ecológica – 1er. Congreso Africa/Ressources végétales de 818Ð824. Iberoamericano de Agroecología, l’Afrique tropicale. Basic list of

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species and commodity Buchanan, P.K. & May, T.W. 2003. available at: www.iied.org/docs/ grouping/Liste de base des espèces Conservation of New Zealand and gatekeep/GK108.pdf) et de leurs groupes d’usage. Australian fungi. New Zeal. J. Bot., Wageningen, the Netherlands, 41(3): 407Ð421. Chistyakova, A.A. & Leonova, N.A. PROTA Programme. 341 pp. ISBN 2003. The state of protected forest 90-77114-01-7. Bunyard, B.A. 2003. A survey of fungal communities in the European forest- diversity in northeast Ohio. Ohio J. steppe zone of Russia and prospects Bowkett, L.A. & Kirkpatrick, J.B. 2003. Sci., 103(2): 29Ð32. for their reconstruction: a case study Ecology and conservation of remnant of specially protected areas of Penza Melaleuca ericifolia stands in the Burke, A. 2003. The role of Namibian Oblast. Russian J. Ecol., 34(5): Tamar Valley, Tasmania. Aust. J. Bot., inselbergs in contributing to local and 285Ð291. 51(4): 405Ð413. regional plant species richness. Biodivers. Conserv., 12(3): 469Ð486. CIFOR. 2003. Forests and people: Bradbear, N., Fisher, E. & Jackson, H., research that makes a difference. eds. 2002. Strengthening livelihoods: Burnett, C., Fall, A., Tomppo, E. & Celebrating a decade of CIFOR exploring the role of beekeeping in Kalliola, R. 2003. Monitoring current research (1993Ð2003). Bogor, development. Monmouth, UK, Bees status of and trends in boreal forest Indonesia, Center for International for Development. ISBN 1-8988707- land use in Russian Karelia. Conserv. Forestry Research. 01-9. Ecol. [Online], 7(2): 8. (www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art8) Conte, R., Nodari, R.O., Vencovsky, R. Brendler, T. & Gurib-Fakim, A. 2003. & dos Reis, M.S. 2003. Genetic Medicinal plants of Indian Ocean Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Lysenko, I. diversity and recruitment of the Islands: Comores, Madagascar, & Stapleton, C.M.A. 2003. tropical palm, Euterpe edulis Mart., in Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles. Distribution and conservation status a natural population from the Medpharm Scientific Publishers. of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Heredity, Hardback 700 pp. ISBN 3-88763-094- Asia-Pacific Region. Biodivers. 91(4): 401Ð406. 7. Conserv., 12(9): 1833Ð1841. CSIRO. 2003. Carbon accounting in Brink, M. & Escobin, R.P., eds. 2003. Camargi-Ricalde, S.L., Dhillion, S.S. & forests. Canberra, Australia, Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Jiménez-González, C. 2003. Commonwealth Scientific and No. 17. Fibre Plants. Leiden, the Mycorrhizal perennials of the Industrial Research Organization. Netherlands, Backhuys Publishers. “matorral xerófilo” and the “selva baja These proceedings are based on an 456 pp. ISBN 90-5782-129-X. The caducifolia” communities in the international workshop held in hardback edition is distributed by: semiarid Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Canberra in February 2003. Backhuys Publishers, PO Box 321, Mexico. Mycorrhiza, 13(2): 77Ð83. (Download from: www.ffp.csiro.au/fap/ 2300 AH Leiden, the Netherlands. A Carbon%20Accounting%20in%20For paperback edition will be available in Campbell, B.M. & Luckert, M.K., eds. ests.htm) March 2005 (€45). For developing 2002. Uncovering the hidden harvest countries, a cheaper paperback valuation methods for woodland and Dachang, Liu, ed. 2003. Rehabilitation edition (ISBN 979-8316-46-0) will be forest resources. London, Earthscan. of degraded forests to improve available by mid-2003 from the ISBN 1853838098. livelihoods of poor farmers in South PROSEA Network Office, PO Box China. Bogor, Indonesia, CIFOR. 332, Bogor 16122, Indonesia. (For Carey, A.B., Colgan, W. III, Trappe, more information, please contact: Dr J.M. & Molina, R. 2002. Effects of Danell, E., Hall, I., ed., Yun Wang, ed. J.S. Siemonsma, Head, Publication forest management on truffle & Zambonelli, A. 2002. Current Office, PROSEA, Wageningen abundance and squirrel diets. research on chanterelle cultivation in Agricultural University, PO Box 341, Northwest Science, 76(2): 148Ð157. Sweden. In Edible mycorrhizal 6700 AH Wageningen, the mushrooms and their cultivation. Netherlands; fax: +31 317 482206; Carter, J., Steenhof, B., Haldimann, E. Proceedings of the Second e-mail: [email protected]) & Akenshaev, N. 2003. Collaborative International Conference on Edible forest management in Kyrgyzstan: Mycorrhizal Mushrooms, Bruenig, E.F. 2003. Maintaining forest moving from top-down to bottom-up Christchurch, New Zealand, 3Ð6 July, biodiversity Ð comments. J. Environ. decision making. Gatekeeper Series 2001. (For more information, please Manage., 67(1): 1Ð2. No. 108. London, IIED. (The report is contact the authors at: Department of

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Forest Mycology and Pathology, Dick, C.W., Etchelecu, G. & Austerlitz, Felton, A.M., Engström, L.M., Felton, Swedish University of Agricultural F. 2003. Pollen dispersal of tropical A. & Knott, C.D. 2003. Orangutan Sciences, Box 7026, SE-750 07 trees (Dinizia excelsa: Fabaceae) by population density, forest structure Uppsala, Sweden.) native insects and African honeybees and fruit availability in hand-logged in pristine and fragmented Amazonian and unlogged peat swamp forests in Davenport, T.R.B. & Ndangalasi, H.J. rainforest. Mol. Ecol., 12(3): 753Ð764. West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. 2003. An escalating trade in orchid Conserv., 114(1): 91Ð101. tubers across Tanzania’s Southern Dixit, R.D. & Ramesh, K. 2003. Plants Highlands: assessment, dynamics used by local people in human Firn, R.D. 2003. Bioprospecting Ð why is and conservation implications. Oryx, welfare. J. Economic and Taxonomic it so unrewarding? Biodivers. 37(1): 55Ð61. Botany, 27(1): 53Ð59. Conserv., 12(2): 207Ð216. Dold, A.P. & Cocks, M.L. 2002. The De Winter, W.P. & Amoroso, V.B., eds. trade in medicinal plants in the Gallen, J. 2002. Kava and forests: the 2003. Plant resources of South-East Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. challenge of sustainable upland forest Asia. No. 15(2). Cryptogams: ferns S. Afr. J. Sci., 98(11-12): 589Ð597. management in Pohnpei, Federated and fern allies. Leiden, the States of Micronesia. In Proceedings Netherlands, Backhuys Publishers. Dovie, D.B.K., Shackleton, C.M., of the Eighth Annual Conference of 268 pp. ISBN 90-5782-128-1. The Witkowski, E.T.F., Benjaminsen, the New Zealand Agricultural and hardback edition (€75) is distributed T.A., ed., Cousins, B., ed. & Resource Economics Society (Inc.), by: Backhuys Publishers, PO Box Thompson, L. 2002. Accessing Blenheim, New Zealand, July 2002. 321, 2300 AH Leiden, the natural resources: implications for Canterbury, New Zealand, Netherlands. A paperback edition sustainable management and Agribusiness and Economics (€40) will be available in May 2005 livelihoods. In Contested resources: Research Unit, Lincoln University. from the same address. For challenges to the governance of developing countries, a cheaper natural resources in Southern Africa. Ganeshaiah, K.N., ed., Shaanker, R.U., paperback edition (ISBN 979-8316-45- Papers from the International ed. & Bawa, K.S. 2001. Global 2) will be available by mid-2003 from Symposium, University of the change and tropical forest ecosystems. the PROSEA Network Office, PO Box Western Cape, Cape Town, South Harnessing market forces for 332, Bogor 16122, Indonesia. Africa, 18Ð20 October 2000. pp. biodiversity conservation. In Tropical 336Ð348. Cape Town, South Africa, ecosystems: structure, diversity and DeYoe, D.R., Noland, T., Buse, L.J., ed. Programme for Land and Agrarian human welfare. Proceedings of the & Perera, A.H. 2003. Addressing Studies (PLAAS). International Conference on Tropical resource sustainability and market Ecosystems: Structure, Diversity and uncertainty through business Fa, J.E., Currie, D. & Meeuwig, J. Human Welfare, Bangalore, India, diversification: a case for bio-products 2003. Bushmeat and food security in 15Ð18 July 2001. Enfield, USA, and non-timber forest products. In the Congo Basin: linkages between Science Publishers, Inc. Meeting emerging ecological, wildlife and people’s future. Environ. economic and social challenges in the Conserv., 30(1): 71Ð78. Ganeshaiah, K.N., ed., Shaanker, R.U., Great Lakes region: popular ed. & Bawa, K.S. 2001. Global summaries. Great Lake Forest Fabbio, G., Merlo, M. & Tosi, V. 2003. change and tropical forest Alliance’s Second Annual Sustainable Silvicultural management in ecosystems. Indigenous knowledge Forest Management Summit, Sault maintaining biodiversity and and its relevance to conservation and Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, June resistance of forests in Europe Ð the management of tropical forest 2003. Forest Research Information Mediterranean region. J. Environ. ecosystems. In Tropical ecosystems: Paper, No. 155, pp. 27Ð29. Sault Ste Manage., 67(1): 67Ð76. structure, diversity and human Marie, Canada, Ontario Forest welfare. Proceedings of the Research Institute. FAO. 2003. Biodiversity and the International Conference on Tropical ecosystem approach in agriculture, Ecosystems: Structure, Diversity and Diamond, D.D. et al. 2003. An forestry and fisheries. Rome, FAO. Human Welfare, Bangalore, India, ecoregion-based conservation ISBN 92-5-104917-3. 15Ð18 July 2001. Enfield; USA, assessment and conservation Science Publishers, Inc. opportunity area inventory for the FAO. 2003. FAO Conservation Guides. lower midwestern USA. Nat. Areas J., Double CD-Rom. Rome, FAO. ISBN García-Fernández, C., Casado, M.A. & 23(2): 129Ð140. 92-5-004907-2. Pérez, M.R. 2003. Benzoin gardens

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in North Sumatra, Indonesia: effects Griffiths, A.D., Philips, A. & Godjuwa, Henne, G., Liebig, K., Drews, A. & of management on tree diversity. C. 2003. Harvest of Bombax ceiba for Plän, T. 2003. Access and benefit- Conserv. Biol., 17(3): 829Ð836. the Aboriginal arts industry, central sharing (ABS): an instrument for Arnhem Land, Australia. Biol. poverty alleviation. Proposals for an Garland, L. 2003. Diffusion vertical soak Conserv., 113(2): 295Ð305. international ABS regime. Bonn, for bamboo preservation. Bali, German Development Institute (GDI). Indonesia, Environmental Bamboo Grossberg, R., Treves, A. & Naughton- Foundation. Treves, L. 2003. The incidental Hirt, Lindsey, K. & Balagizi. 2003. ecotourist: measuring visitor impacts AIDS and natural medicine: a Gaston, K.J. 2003. The how and why of on endangered howler monkeys at a resource book for carers of AIDS biodiversity. Nature, 421(6926): Belizean archaeological site. Environ. patients. Germany, Anamed. 40 pp. 900Ð901. Conserv., 30(1): 40Ð51. (For more information, please contact: Keith Lindsey, Anamed Gautam, K.H. & Watanabe, T. 2002. Guangwei, Chen, ed. 2002. Biodiversity [Action for Natural Medicine], Silviculture for non-timber forest in the eastern Himalayas. Schafweide 77, 71364 Winnenden, product management: challenges and Conservation through dialogue. Germany; e-mail: anamed@t- opportunities for sustainable forest Kathmandu, Nepal, International online.de; www.anamed.net) management. Forest. Chron., 78(6): Centre for Integrated Mountain 830Ð832. Development. ISBN 92-9115-555-1. Hobohm, C. 2003. Characterization and ranking of biodiversity hotspots: Gera, P. 2002. Women’s role and Gullison, R.E. 2003. Does forest centres of species richness and contribution to forest-based certification conserve biodiversity? endemism. Biodivers. Conserv., livelihoods. New Delhi, India, Human Oryx, 37(2): 153Ð165. 12(2): 279Ð287. Development Resource Centre, UNDP. (For more information, Hachfield, B. 2003. Ecology and Howard, P., ed. 2003. Women and please contact: Human utilisation of Harpagophytum plants: gender relations in biodiversity Development Resource Centre, procumbens (Devil’s Claw) in management and conservation. UNDP, 55 Lodi Estate, Southern Africa. Bonn, Germany, London, Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277- New Delhi 110 003, India.) Federal Agency for Nature 156-6. Conservation. ISBN 3-7843-3842-9. Gordon, J.E., Barrance, A.J. & Hyde, B., Belcher, B. & Xu, Jintao, eds. Schreckenberg, K. 2003. Are rare Hamilton, L. & Dama, A. 2003. Genre et 2003. China’s forests, global lessons species useful species? Obstacles to gestion des conflits liés aux from market reforms. Copublished by the conservation of tree diversity in ressources naturelles à Nioro du Resources for the Future and CIFOR. the dry forest zone agro-ecosystems Sahel, au Mali. London, IIED. ISBN 1- ISBN 1-891853-67-8. of Mesoamerica. Global Ecol. 84369-471-9. Biogeogr., 12(1): 13Ð19. Hypolite, E., Green, G.C. & Burley, J. Hansen, D.M., Olesen, J.M. & Jones, 2002. Ecotourism: its potential role in Gossling, S., Hansson, C.B., C.G. 2002. Trees, birds and bees in forest resource conservation in the Horstmeier, O. & Saggel, S. 2002. Mauritius: exploitative competition Commonwealth of Dominica, West Ecological footprint analysis as a tool between introduced honey bees and Indies. Int. For. Rev., 4(4): 298Ð303. to assess tourism sustainability. Ecol. endemic nectarivorous birds? J. Econ., 43(2-3): 199Ð211. Biogeogr., 29(5-6): 721Ð734. Indian Institute of Economic and Market Research. 2003. Medicinal Götmark, F. & Thorell, M. 2003. Size of Hardy, Y. 2003. Canada's forest plants in India: report and directory. nature reserves: densities of large biodiversity: a decade of progress in (For more information, please trees and dead wood indicate high sustainable management. Forest. contact: Indian Institute of Economic value of small conservation forests in Chron., 79(3): 385Ð386. and Market Research, 16 southern Sweden. Biodivers. Dakshineshwar, 10 Hailey Road, New Conserv., 12(6): 1271Ð1285. Headland, T.N. & Blood, D.E., eds. Delhi 110001, India.) 2002. What place for hunter-gatherers Goulson, D. 2003. The conservation of in millennium three? Dallas, Texas, SIL International Institute for Sustainable bumble bees. Bee World, 84(3): International and International Museum Development. 2003. Traditional 105Ð106. of Cultures. ISBN 1-55671-132-8. knowledge and patentability. IISD

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Trade and Development Brief, No. 7. Johnson, 309 Cedar Street #33, Ladio, A.H. & Lozada, M. 2003. Winnipeg, Canada, IISD. 4 pp. Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA; e-mail: Comparison of wild edible plant (Download from: www.iisd.org/ timjohnson@ terracopia.net) diversity and foraging strategies in publications/publication.asp?pno=555) two aboriginal communities of Kajembe, G.C., Luoga, E.J., Kijazi, northwestern Patagonia. Biodivers. Jain, N. & Triraganon, R. 2003. M.S. & Mwaipopo, C.S. 2003. The Conserv., 12(5): 937Ð951. Community-based tourism for role of traditional institutions in the conservation and development: conservation of forest resources in Lange, C.N. & Mwinzi, M. 2003. Snail manual. Thailand, RECOFTC. (For East Usambara, Tanzania. Int. J. Sust. diversity, abundance and distribution more information, please contact: Dev. World Ecol., 10(2): 101Ð107. in Arabuko Sokoke forest, Kenya. Afr. Regional Community Forestry J. Ecol., 41(1): 61Ð67. Training Center for Asia & the Pacific Kasali, A.A., Adio, A.M., Kundayo, [RECOFTC], PO Box 1111, Kasetsart O.E., Oyedeji, A.O., Adefenwa, Langenheim, J.H. 2003. Plant resins: University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand; A.O.E.M. & Adeniyi, B.A. 2002. chemistry, evolution, ecology and e-mail: [email protected]) Antimicrobial activity of the essential ethnobotany. Portland, OR, USA, oil of Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Fam. Timber Press. Hardback 586 pp. Janse, G. & Ottitsch, A. 2003. Factors Burseraceae) bark. J. Essential Oil US$49.95. influencing the role of non-wood Bearing Plants, 5(3): 173Ð175. forest products and services. La Torre-Cuadros, M.D. & Islebe, G.A. ScienceDirect, Amsterdam, Elsevier Kasera, P.K. & Shukla, J.K. 2003. Bio- 2003. Traditional ecological BV. medicinal properties and cultivation of knowledge and use of vegetation in Leptadaenia reticulata (Jivanti) Ð an southeastern Mexico: a case study Jenkins, M., Green, R.E. & Madden, J. endangered plant of the Thar Desert, from Solferino, Quintana Roo. 2003. The challenge of measuring India. Curr. Sci., 84(7): 877Ð879. Biodivers. Conserv., 12(12): global change in wild nature: are 2455Ð2476. things getting better or worse? Kenney, W.A. 2003. A strategy for Conserv. Biol., 17(1): 20Ð23. Canada’s urban forests. Forest. Lebbie, A.R. & Guries, R.P. 2002. The Chron., 79(4): 785Ð789. palm wine trade in Freetown, Sierra Jiang, Z.H. 2002. Introduction. Leone: production, income, and International Conference on Forest Kremen, C., Bugg, R.L., Nicola, N., social construction. Economic Ecosystems: ecology, conservation Smith, S.A., Thorp, R.W. & Botany, 56(3): 246Ð254. (For more and sustainable management. Plant Williams, N.M. 2002. Native bees, information, please contact the Biosystems, 136(2): 127Ð131. native plants, and crop pollination in authors at: Department of Biological California. Fremontia, 30(3-4): 41Ð49. Sciences, Njala University College, Jiang, Y., Kang, M.Y., Gao, Q.Z., He, PMB Freetown, Sierra Leone.) L.H., Xiong, M., Jia, Z.B. & Jin, Z.P. Kumar, A. 2003. Food for thought: 2003. Impact of land use on plant pestering pests or healers? Le Thi Phi et al. 2003. Marketing of biodiversity and measures for Terragreen, No. 38. upland products. Hanoi, Viet Nam, biodiversity conservation in the Loess International Institute of Environment Plateau in China Ð a case study in a Kusters, K., Ros-Tonen, M.A.F., Van and Development. hilly-gully region of the Northern den Top, G.M. & Dietz, T. 2001. The Loess Plateau. Biodivers. Conserv., potential contribution of non-timber Le Thanh Chien. 2003. Trial planting of 12(10): 2121Ð2133. forest product extraction to tropical Cinnamomum cassia for high essential forest conservation and development: oil productivity from the leaves. In Johnson, T. n.d. Herbage Ethnobotany lessons from a case study of bamboo Forest science and technology Database CD-ROM. Third Edition. utilisation in a Sierra Madre research results period 1996Ð2000. Price US$70. The Herbage CD-ROM community, the Philippines. J. Hanoi, Viet Nam, Forest Science contains a database of more than Bamboo and Rattan, 1(1): 77Ð94. Institute of Vietnam (FSIV). (Source: 28 000 concise monographs of What’s new at www.mekonginfo.org Ð medicinal plant species Lacuna-Richman, C. 2003. Ethnicity April 2003 update. Full text available.) characteristics Ð and an inventory of and the utilization of non-wood forest claimed attributes and historical uses products: findings from three Liese, W. & Kumar, S. 2003. Bamboo by cultures throughout the world. (For Philippine villages. Silva-Fennica, preservation compendium. Technical more information, please contact: Tim 37(1): 129Ð148. Report 1. Centre for Indian Bamboo

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Resource & Technology. ISBN 81- Mäntyranta, H. 2002. Forest impediments to measures of 901808-0-0. (For more information, certification. An ideal that became an competition among introduced honey please contact: Centre for Indian absolute. Finland, bees and desert bees (Hymenoptera: Bamboo Resource & Technology Kustannusosakeyhtïö Metsälehti. Apiformes). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., (CIBART), 200 Jor Bagh, New Delhi ISBN 952-5118-49-5. 76(2): 306Ð319. 110003, India; e-mail: [email protected]) Marrero-Gómez, M.V., Bañares- Miranda, M., Porras, I.T. & Moreno, Ling, S., Kümpel, N. & Albrechtsen, L. Baudet, A. & Carqué-Alamo, E. M.L. 2003. The social impacts of 2002. No new recipes for bushmeat. 2003. Plant resource conservation payments for environmental services Oryx, 36(4): 330. planning in protected natural areas: in Costa Rica. London, IIED. ISBN 1- an example from the Canary Islands, 84369-453-0. Loibooki, M., Hofer, H., Campbell, Spain. Biol. Conserv., 113(3): K.L.I. & East, M.L. 2002. Bushmeat 399Ð410. Mishra, M. & Kotwal, P.C. 2003. hunting by communities adjacent to Sustainable management of some the Serengeti National Park, Mayers, J. & Vermeulen, S. 2003. critically endangered species of Tanzania: the importance of livestock Power from the trees: how good medicinal plants in central India. ownership and alternative sources of forest governance can reduce IIFM-funded project. (Status: protein and income. Environ. poverty. completed) Conserv., 29(3): 391Ð398. (www.iied.org/docs/wssd/bp_howgoo d.pdf [two-page version]; Mishra, M. & Kotwal, P.C. 2003. Lopeti Senituli. 2003. Biopolicy and www.iied.org/docs/wssd/bp_howgood Conservation and management of biopolitics in the Pacific Islands. _ftxt.pdf [full text version]) some critically endangered medicinal Tonga Human Rights and Democracy plants in the tropical forests of Madhya Movement, Nuku’alofa. (Hard copies Mayers, J. & Bass, S. (forthcoming, Pradesh. Draft project report submitted available from The Edmonds Institute 2004). Policy that works for forest to IIFM, Bhopal. (Status: completed) mailto:[email protected]) and people: real prospects for governance and livelihoods. 336 pp. Mitchell, C. 2002. A survey of non- Louka, E. 2002. Biodiversity and human Earthscan/IIED. ISBN 1-84407-096-4. timber forest product use in the North rights: the international rules for the US$59.95. Order No. 9276 IIED. Negros Forest Reserve, Negros protection of biodiversity. Ardsley, NY, Occidental, Philippines. University of USA, Transnational Publishers. McAfee, B.J. 2003. Conservation and Edinburgh. (M.Sc. thesis) ([email protected]) sustainable use of biodiversity in Canada’s forests: progress and Mitchell, A.K., ed., Puttonen, P., ed. & Lynch, K.A. & McLain, R.J. 2003. challenges. Forest. Chron., 79(4): Vyse, A. 2003. Why mountain forests Access, labor, and wild floral greens 761Ð768. are important. Mountain forests: management in western Washington’s conservation and management. forests. USDA Forest Service Pacific McNeely, J.A. 2003. Conserving forest IUFRO Silviculture Conference, Northwest Research Station, July biodiversity in times of violent conflict. Vernon, British Columbia, Canada, 28 2003. (The report is available at: Oryx, 37(2): 142Ð152. JulyÐ1 August 2002. Forest. Chron., www.fs.fed.us/pnw/ pubs/gtr585.pdf) 79(2): 219Ð222. (For more Meli, P. 2003. Tropical . information, please contact the Maikhuri, R.K., Rao, K.S., Kusum, C., Twenty years of academic research. authors at: Centre for Mountain Kandari, L.S., Prasad, P., Interciencia, 28(10): 581Ð589. Studies, Perth College, UHI Rajasekaran, C. & Chauhan, K. Millennium Institute, Crieff Road, 2003. Development of marketing of Messinger, O. & Griswold, T. 2002. A Perth PH1 2NX, UK.) medicinal plants and other forest pinnacle of bees. Fremontia, 30(3-4): products Ð can it be a pathway for 32Ð40. Moffat, A.J. 2002. The state of British effective management and forests at the beginning of the 21st conservation? Indian , Milner-Gulland, E.J., Bennett, E.L. et century. Int. For. Rev., 4(3): 171Ð183. 129(2): 169Ð178. al. 2003. Wild meat: the bigger picture. TREE, 18(7): 351Ð357. Moleele, N.M. & Mainah, J. 2003. Maki, M. 2003. Population genetics of Resource use conflicts: the future of threatened wild plants in Japan. J. Minckley, R.L., Cane, J.H., Kervin, L. the Kalahari ecosystem. J. Arid Plant Res., 116(2): 169Ð174. & Yanega, D. 2003. Biological Environ., 54(2): 405Ð423.

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Müller, R. et al. 2003. Biodiversity and Ojha, H. & Bhattarai, B. 2003. Learning Phung Cam Thach et al. 2003. Yields endemism mapping as a tool for to manage a complex resource: a and quality of the essential oils regional conservation planning Ð case case of NTFP assessment in Nepal. extracted from a number of study of the Pleurothallidinae Int. For. Rev., 5(2): 118Ð127, Melaleuca species of various (Orchidaceae) of the Andean rain 187Ð188, 190. (For more information, provenances. In Forest Science and forests in Bolivia. Biodivers. Conserv., please contact the authors at: Technology Research Results Period 12(10): 2005Ð2024. (Abstract) ForestAction, PO Box 12207, 1996Ð2000. Hanoi, Viet Nam, Forest Kathmandu, Nepal.) Science Institute of Viet Nam. Murthy, I.K., Bhat, P.R., Ravindranath, N.G. & Sukumar. 2002. Non-timber Oyen, L.P.A. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Pilz, D., Norvell, L., Danell, E. & forest product gathering in Uttara eds. 2002. Plant resources of tropical Molina, R. 2003. Ecology and Kannada District, Western Ghats: Africa, precursor. Wageningen, the management of commercially social and gender differences. Netherlands, PROTA Programme. harvested chanterelle mushrooms. Myforest, 38(3): 237Ð246. 187 pp. ISBN 90-77114-02.5. (Also General Technical Report PNW-GTR- available in French.) 576. Portland, OR, USA, US Nabuurs, G.J. et al. 2003. Development Department of Agriculture, Forest of European forests until 2050: a Paillet, F.L. 2002. Chestnut: history and Service, Pacific Northwest Research projection of forest resources and ecology of a transformed species. J. Station. 83 pp. forest management in 30 countries. Biogeogr., 29(10-11): 1517Ð1530. European Forest Institute Research Polansky, C. 2003. Participatory forest Report, Vol. 15. x + 242 pp. ISBN 90- Pandit, B.H. & Thapa, G.B. 2003. A management in Africa: lessons not 04-13148-5. Price: US$86. (The book tragedy of non-timber forest resources learned. Int. J. Sust. Dev. World can be ordered from: www.brill.nl) in the mountain commons of Nepal. Ecol., 10(2): 109Ð118. (Contact Environ. Conserv., 30(3): 283Ð292. author at: [email protected]) Nagendra, H. 2002. Tenure and forest conditions: community forestry in the Parviainen, J. & Frank, G. 2003. Pottinger, A. 2003. No forest without Nepal Terai. Environ. Conserv., 29(4): Protected forests in Europe timber? Int. For. Rev., 5(2): 87Ð88, 530Ð539. approaches-harmonising the 91, 95Ð96, 187, 189. (For more definitions for international information, please contact the author Negi, C.S. & Nautiyal, S. 2003. comparison and forest policy making. at: Human Ecology Programme, Indigenous peoples, biological J. Environ. Manage., 67(1): 27Ð36. Environmental Change Institute, diversity and protected area University of Oxford, 5 South Parks, management Ð policy framework Pereira, P.M. & Pires da Fonseca, M. Oxford OX1 3UB, UK.) towards resolving conflicts. Int. J. 2003. Nature vs. nurture: the making Sust. Dev. World Ecol., 10(2): of the montado ecosystem. Conserv. Prance, G.T. & Swingland, I.R. 2003. 169Ð179. Ecol. [Online], 7(3): 7. Species survival and carbon retention in commercially exploited tropical Nepal, S.K. 2002. Involving indigenous Peres, C.A. & Lake, I.R. 2003. Extent of rainforest. In Capturing carbon and peoples in protected area non-timber resource extraction in conserving biodiversity: a market management: comparative tropical forests: accessibility to game approach, pp. 231Ð240. London, perspectives from Nepal, Thailand, vertebrates by hunters in the Amazon Earthscan Publications Ltd. and China. Environ. Manage., 30(6): basin. Conserv. Biol., 17(2): 521Ð535. 748Ð763. Prasad, R. & Mishra, M. 2001. Peterson, C.E. & Monserud, R.A. Documentation of unpublished Nilanjana, D. & Chattopadhyay, R.N. 2002. Compatibility between wood literature/research reports on non- 2003. Inventory of forest-based production and other values and uses timber forest products (1989Ð2000). medicinal plants Ð a case study in on forested lands: a problem Nehru Nagar, Bhopal, India, Indian South West Bengal. Indian Forester, analysis. General Technical Report Institute of Forest Management. ISBN 129(1): 69Ð79. PNW-GTR-564. Portland, OR, USA, 81-7969-000-8. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Oglethorpe, J.A.E., ed. 2002. Adaptive Service, Pacific Northwest Research Puumalainen, J., Kennedy, P. & management: from theory to practice. Station. 51 pp. (Available in pdf Folving, S. 2003. Monitoring forest Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, format from: biodiversity: a European perspective UK, IUCN. vi + 166 pp. www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs.htm) with reference to temperate and

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boreal forest zone. J. Environ. Shanley, P. & Luz, L. 2003. The Natural Resource Reserve of Manage., 67(1): 5Ð14. impacts of forest degradation on Nicaragua. Environ. Manage., 31(2): medicinal plant use and implications 252Ð262. Quan Le Tran, Qui Kim Tran, Kouda, for health care in eastern Amazonia. K., Nhan Trung Nguyen, Maruyama, BioScience, 53(6): 573Ð584. Snider, A.G., Pattanayak, S.K., Sills, Y., Saiki, I. & Kadota, S. 2003. A E.O. & Schuler, J.L. 2003. Policy survey on agarwood in Vietnam. J. Sherpa, L.N., Peniston, B. & Hands innovations for private forest Trad. Med., 20(3): 124Ð131. Lama, W. 2003. Around Everest: management and conservation in transboundary cooperation for Costa Rica. J. Forestry, 101(5): Rametsteiner, E. & Simula, M. 2003. conservation and sustainable 18Ð23. Forest certification Ð an instrument to livelihoods. Kathmandu, Nepal, promote sustainable forest ICIMOD. Sonwa, D.J., Weise, S.F. & Janssens, management? J. Environ. Manage., M.J.J. 2003. New synergies in the 67(1): 87Ð98. Shiva, M.P. & Verma, S.K. 2002. promotion of cocoa-based Approaches to sustainable forest agroforestry systems in the humid Reddy, M.S. & Parthasarathy, N. 2003. management and biodiversity forest zone of west and central Africa. Liana diversity and distribution in four conservation with pivotal role of non- ETFRN News, 39/40. tropical dry evergreen forests on the timber forest products. Dehra Dun, (www.etfrn.org/etfrn/newsletter/news3 Coromandel coast of South India. Uttaranchal, India, International Book 9/nl39_oip_3_9.htm) Biodivers. Conserv., 12(8): Distributors. ISBN 8170892945. 1609Ð1627. Sonwa, D.J., Weise, S.F., Ndoye, O. & Shmatkov, N. & Brigham, T. 2003. Janssens, M.J.J. 2003. Local Robinson, J.G. & Bennett, E.L. 2002. Non-timber forest products in intensification and diversification Will alleviating poverty solve the community development: lessons initiatives within the cocoa bushmeat crisis? Oryx, 36(4): 332. from the Russian Far East. Forest. agroforests of southern Cameroon: Chron., 79(1): 113Ð118. lessons for participatory forestry in Rowcliffe, M. 2002. Bushmeat and the perennial crop-based systems of biology of conservation. Oryx, 36(4): Singh, A.P. & Parabia, M. 2003. Status Central and West Africa. Contribution 331. of medicinal plants consumption by to the Second International Workshop the pharmaceutical industries in on Participatory Forestry in Africa. Saha, S. 2003. Patterns in woody species Gujarat State. Indian Forester, Defining the way forward: sustainable diversity, richness and partitioning of 129(2): 198Ð212. livelihoods and sustainable forest diversity in forest communities of management through participatory tropical deciduous forest biome. Singh, V.K., Ali, Z.A. & Siddiqui, M.K. forestry, 18Ð22 February 2002, Ecography, 26(1): 80Ð86. 2002. Folk herbal remedies of the Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. Kheri District forests (Uttar Pradesh), Rome, FAO. pp. 407Ð413. (Summary Schmelzer, G.H. & Omino, E.A., eds. India. Houston, USA, Sci Tech in English 2003. Plant resources of tropical Publishing LLC. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/Y4807 Africa. Proceedings of the First B/Y4807B20.pdf]; full paper in French PROTA International Workshop, Singh, V.K., Govil, J.N. & Singh, G. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/Y4807 23Ð25 September 2002, Nairobi, 2002. Recent progress in medicinal B/Y4807B42.pdf].) Kenya. Wageningen, the Netherlands, plants. Vol. 1. Ethnomedicine and PROTA Foundation. 360 pp. ISBN pharmacognosy. Houston, USA, Sci Sonwa, D.J., Weise, S.F., Ndoye, O. & 90-77114-04-1. Tech Publishing LLC. This book, the Janssens, M.J.J. 2003. The first of eight volumes of the series on promotion of cocoa agroforest in Shrestha, P.M. & Dhillion, S.S. 2003. the recent progress in medicinal West and Central Africa (Promotion Medicinal plant diversity and use in the plants research, contains 33 papers des agroforêts cacao en Afrique de highlands of Dolakha district, Nepal. J. discussing the ethnobotanical value l'Ouest et Centrale). Voluntary paper Ethnopharmacology, 86(1): 81Ð96. of different medicinal plants from presented during the XII World diverse geographical locations. Forestry Congress on Forests, Sene, A., Hammett, A.L. & Moore, K. Source of Life. Québec City, Canada, 2002. Non-timber forest products in Smith, J.H. 2003. Land-cover 21Ð28 September 2003. Senegal. J. Trop. For. Products, 8(1): assessment of conservation and (www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/ 1Ð13. buffer zones in the BOSAWAS WFC/XII/0478-B5.HTM)

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Sonwa, D.J., Nzooh, D.Z., California flowers. Fremontia, 30(3-4): Boreal Forest Council, PO Box Nkongmeneck, B.A., Zapfack, L. & 26Ð31. 84530, Fairbanks, AK 99708, USA.) Defo, L. 2003. Gestion et conservation des ressources Toledo, V.M., Ortiz-Espejel, B., Cortés, Vabi, M.B., Sikod, F. & Musiti, B.W. forestières du Bassin du Congo: L., Moguel, P. & Ordoñez, M.D.J. 2003. Challenges of reconciling hypothèses préliminaires de 2003. The multiple uses of tropical informal and formal land and domestication des rotangs dans les forests by indigenous peoples in resource access tenure: evidence systèmes anthropiques de la zone de Mexico: a case of adaptive from WWF-supported conservation forêt humide du sud Cameroun. In management. Conserv. Ecol. sites in Cameroon. In 2nd Pan T.C.H. Sunderland & J.P. Profizi, eds. [Online], 7(3): 9. African Symposium on the New research on African rattans. (www.consecol.org/vol7/iss3/art9) Sustainable Use of Natural Beijing, INBAR. pp. 45Ð57. Resources in Africa, Ouagadougou, Tonhasca, A., Albuquerque, G.S. & Burkina Faso, 24Ð27 July 2000. pp. Sonwa, D.J., Okafor, J.C., Mpungi Blackmer, J.L. 2003. Dispersal of 143Ð151. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. Buyungu, P., Weise, S.F., Tchatat, euglossine bees between fragments M., Adesina, A.A., Nkongmeneck, of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. J. van Andel, T.R. 2000. Non-timber forest A.B., Ndoye, O. & Endamana, D. Trop. Ecol., 19: 99Ð102. products of the North-West district of 2002. Dacryodes edulis, a neglected Guyana, Parts I and II. This Ph.D. non-timber forest species for the Turpie, J., Winkler, H., Spalding- thesis contains detailed botanical and agroforestry systems of West and Fecher, R. & Midgley, G. 2002. use descriptions, drawings and Central Africa. In Forests, trees and Economic impacts of climate change photographs of hundreds of plants livelihoods, Vol. 12, pp. 41Ð55. in South Africa: a preliminary analysis used by Carib, Warao and Arawak Bicester, UK, AB Academic of unmitigated damage costs. Indians in Northwest Guyana. It can Publishers. University of Cape Town, South be downloaded for free from the Africa, Energy & Development Tropenbos Web site (www.tropenbos. Sunil, N., Maikhuri, R.K., Rao, K.S. & Research Centre (EDRC). org). (For more information, please Saxena, K.G. 2003. Ethnobotany of contact: Tinde van Andel, National the Tolchha Bhotiya tribe of the buffer UNDP/UNEP/WB/WRI. 2003. World Herbarium of the Netherlands, zone villages in Nanda Devi resources 2002Ð2004. Decisions for Utrecht Branch, PO Box 80102, 3508 Biosphere Reserve, India. J. the Earth: balance, voice, and power. TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands [e-mail: Economic and Taxonomic Botany, United Nations Development [email protected]].) 27(1): 119Ð142. Programme/United Nations Environment Programme/World van Andel, T.R. 2003. Floristic Taita, P. 2003. Use of woody plants by Bank/World Resources Institute. composition and diversity of three locals in Mare aux Hippopotames ISBN 1-56973-532-8. (For more swamp forests in northwest Guyana. Biosphere Reserve in western information, please contact: World Plant Ecology, 167(2): 293Ð317. Burkina Faso. Biodivers. Conserv., Resources Institute, 10 G Street, NE, 12(6): 1205Ð1217. Washington, DC 20002, USA van Andel, T.R., Bánki, O. & [http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_description.c MacKinven, A. 2003. Commercial Teeter, L.D., Cashore, B. & Zhang, D., fm?PubID=3764].) non-timber forest products of the eds. 2002. Forest policy for private Guiana Shield Ð an inventory of forestry. Global and regional USA, Alaska Boreal Forest Council. commercial NTFP extraction and challenges. Wallingford, UK, CABI 2003. Hidden forest values. possibilities for sustainable Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-599-3. Proceedings of the first Alaskawide harvesting. Gland, Switzerland, Non-timber Forest Products IUCN. Thaman, R.R. 2002. Trees outside Conference and Tour, Anchorage, (www.guianashield.org/ie/index.htm) forests as a foundation for Alaska, USA, 8-11 November 2001. sustainable development in the small General Technical Report, Pacific van Gemerden, B.S., Olff, H., Parren, island developing states of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA M.P.E. & Bongers, F. 2003. The Ocean. Int. For. Rev., 4(4): 268Ð276. Forest Service, No. PNW GTR 579, iii pristine rain forest? Remnants of + 150 pp. Portland, USA, USDA historical human impacts on current Thorp, R.W., Schroeder, P.C. & Forest Service, Pacific Northwest tree species composition and Ferguson, C.S. 2002. Bumble bees: Research Station. (For more diversity. J. Biogeogr., 30(9): boisterous pollinators of native information, please contact: Alaska 1381Ð1390.

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Veach, R., Lee, D. & Philippi, T. 2003. economic values in the Guinean- Zhou JiaJu, Xie GuiRong, Yan XinJian Human disturbance and forest Congolian forest region. Biodivers. & Milne, G.W.A. 2002. Traditional diversity in the Tansa Valley, India. Conserv., 12(6): 1297Ð1320. Chinese medicines: molecular Biodivers. Conserv., 12(5): 1051Ð1072. structures, natural sources and Wipfli, M.S., Deal, R.L. & Hennon, P.E. applications. 2nd ed. xxvii + 1395 pp. Vellak, K. et al. 2003. Diversity and 2002. Managing young upland forests Aldershot, UK, Ashgate Publishing distribution pattern of bryophytes and in southeast Alaska for wood Ltd. vascular plants in a boreal spruce products, wildlife, aquatic resources, forest. Silva Fennica, 37(1): 3Ð13. and fishes: problem analysis and Zuidema, P.A. 2003. Ecology and study plan. General Technical Report management of the Brazil nut tree Waliszewski, W.S. & Sinclair, F. 2003. PNW-GTR-558. Portland, OR, USA, (Bertholletia excelsa). PROMAB Sweetness and light: local knowledge US Department of Agriculture, Forest Scientific Series 6. Bolivia/the about commercialising non-timber Service, Pacific Northwest Research Netherlands, PROMAB. 112 pp. ISBN forest products (NTFPs) in Ghana. Station. 64 pp. (Available in pdf 90-393-3390-4. (For more Tropical Agriculture Association format from: www.fs.fed.us/pnw/ information, please contact: Dr P.A. Newsletter, 23(2): 9Ð12. (For more pubs.htm) Zuidema, Department of Plant information, please contact the Ecology/Prince Bernhard Centre, authors at: Environmental Forestry, World Tourism Organization. 2003. Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Centre of Arid Zone Studies, Sustainable development of PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, the University of Wales Bangor, ecotourism Ð a compilation of good Netherlands; Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.) practices in SMES. This World e-mail: [email protected]; Tourism Organization publication www.bio.uu.nl/pbc/ or Walters, B.B. 2003. People and compiles 65 case studies received www.bio.uu.nl/~boev/ or mangroves in the Philippines: fifty from 47 countries about exemplary www.promab.org) years of coastal environmental practices in small ecotourism change. Environ. Conserv., 30(3): businesses. It is the third of a series 293Ð303. of good practice compilations and was prepared in the follow-up to the Watson, A., Alessa, L. & Glaspell, B. International Year of Ecotourism 2003. The relationship between 2002. The publication is available in traditional ecological knowledge, English, Spanish and French. evolving cultures, and wilderness (www.world tourism.org/ protection in the circumpolar north. sustainable/IYE/doc-pub.htm) Conserv. Ecol. [Online], 8(1): 2. (www.consecol.org/vol8/iss1/art2) Wulf, M. 2003. Forest policy in the EU and its influence on the plant diversity Weladji, R.B. & Tchamba, M.N. 2003. of woodlands. J. Environ. Manage., Conflict between people and 67(1): 15Ð25. protected areas within the Bénoué Wildlife Conservation Area, north Yadav, M.M., Vijay Kumar, C.V.R.S. & Cameroon. Oryx, 37(1): 72Ð79. Mishra, M. 2003. Research study on wood craft and wood carving Industry Wilkie, M.L., Eckelmann, C.M., at Bastar (Chattisgarh) and Jodhpur Laverdière, M. & Mathias, A. 2002. in Rajasthan. IIFM-funded research Forests and forestry in small island project. (Status: ongoing) developing states. Int. For. Rev., 4(4): 257Ð267. Yadav, M.M., Sing, R.K., Vijay Kumar, C.V.R.S. & Mishra, M. 2003. Williams, P.H., Moore, J.L., Toham, Promotion of medicinal plants A.K., Brooks, T.M., Strand, H., marketing: developing market D’Amico, J., Wisz, M., Burgess, information system (MIS), market N.D., Balmford, A. & Rahbek, C. networks and policy framework. 2003. Integrating biodiversity Project sponsored by the National priorities with conflicting socio- Medicinal Plant Board, New Delhi.

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NEW PUBLICATIONS IN THE FAO NON- WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS SERIES PUBLICATIONS IN FAO’S No. 13. Resource assessment of NWFP SERIES non-wood forest products. Experience and biometric NO. 16. RATTAN GLOSSARY No. 1. Flavours and fragrances of principles/Évaluation des AND COMPENDIUM GLOSSARY plant origin ressources en produits forestiers WITH EMPHASIS ON AFRICA No. 2. Gum naval stores Ð turpentine non ligneux. Expérience et and rosin from pine resin principes de biométrie/Evaluación No. 3. Report of the International de los recursos de productos Expert Consultation on Non-Wood forestales no madereros. Forest Products Experiencia y principios No. 4. Natural colourants and biométricos. dyestuffs No. 14. RATTAN. Current research No. 5. Edible nuts issues and prospects for No. 6. Gums, resins and latexes of conservation and sustainable plant origin development No. 7. Non-wood forest products for No. 15. Non-wood forest products rural income and sustainable forestry from temperate broad-leaved trees No. 8. Trade restrictions affecting No. 16. Rattan glossary and international trade in non-wood compendium glossary with forest products emphasisi on Africa. No. 9. Domestication and commercialization of non-timber To purchase copies of any of the forest products in agroforestry publications in this series, please This volume contains a glossary No. 10. Non-wood forest products Ð contact: Sales and Marketing Group, on terms and terminologies used in tropical palms Information Division, FAO, the rattan sector. The glossary is No. 11. Medicinal plants conservation Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, structured according to the and health care 00100 Rome, Italy. following major sections: rattan No. 12. Non-wood forest Fax: +39 06 5705 3360; resources (biology, management, products from conifers e-mail: [email protected] plantations, harvesting); rattan as a raw material (transport, storage, ¥ FOPP/03/1 La collecte et l’analyse NEW WORKING PAPERS FROM grading and post-harvest handling, THE FAO NWFP PROGRAMME des données statistiques sur les rattan trade); rattan processing (for produits forestiers non ligneux. Une local artisanal use and for The following new working papers have étude pilote à Madagascar. industrial-level furniture been produced by FAO’s Non-Wood [Please see under Madagascar manufacture); and trade in raw Forest Products Programme: in Country Compass for more rattan, furniture and other ¥ FOPW/03/4 Expert Meeting for information.] products. In order to give special development on inventory Electronic versions of these emphasis to the emerging rattan techniques to assess non-wood publications are available at the NWFP sector in Africa, a separate forest product resources in African home page: www.fao.org/forestry/ compilation of terms specifically ACP countries. Lusaka, Zambia. foris/webview/fop/index.jsp?siteId=2301 focusing on those used in Africa is 15Ð17 October 2001. &langId=1&geoId=0&sitetreeId=13473 provided. ¥ FOPW/03/5 Réunion des experts des pays francophones d’Afrique sur Hard copies of these working le développement des techniques documents are available free pour l’évaluation des produits of charge from: Non-Wood Forest forestiers non ligneux. Yaoundé, Products Programme, Cameroun. 15–17 février 2002. Forest Products and Economics ¥ FOPW/03/6 Summary of six case Division, Forestry Department, study reports as a contribution to FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, development of practical techniques 00100 Rome, Italy. to assess non-wood forest product Fax: +39 0657055137; resources. e-mail: [email protected]

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MEETING REPORT: EXPERT CONSULTATION ON DEVELOPING AN ACTION STRATEGIE NATIONALE DE PROGRAMME TOWARDS IMPROVED BAMBOO AND RATTAN TRADE STATISTICS RELANCE DE LA PRODUCTION ET DE LA COMMERCIALISATION improving bamboo and rattan DE LA GOMME ARABIQUE AU statistics at the national and global NIGER levels, with a programme of work and with the roles of the different agencies discussed and agreed upon during the meeting. The meeting focused on bamboo and rattan products, since they can be considered among the most important NWFPs at the global level regarding production and trade values, and involve in one way or another almost all countries worldwide. The meeting further focused on the WCO Harmonized System, as it is now the most widely used product classification and As part of its overall mandate to coding system for traded products. collate and improve global statistics The intention was to learn from the on production and trade in forest experiences gained by improving products, and particularly to improve bamboo and rattan trade statistics in Dans le cadre du Projet «Appui à methodologies and country reporting order to apply these lessons la Relance de la Production et de mechanisms on NWFPs, FAO gradually on other major groups of la Commercialisation de la together with the International NWFPs that are not yet adequately Gomme ArabiqueÈ Network for Bamboo and Rattan covered by the national and (TCP/NER/0066), la FAO a aidé le (INBAR) organized the Expert international product classification Gouvernement nigérien dans Consultation on Developing an and coding systems used at present. l’élaboration d’une stratégie Action Programme towards Improved The meeting resulted in the nationale afin d’améliorer et de Bamboo and Rattan Trade Statistics elaboration and endorsement of a set renforcer le secteur national de la at its Headquarters in Rome from 5 to of new Harmonized System codes gomme arabique. Cette stratégie 6 December 2002. The consultation for 17 different bamboo and rattan est basée sur les trois axes was organized in close collaboration products (currently only two codes prioritaires: with relevant international agencies: exist). For each code a set of ¥ la création d’emplois et the United Nations Statistical required actions and timetables was l’augmentation des revenus par Division (New-York); the World suggested for submission to WCO. une production soutenue d’une Customs Organization (WCO, This proposal was submitted by gomme de qualité; Brussels); the European INBAR, in collaboration with FAO ¥ le développement et la gestion Commission Ð Taxation and Customs and with the support of national durable des ressources Directorate (Brussels); customs customs agencies, to the WCO gommières par l’aménagement agencies of member countries such Review Subcommittee Meeting of communautaire des gommeraies as the Customs General September 2003. [See News and existantes et la création d’autres Administration of China (Beijing); Notes for more information on this gommeraies villageoises; and staff from the Economic and process.] ¥ l’organisation et le renforcement Social Department of FAO. des capacités de tous les The purpose of the expert For more information, please contact: acteurs de la filière gomme consultation was to: i) elaborate and [email protected] or arabique à travers la mise en agree on a proposed set of new [email protected] place et le financement des Harmonized System trade codes for The report can be downloaded from: structures viables de production bamboo and rattan products; and ii) www.fao.org/forestry/FOP/ et de commercialisation de la elaborate a plan of action for FOPw/nwfp/new/doc/rep.htm gomme.

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Le document, Stratégie nationale STATE OF THE WORLD’S de relance de la production et FORESTS 2003 de la commercialisation de la gomme arabique au Niger, est disponible sur le site Web de la FAO (www.fao.org/forestry/site/ 6367/en).

Pour plus d'information, contacter: Mme M.H. Semeda, Représentante de la FAO, BP 11246, Niamey, Niger. Télécopie: +227 724709; mél.: [email protected]; ou M. S. Walter, NWFP Programme, Forest Products and Economics Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Fax: +39 0657055618; e-mail: [email protected] Portugal botânico de A a Z plantas [See also Non-Wood News 10 for portuguesas e exóticas more information.] This book is an easy-to-use lexicon of State of the world’s forests Portuguese and Latin names of plants. It reports every two years on the deals with more than 11 000 scientific and status of forests, recent major OTHER RECENT PUBLICATIONS vernacular names of native and exotic policy and institutional plants from Portugal, Brazil, Angola, developments and key issues Bamboo cookery book Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea concerning the forest sector. Inspirations is the world’s first cookery Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, former This is the fifth edition of the book for bamboo shoots. It offers a host Portuguese states of India (Goa, Daman publication, the purpose of which of fresh and imaginative cooking ideas and Diu), Macao and Timor. is to provide current and reliable using bamboo shoots. Price: US$36. This is the first book written about this information to policy-makers, www.inbar.int/publication/cookbook.htm subject that has ever been published in foresters and other natural Portugal. Besides having the Portuguese resource managers, academics, Old historical texts and Latin names, it also lists the family to forest industry and civil society. Cornell University Library’s Historical which the plant belongs and the correct Copies are available from: FAO, Agriculture Monographs contains an abbreviation of the author of the plant’s Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, online collection of old forestry and name, following the recommended 00100 Rome, Italy; or at: agriculture documents. conventions on abbreviations for these www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y7581E http://historical.library.cornell.edu/neh/ authorities. /y7581e00.htm The authors of the lexicon are: Francisca Maria Fernandes and Luís Mendonça de Carvalho, both from the The Overstory book Beja Polytechnic Institute, Portugal Available as a book or CD, The ([email protected]). The preface has overstory book contains the first three been written by two eminent scientists: years of The Overstory, revised, Prof. Dr David Mabberley (University of formatted and indexed: www.agroforestry. Leiden, the Netherlands and Royal net/overstory/ovbook.html Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia) and Prof. Dr Vernon Hilton Heywood (Emeritus Professor, University of Reading). The book is published by Lidel Edições Técnicas, Lisbon, Portugal (www.lidel.pt). The book has 365 pages and costs €25.

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Databases The Web site of FAO’s NWFP Programme has been completely ECOLEX updated and revamped and has a new URL: www.fao.org/forestry/ ECOLEX is a database providing the most comprehensive, foris/webview/fop/index.jsp?siteId=2301&langId=1 global source of information on environmental law. Any comments are welcomed and can be sent to: www.ecolex.org [email protected] FAOTERM FAOTERM, a terminological database covering FAO’s specialized subjects in a multilingual format, has been Amazon redesigned and enhanced to give online users: Amazonlink.org, a Brazilian NGO based in the state of Acre, ¥ faster access has developed a special section of its Web site focusing on ¥ improved overall performance local problems of biopiracy. The pages are available in ¥ more user-friendly interface Portuguese and English. ¥ advanced search facilities www.amazonlink.org/biopiracy/index.htm ¥ filters by subject and categories ¥ an e-mail feedback system ensuring transparency and Anamed (Action for Natural Medicine) interaction between FAO and its users. Anamed is a small independent NGO based in Germany that www.fao.org/faoterm/default.htm conducts training seminars in Natural Medicine. The seminars aim to equip both traditional healers and formal health workers in Gender and Sustainable Development Resource Directory countries in Africa to use medicinal plants for health and healing. This database places a focus on resources produced in the www.anamed.net global South. Subjects include Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Environment and Health. Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux http://xel.stfx.ca/coady-library/intro.htm www.atibt.com Earth from the Air Bees for Development www.earthfromtheair.com/ The Bees for Development Web site provides an insight into their work and activities. There is a possibility to download a EarthwireUK complimentary copy of their journal. www.earthwire.org/uk www.beesfordevelopment.org FAO Forestry Department’s new sites Bugwood Genetically modified trees and biosecurity The Bugwood Network has more than 11 000 images and A new site has been linked in on the Forestry home page. It photographs of insect pests, invasive organisms, weeds, IPM addresses the issues of genetically modified organisms from a images and other forestry images available online. forestry point of view and is available in English, French and www.bugwood.org Spanish. www.fao.org/biotech/sector5.asp Cancer Plants This Web site is for those who are interested in sustainability of Environment and utilization the world’s natural medicine chest. Forest utilization is, of course, what Forestry is all about. On www.cancerplants.com/ the golden path towards sustainable forest management, environmental aspects of all kinds of forestry must be taken Center for Plant Conservation into consideration. This site covers this subject in detail and Comprehensive information about the United States’ native, offers much further reading. imperilled plants. www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteI www.centerforplantconservation.org d=3285&langId=1

Chile: Red Chilena de Productos Forestales no Madereros www.redpfm.cl

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network (CBNRM Net) www.cbnrm.net/index.html

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Focus on Forests FAO FORESTRY DATABASES www.focusonforests.org

FAO has prepared a small database on sources of funding for Forest and Poverty Mapping in South Asia activities in support of sustainable forest management. In www.wcmc.org.uk/forest/poverty/ response to the many positive comments we received on this pilot project, we have been working to expand this further and a much Forestry and Land Use Programme, IIED fuller version of the database is now available The Forestry and Land Use Programme seeks to improve (www.fao.org/forestry/finance-sources). people’s livelihoods from forest and land use on the basis of The database contains links to the Web pages of agencies equity, efficiency and sustainability. that present clear guidelines and procedures for applying for www.iied.org/forestry/about.html their funds. The database can be queried by type of activity, country, type of applicant and the amount of funding required. In Forestry Images addition, in recognition of the digital divide, we have a facility to A joint venture by the US Forest Service and the University of print-on-demand a complete database extraction for any country Georgia, Forestry Images holds nearly 4 500 colour JPEG in the world and we will be disseminating some of these hard- images of forest plants, insects, silvicultural practices, invasive copies to our partners in developing countries. organisms, and general natural scenes. www.forestryimages.org/ Forest valuation database. Another area where FAO is frequently asked for advice is the subject of forest valuation. In GenderNet response to this, we have created a small database of forest This World Bank site summarizes knowledge and experience, valuation studies, with about 30 examples each from Africa, Asia provides gender statistics, and facilitates discussion on gender and Latin America (www.fao.org/forestry/valuation). and development. The database contains short summaries of each study and www.worldbank.org/gender/index.htm information such as the location of each study, the forest outputs valued, the valuation methodologies used and the Global Trees Campaign value estimates produced in each study. The database is A Global Tree Conservation Atlas will be one of the main outputs currently restricted to studies that can be obtained online in full of the Global Trees Campaign. The Campaign is a partnership and we have focused on developing countries. The database between Fauna & Flora International and UNEP-WCMC. can be queried by country, type of output and valuation www.globaltrees.org/ methodology used. These databases will be updated periodically and FAO would Geographic Aspects of Inequality and Poverty be happy to receive comments, new information or updates to http://wb.forumone.com/poverty/inequal/povmap/ existing information on the databases. Any such information can be sent to Adrian Whiteman ([email protected]). Idealist.org Idealist.org is a portal for everyone interested in non-profit For more information, please contact: organizations and issues, non-profit careers, and volunteering. Adrian Whiteman, Senior Forestry Officer, Forest Economics Idealist provides numerous services to the global community Service, Forest Products and Economics Division, Forestry (almost all of them free of charge) in an effort to connect Department, FAO, Rome, Italy. people, resources and non-profits around the world. E-mail: [email protected] www.idealist.org

Instrumentos institucionales para el desarrollo de dueños de pequeñas tierras forestales Este sitio presenta los resultados de un estudio que revisó las experiencias de integración horizontal y vertical que involucran dueños de pequeñas tierras forestales en el Brasil, Chile, Honduras, México y Nicaragua, y que adecuó instrumentos y metodologías disponibles en la literatura aplicable a la integración. www.iadb.org/en2/home-in.html

Manejo campesino de recursos naturales y productos forestales no maderables www.manejoypfnm.org.mx

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“Medicinal Plant Working Group” – Green Medicine Forests-L www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/index.htm The International Institute for Sustainable Development, providers of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin, in collaboration Megadiverse – “The biologically richest countries in the world” with the secretariat of the UN Forum on Forests, has created a The Link-Minded Group of Megadiverse Countries Ð Bolivia, new e-mail list for news and announcements related to forest Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, policy issues. To sign up to Forests-L, go to: Kenya, Mexico, Malaysia, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and www.iisd.ca/email/subscribe.htm Venezuela Ð operate a Web site about the group’s work. The site is available In Spanish and English. RAinforest REport (RARE) www.megadiverse.org RARE, a quarterly e-zine, packed with exciting rain forest news, reviews, expedition updates and student research Networks or newsletters opportunities. Revista Bosques Amazónicos Virtual www.coralcay.org/news/rare.html Bosques amazónicos virtu@l, es una publicación quincenal de Bosques Tropicales S. R. Ltda. Red chilena del bambu www.bambu.cl Para más información, dirigirse a: Juan Mateluna Florián, Director, A.P. 556, Iquitos, Perú. SAMPDA (Samagra Adivasi Medicinal Plants Development Fax: +51 65 223039; Association) correo electrónico: [email protected] Herbal research, extension and education. www.sampda.org Caucasus Environmental NGO Network The Caucasus Environmental NGO Network (CENN) is a Scirus voluntary effort of more than 6 000 members to foster regional A search engine for scientific information. cooperation by improving communication among www.scirus.com environmental organizations in the Caucasus hotspot. Visitors to its Web site can subscribe to free daily news and monthly Small Grants Programme for Operations to Promote Tropical bulletins and find links to environmental organizations Forests in Southeast Asia (SGP PTF) throughout the region. The SGP PTF aims to enable civil society organizations to www.cenn.org/ implement forest-related projects in nine Asian countries, including the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Ii includes Forest biometry, modelling and information sciences (FBMIS) details on recent calls for proposals and application guidelines. FBMIS is a peer-reviewed Internet journal which provides free www.sgpptf.org/ access to original research and review articles. www.fbmis.info/ Techno Tree Biology Dictionary www.treedictionary.com Forestry and Society Newsletter www.cfnetwork.com.cn The Guiana Shield Initiative (GSI) www.guianashield.org/ie/index.htm

Trees outside forests www.fao.org/forestry/tof

Urban Forestry Forum www.nufu.org.uk

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 95 READERS’ RESPONSE The dissemination of our “family of NWFP information materials” Bamboo cultivation and utilization awareness creation Ð Non-Wood News, the NWFP-Digest-L and the publications in programme in Ghana our NWFP series Ð is proving to be very successful and has To arrest the dwindling forest condition of Ghana and its associated resulted in our reprinting many of our publications. In addition, environmental degradation, a reforestation programme which we received many messages of congratulations for our tenth includes bamboo cultivation has been adopted. I would therefore be anniversary edition (a selection of them is printed below). So, most grateful to have the following donations to help establish a thank you to all our readers for their interest in our work and for bamboo nursery: being part of the NWFP network. ¥ Élite bamboo seeds and seedlings ¥ Educational materials on bamboo Greetings from Kampala Uganda, East Africa. This message ¥ Films on bamboo cultivation and processing comes to appreciate the work you’ve done in the last ten years ¥ Equipment Ð mist systems, projectors etc. (both used and of the Non-Wood News information bulletin, and above all new) keeping me on your mailing list. May Non-Wood News grow (If you can help, please contact: Abraham A.A. Allotey, PO Box from strength to strength and succeed in all its missions. (Evan GP 3752, Accra, Ghana; e-mail: [email protected]) Kalungi, Kampala, Uganda) Bamboo in Madagascar Thank you for many interesting issues we have been able to I am seeking information on in Madagascar. I can only read in Non-Wood News during the ten years! (Tapani Tyynelä, find some scientific articles about bamboo in Madagascar, Finland) especially from Kew Botanical Gardens. Recent work about Malagasy bamboo has been carried out, especially by the Hace poco, uno de mis colegas tuvo la magnífica idea de taxonomist Soejatmi Dransfield, Kew Gardens. But what I am alcanzarme su última publicación correspondiente al 2003, y looking for is also information about the ethnobotanical value quedé gratamente sorprendido por la labor que Ustedes vienen and economic uses of Malagasy bamboos. haciendo y por la calidad de su publicación, y sobre todo por su Does anyone know about small- or large-scale bamboo especialización hacia los no maderables. (Alberto García plantations in Madagascar, about charcoaled bamboo, about Mauricio, Iquitos, Perú) the general bamboo market there, about bamboo species introductions to Madagascar, about master’s or doctoral theses I would like to thank all of you for bringing out such a wonderful on Malagasy bamboos? (If you can help, please contact: journal that I found extremely useful, informative, updating and Norbert Drese [Landscape Architect], Belgium; e-mail: attractive. I hope your efforts will have more and more success. [email protected]) (Ghada Abou Ammar, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic) Boreal foods I would like to take the opportunity to ask: What do you do with all those mushrooms? Indeed, what do you do with all NTFPs from the boreal? At the Winnipeg meeting in 2002, a decision was taken to produce a Boreal Cookbook. I offered to collect recipes and compile the initial booklet. It would be wonderful to have it ready for the next biannual meeting in September 2004. I know there are a vast number of recipes. Please send recipe ideas Request for assistance to me. If you have any photos/illustrations or humorous stories relating to your experiences with boreal foods please send Rhynchophorus palmarum and Carapa guianensis those too. (Feja Lesniewska at: [email protected]) I am looking for information on: ¥ Rhynchophorus palmarum. The larvae of this insect are cooked with their own oil; these cooked larvae are consumed since it is said they have antibronchial properties. The larvae are known locally as suri. Oil is also obtained from these larvae. I am also looking for cooperation to He that plants trees loves others beside investigate the possibility of their industrial use. himself. ¥ the oil extraction of Carapa guianensis Ð especially the equipment needed for the extraction and marketing of the oil. Dr Thomas Fuller (If you can help, please contact: Victor Acosta Avila, Romulo (1654–1734) Espinar 117, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; e-mail: [email protected])

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 11, March 2004 Forest foods

Forests house an abundance of edible NWFPs, such as nuts, fruits, berries, mushrooms, leaves, herbs, spices and condiments, insects and bushmeat. These forest foods have an important role in food security. NWFPs supplement the daily diet of rural communities and provide a wider variety of food types.

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