DEATH PENALTY IN INDIA

2018

1 PUBLISHED BY Project 39A National Law University, Delhi Press Sector 14, Dwarka New Delhi 110078

Published in January 2019 @National Law University, Delhi 2019 All rights reserved

WRITING Neetika Vishwanath

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Neetika Vishwanath Pritam Raman Giriya Varsha Sharma

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE Ananaya Agarwal E. Sarashika

DESIGN Saumya Kishore Manish Minz

Set in Druk and Portrait Text by Commercial Type Foundry. Founders Grotesk and Pitch by Klim Type Foundry,

Printed and bound in India, 2019 2018

FOREWORD

This is the third edition of The Death Penalty in India: Annual Statistics published by Project 39A at National Law University, Delhi and is a continuation of our efforts to compile comprehensive data on the use of the death penalty in India. Since the first edition in 2017, we have constantly broadened our search strategies and improved upon our data collection systems to accurately track death sentence cases across the country. Despite these efforts, we face significant difficulties because of the poor data collection and maintenance by state institutions.

The 162 death sentences imposed by trial courts in 2018 is the highest in a calendar year since 2000. We filed 91 applications under the Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTIs) covering all prison and home departments, and office of the Governors across states to collect information on prisoners sentenced to death. We also regularly mined the High Court and Supreme Court websites to track movement in death sentence cases. Since most Sessions Courts either do not have websites or do not regularly update them, local newspaper reports proved to be the most reliable source of information for tracking death sentences by trial courts in 2018.

We had several concerns with the responses we received from official sources. While numerous responses were incomplete or provided incorrect details, 7 states and 2 union territories did not respond to RTI applications. Most applications resulted in several transfers within the department before we could receive a final response and this process caused significant delays in data collection. Further, many High Court websites were not regularly updated and this made tracking the status of appeals/confirmations more difficult. These concerns required us to monitor our database regularly and collate information from a diverse range of sources to present the figures in this report.

In our efforts to continuously update our data, we have identified certain corrections to the data presented in the 2016 and 2017 editions. These corrections can be found at the end of this report. The lack of coordination between different official sources affects the accuracy of even simple data like this and speaks to larger concerns with data recording and reporting within the criminal justice system. Notwithstanding these limitations, we are confident that this report presents a fairly comprehensive data set on the use of the death penalty in 2018.

Exceptional contributions by Varsha Sharma and Pritam Raman Giriya (III-year law students at National Law University, Delhi) have made this report possible. They have been the backbone of this endeavour since 2017 and were instrumental in filing RTIs, mining court websites, tracking news reports, and the overall maintenance of our database. We would also like to acknowledge the research assistance provided by E. Sarashika and Ananaya Agarwal (I-year law students at National Law University, Delhi). OVERVIEW OF LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 2018

162 persons were sentenced to death by trial courts in 2018 and 426 prisoners were under the sentence of death as on 31st December 2018. While 2018 saw the highest number of death sentences imposed by trial courts in nearly two decades, the Supreme Court moved in the opposite direction. In 2018, the Supreme Court confirmed 3 death sentences under its review jurisdiction in the December 2012 Delhi gangrape case. After taking over as the in October 2018, Justice made hearing of death sentence cases a priority and constituted four 3-judge benches towards that end. (see Page 23 for further details on death sentence cases in the Supreme Court)

2018 also saw the legislative expansion of the death penalty for non-homicide offences. The Parliament amended the Indian Penal Code (IPC) through the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 2018 (CLA)1 in August, 2018 to provide for the death sentence as a possible punishment for rape and gang-rape of girls below the age of 12 years. In January 2019, the Union Cabinet approved and introduced in the Lok Sabha amendments to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO) which brought in the death sentence as a possible punishment for penetrative aggravated sexual assault with children below the age of 18 years. In August 2018, the Cabinet also approved a bill providing death penalty or life imprisonment for crimes involving maritime piracy or piracy at sea. In contrast to the legislative expansion of the death penalty, the Supreme Court indicated its growing concern with the judicial administration of the death penalty by commuting 11 death sentences between November - December 2018. These concerns found their sharpest articulation in Justice Kurian Joseph’s dissenting opinion in Chhannu Lal Verma v. State of Chhattisgarh2 where he observed that the time had come to reconsider the need for the death penalty as a punishment, especially its purpose and practice.

1. Available at https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2CSdivTheCriminalLawAct_14082018_0.pdf 2. Criminal Appeal Nos. 1482-1483 of 2018.

2 2018 saw the highest number of death sentences imposed by trial courts in nearly two decades. The Supreme Court moved in the opposite direction. Out of the 12 death penalty cases heard in the Supreme Court in 2018, death sentences were commuted in 11 cases to life imprisonment of different kinds. In Chhannu Lal Verma v. State of Chhattisgarh, Justice Kurian Joseph called for the reconsideration of the constitutionality of the death penalty. Legislative expansion of the death penalty through Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018 by introduction of the death sentence as a possible punishment for rape of girls below 12 years. This was followed by amendment of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 in January 2019 which brings in the death sentence for aggravated penetrative sexual assault with children below the age of 18 years.

3 MOST NUMBER OF DEATH SENTENCES SINCE 2000

162 death sentences were imposed by trial courts across India this year and made it the highest in the last 19 years3. With 22 death sentences, used the death penalty the most in 2018. This was a dramatic increase (over 4 times) compared to 2017 when 6 persons were sentenced to death in Madhya Pradesh. The government in Madhya Pradesh had consistently pushed for punishing child sexual assault with the death penalty and the 2018 IPC amendments to the IPC introducing the death penalty for the rape of girls below 12 years has been used most in Madhya Pradesh.

DEATH PENALTY BENCHES IN THE SUPREME COURT

2018 saw 11 death sentences being commuted to life imprisonment4 by the Supreme Court while 3 death sentences (in one case) were confirmed in a review petition hearing. Of the 11 commutations, 7 were in criminal appeals while 4 were in review proceedings. 3 death sentences were confirmed in 1 review petition in July 2018 in the December 16 Delhi gang-rape case. (see Pages 24 and 25 for more details) After assuming office in October 2018, Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi constituted four 3-judge benches sitting simultaneously for over 6 weeks to decide death sentence cases. The investment of such judicial resources in deciding death sentence cases was missing during the tenures of Chief Justices Dipak Misra (August 2017 to October 2018) and (January 2017 to August 2017). There were no death sentence criminal appeals and 1 review petition decided during the tenure of Chief Justice Dipak Misra. During Chief Justice Khehar’s tenure 1 criminal appeal and 2 review petitions5 were decided. Prior to that, 9 criminal appeals6 and 1 review petition were decided during the tenure of Chief Justice TS Thakur between December, 2015 to January, 2017.

5 death sentence review petitions were decided by the Supreme Court in 2018 (see Page 25 for details). 2 of these, Rajendra Prahladrao Wasnik v. State of Maharashtra7 and M. A. Antony v. State of Kerala8 were reopened in the light of the decision in Mohd. Arif v. The Registrar, Supreme Court. Except for the review petitions filed by those sentenced to death in the December 16 Delhi gangrape case, all review petitions resulted in commutation to life imprisonment.

3. Project 39A does not have data on annual death sentences prior to 2000. 4. The sentences in different cases ranged from simple life imprisonment to fixed terms of imprisonment and imprisonment till the end of natural life as per the Supreme Court judgment of 2015 in V. Sriharan v. Union of India [(2016) 7 SCC 1] which allows for placing a sentence beyond the pale of executive remission. This however does not have any effect on the powers of the President and the Governor under Article 72 and 161 of the Constitution respectively. 5. This corresponded to four death sentences all of which were confirmed at the Criminal Appeal stage. 6. 6 of these 9 cases involving 7 accused persons resulted in commutation of death sentences to life imprisonment. 3 accused persons in the remaining 3 cases were acquitted at the Criminal Appeal stage. 7. Review Petition (Criminal) No. 306-307 of 2013 in Criminal Appeal No. 145-146 of 2011. 8. Review Petition (Criminal) No. 245 of 2010 in Criminal Appeal No. 811 of 2009.

4 JUSTICE KURIAN JOSEPH’S DISSENTING OPINION

While Justice Kurian Joseph was joined by Justices and in commuting the death sentence in Chhannu Lal Verma v. State of Chhattisgarh, Justice Joseph was in the minority in his call for the reconsideration of the constitutionality of the death penalty. In a powerful dissent that spoke to the future, Justice Joseph drew attention to the ‘arbitrary and freakish’ imposition of the death penalty, the lack of any legitimate penological purpose in its imposition and the worrying role of ‘collective conscience’ in death penalty sentencing.

IN LIMINE DISMISSALS WITHOUT REASONS NO LONGER POSSIBLE

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Babasaheb Kamble v. State of Maharashtra10 comes as a significant development in the death penalty jurisprudence. Previously, the Supreme Court could dismiss the Special Leave Petitions without giving any reasons and not admitting them to be heard as appeals. Such ‘in limine’ dismissals became constitutionally untenable after the ruling in Mohd. Arif v. The Registrar, Supreme Court9 where the Court held that review petitions in death sentence cases will mandatorily be heard in open court. With this requirement, ‘in limine’ dismissals of SLPs were absurd because it left nothing for the court to ‘review’ because there were no reasons. The Supreme Court through its judgment in Kamble in November 2018 finally did away with ‘in limine’ dismissals of SLPs in death penalty cases.

COMMUTATIONS RESTRICTING REMISSION POWERS

In December 2015, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Sriharan11 recognised the power of appellate courts to restrict remission powers of governments under the Criminal Procedure Code while imposing life imprisonment. In 2018, 11 death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment by the Supreme Court. Of these, 7 commutations involved a restriction on the state government’s remission powers. In 1 case, the Supreme Court declared that the government could not grant remission till the end of natural life. The fixed term restrictions on remission powers in the other 6 cases ranged from 18 years to 30 years. Similarly, in the High Court, 14 of the 58 commutations placed restrictions on remission powers. (for details of such commutations, see Pages 26 and 27)

9. Mohd. Arif v. The Registrar, Supreme Court, (2014) 9 SCC 737. In September 2014, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Mohd. Arif carved out cases of death sentence as a distinct category of cases altogether. Considering this distinction, the Court observed that even at the stage of review, cases of this nature are such that oral hearing becomes too precious a right to be parted with. The Court declared that review petitions in all death sentence cases are to be heard in open court. 10. Review Petition (Criminal) No. 324 of 2015 in Special Leave Petition (Criminal) 111 of 2015. Bench: Justices AK Sikri, and . 11. Union of India v. V Sriharan @Murugun, (2016) 7 SCC 1 (upholding by a 3:2 majority the decision in Swamy Shraddhanada @ Murli Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka, (2008) 13 SCC 767)

5 PRISONERS SENTENCED TO DEATH - RIGHT TO ACCESS MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

The Supreme Court in its order dated December 13, 2018 in IA No. 26542 of 2018 as part of the proceedings in In Re: Inhuman Conditions12 recognised the right of prisoners sentenced to death to meet mental health professionals at a reasonable frequency and for reasonable lengths of time, at all stages as part of their right to effective legal representation. This is a significant development given the legal framework of death penalty sentencing, which requires that in imposing the sentence, factors and circumstances pertaining to the convict be presented to and considered by the courts. The circumstances of the convicted individual are to be viewed in the context of their entire lives and location in society. It is in this complex undertaking of contextualising an individual that assistance from a mental health professional becomes crucial and can offer significant insights during the sentencing process.

AMENDMENTS INTRODUCING DEATH PENALTY FOR CHILD RAPE

In the aftermath of the national outrage to the rape of a minor girl in Kathua (Jammu & Kashmir), Parliament amended the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) through the 2018 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act to provide for the death penalty for rape and gang rape of girls below 12 years13. While the IPC amendments came into force in April 2018, the Union Cabinet in December 2018 also approved amendments to POCSO14 to introduce death penalty for penetrative aggravated sexual assault with children below the age of 18 years. The Bill proposing these amendments were introduced in the Lok Sabha in January 2019.

Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan were the only 2 states where the sessions courts imposed death sentences under the 2018 IPC amendments. While 9 death sentences (in 8 cases) were imposed using just these amendments, 6 persons (in 6 cases) have already been commuted by the High Courts of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. A further 4 death sentences (in 4 cases) were imposed using the new amendments and section 302 (for murder) of the IPC. The Madhya Pradesh High Court confirmed the death sentence in one of these cases. (For more details, see Page 14)

12. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 406 of 2013. 13. The newly added Section 376 AB and Section 376 DB in the Indian Penal Code have death sentence as a possible punishment for rape and gang rape of girls below the age of 12 years respectively. 14. Available at http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/1_2019_LS_Eng.pdf.

6 MADHYA PRADESH’S POLICY TO REWARD PUBLIC PROSECUTORS FOR DEATH SENTENCES

In a move that has raised serious concerns about interference with principles of prosecutorial independence, the Madhya Pradesh government has devised and implemented a rewards system for Public Prosecutors incentivising the seeking of the death penalty. The scheme awards 100-200 points for maximum punishment at lower courts, 500 for a life sentence and 1000 points for obtaining a death sentence. In an apparent bid to secure faster convictions, the reward system also creates awarding titles like ‘Best Prosecutor of the Month” and “Pride of Prosecution” to prosecutors earning more than 2000 points while issuing strict warnings to those earning below 500 points.

PRESIDENT’S EXERCISE OF CLEMENCY POWER IN 2018

President Ram Nath Kovind rejected the mercy petition from Jagat Rai on 23rd April 201815. Jagat Rai was accused of burning the house of the complainant and consequently killing his wife and five children inside the house. Jagat Rai and two other co-accused persons16 were sentenced to death for rioting and murder by Additional District and Sessions Judge, Vaishali. The confirmed the death sentences for all accused persons in August 2010. While commuting the death sentence of Bachcha Babu Rai17 on the ground that no overt act was performed by him in the crime, the Supreme Court confirmed the death sentences imposed on Jagat Rai and Deepak Rai in September 2013. Jagat Rai sent his mercy petition to the President in January 2014. (For more details, see Page 28)

15. President’s Secretariat Website, available at https://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/mercy-petition-0 16. The other two co-accused are Deepak Rai alias Bipat Rai and Bachcha Babu Rai. 17. The death sentence imposed on Bachcha Babu Rai was commuted to life imprisonment.

7 DEATH PENALTY CASES 2018

*Data represented in form of prisoners (cases). SUPREME COURT Two prisoners sentenced to death died in prison. One in Yerwada Central Prison in Pune and the other in Nashik Central Road Prison.

Remitted 11 3 (11) (1)

HIGH COURT

58 23 23 10 (36) (12) (18) (06)

SESSIONS COURT

162 (110)

8 SESSIONS COURT

NUMBER OF PRISONERS SENTENCED TO DEATH BY SESSIONS COURTS BETWEEN 2000-2018 115 66 126 146 150 127 107 154 134 111 141 119 92 121 75 87 150 108 162 200 NUMBER OF PRISONERS SENTENCED

150

100

YEAR 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

THERE WERE NO DEATH SENTENCES IN THE FOLLOWING STATES IN 2018:

• Arunachal Pradesh • Goa • Jammu and Kashmir • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland • Sikkim • Tripura

9 STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN 2018

2016 2017 2018

Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka 22 16 15

06 22 02

13 13 03

Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Tamil Nadu 15 13 12

18 08 13

32 06 03

Jharkhand Odisha Uttrakhand 09 09 07

03 00 01

03 00 01

Assam Bihar Kerala 06 5 05

00 11 02

00 22 05

10 West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Punjab 05 04 04

07 01 06

35 00 00

Chhattisgarh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh 03 03 03

01 00 00

01 03 00

Haryana Telangana Delhi 02 02 01

06 00 00

02 06 02

Manipur Jammu and Kashmir 01 00

00 01

00 00

11 NATURE OF CRIME IN 2018 BY SESSIONS COURT FOR THOSE SENTENCED

2016 2017 2018 YEARS (WITHOUT MURDER) KIDNAPPING/ABDUCTION AGAINST GIRLS BELOW 12 MURDER INVOLVING DACOITY/ROBBERY SEXUAL VIOLENCE SEXUAL VIOLENCE WITH MURDER WITH MURDER RIOTING WITH SIMPLICITER OFFENCES UNKNOWN MURDER MURDER TERROR DRUG

27 43 58 49 21 45 06 06 17 39 18 16 23 15 10 00 00 09 05 05 05 00 01 02 01 00 00

MURDER The nature of crime SIMPLICITER 02 for death sentences SEXUAL imposed in 2018 in OFFENCES 20 Madhya Pradesh

MURDER INVOLVING SEXUAL SEXUAL VIOLENCE MURDER INVOLVING SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST ADULTS (01) AGAINST GIRLS BELOW 12 VIOLENCE AGAINST MINORS YEARS WITHOUT MURDER (12) (07)

12 DEATH SENTENCES IMPOSED IN 2018

Madhya Maharashtra Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Pradesh 22 16 15 15

13 01 08 04 07 00 00 00 02 05 02 04 00 06 01 07

SEXUAL VIOLENCE MURDER INVOLVING AGAINST GIRLS BELOW MURDER RIOTING SEXUAL VIOLENCE 12 YEARS (WITHOUT SIMPLICITER WITH MURDER MURDER)

00 02 00 00 00 02 03 00 00 00 01 00

Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Uttar Pradesh

KIDNAPPING/ABDUCTION ROBBERY/DACOITY UNKNOWN WITH MURDER WITH MURDER

13 DEATH SENTENCES IMPOSED UNDER THE CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT ACT, 2018 BY SESSIONS COURTS IN 2018

Case Name District, State Provisions of Law under Status in High Court which death penalty has been imposed

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bhagirath Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Commuted alias Bhaggu (imprisonment for natural life) State of Rajasthan v. Pintu Alwar, Rajasthan Section 376AB IPC Commuted (20 years imprisonment) State of Madhya Pradesh v. Jitendra , Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Confirmed Kushwaha and 302 IPC

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Rajkumar Katni, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Commuted (20 years Kol imprisonment)

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Chhatarpur, Madhya Section 376AB IPC Commuted Mohammad Touhid Pradesh (imprisonment for natural life) State of Madhya Pradesh v. Naresh Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Commuted (20 years imprisonment) State of Madhya Pradesh v. Irfan & Mandsaur, Madhya Section 376DB IPC Pending Asif18 Pradesh

State of Rajasthan v. Vinod Kumar Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan Section 376AB IPC Commuted (20 years imprisonment) State of Madhya Pradesh v. Satna, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Pending Mahendra Singh

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Jitendra Raisen, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Pending Uikey and 302 IPC

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Waris Jaora, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Pending Khan and 302 IPC

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Anand Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Section 376AB IPC Pending Kushwaha and 302 IPC

18. 2 persons have been sentenced to death in this case.

14 HIGH COURT

HIGH COURT CONFIRMATIONS *Data represented in form of prisoners (cases). 23 (18) 11 (10) 15 (10) 2018 201719 2016

HIGH COURT COMMUTATIONS 58 (36)20 54 (32) 56 (37) 2018 2017 2016

HIGH COURT ACQUITTALS 23 (12) 35 (26) 20 (14) 2018 2017 2016

REMITTED TO TRIAL COURTS BY HIGH COURTS 10 (6) 10 (5) 11 (1) 2018 2017 2016

19. The death reference of one person was recalled by the . 20. Out of these, 14 commutations in 10 cases were under the Sriharan dicta. 15 HIGH COURT CONFIRMATIONS IN 2018

Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand (Allahabad) (Nainital) No. of Persons

No. of Cases 05 03 04 03

Coram Justices Amreshwar Pratap Sahi and Justices Alok Singh and Rajiv Rajeev Misra Sharma Case Name State of Uttar Pradesh v. Jaikam & Anr. State of Uttarakhand v. Karandeep decided with State of Uttar Pradesh v. Sharma @ Razia @ Raju Smt. Nazra & Ors. State of Uttarakhand v. Mehtab and Sushil @ Bhura Justices Ram Surat Ram (Maurya) State of Uttarakhand v. Sehzaad Ali and Ifaqat Ali Khan State of Uttar Pradesh v. Irfan @ Naka

Justices Sudhir Agarwal and Om Prakash State of Uttar Pradesh v. Sovaran Singh Prajapati

Madhya Pradesh Haryana Kerala (Jabalpur) 03 02 02 01 02 02

Justices S. K. Seth and Nandita Justices A. B. Chaudhari and Justice AM Shaffique and Justice Dubey Kuldip Singh P Somarajan State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bhagwani State of Haryana v. Naveen Kumar alias State of Kerala v. N. P. Muhammed and Satish Monu and another Abdul Nasser

Chief Justice Hemant Gupta and Justices C. T. Ravikumar and K. P. Justice Vijay Kumar Shukla Jyothindranath State of Madhya Pradesh v. Vinod alias State of Kerala v. Rajendran Chouhtha

16 23 18 Total number Total number of persons of Cases

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar (Indore) (Gwalior) 02 02 01 01 01 01

Justices P .K. Jaiswal and S. K. Justices Vivek Agarwal and Sanjay Justices Rakesh Kumar and Arvind Awasthi Yadav Srivastava State of Madhya Pradesh v. Karan @ State of Madhya Pradesh v. Jitendra State of Bihar v. Munna Pandey Fatiya Kushwah State of Madhya Pradesh v. Naveen @ Ajay

Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh (Bombay) (Chennai) (Lucknow) 01 01 01 01 01 01

Justices Ranjit V. More and Bharati Justices S. Vimala and Ramathilag- Justices Ritu Raj Awasthi and H. Dangre am Mahendra Dayal State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan State of Tamil Nadu v. Dashwanth State of Uttar Pradesh v. Putai Sudam Sanap

17 HIGH COURT COMMUTATIONS IN 2018

West Bengal Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad) No. of Persons

No. of Cases 14 03 07 07

Coram Justices Joymala Bagchi and Justices Pankaj Naqvi and Krishna Moushumi Bhattacharya Pratap Singh Case Name State of West Bengal v. Kali Singh & Ors. State of Uttar Pradesh v. Shyamjit alias Motiram Justices Nadira Patherya and Devi State of Uttar Pradesh v. Satendra Singh Prosad Dey State of West Bengal v. Sri Shyamal Justices Amreshwar Pratap Sahi and Karmakar & Ors. Bachchoo Lal State of Uttar Pradesh v. Rajesh Manjhi Justices Joymalya Bagchi and Ravi State of Uttar Pradesh v. Anil Kashyap Krishan Kapur State of West Bengal v. Sukol Tudu alias Justices Naheed Ara Moonis and Chhattu Krishna Singh State of Uttar Pradesh v. Firoz Justices Sudhir Agrawal and Omprakash Saptam State of Uttar Pradesh v. Manoj Kumar Justices Bala Krishna Narayan and Arvind Kumar Mishra State of Uttar Pradesh v. Patanjali Bhardwaj & Ors.

Kerala Haryana Bihar 04 03 03 01 02 02

Justices A. M. Shaffique and P. Justices Rajiv Sharma and Justices Rakesh Kumar and Arvind Somarajan Gurvinder Singh Gill Srivastava State v. Vishwarajan @ Podi @ State of Haryana v. Arun & Ors State of Bihar v. Rohan Bind Karumadi State of Bihar v. Hari Kishun Sada State of Kerala v. Nazar & Abdul Gafoor State of Kerala v. Unni

18 58 36 Total number Total number of persons of Cases

Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Tamil Nadu (Jabalpur) (Jaipur) (Chennai) 06 06 06 04 05 01

Justices P. K. Jaiswal and B. K. Justices Mohammad Rafiq and Justices C. T. Selvam and M. Nirmal Shrivastava Goverdhan Bardar Kumar State of Madhya Pradesh v. Baadu State of Rajasthan v. Kapil @ Anna Judgment unavailable State of Madhya Pradesh v. Naresh & Ors. Chief Justice Hemant Gupta and Justices Dinesh Somani and Justice Vijay Kumar Shukla Munishwar Nath Bhandari State of Madhya Pradesh v. Raj Kumar State of Rajasthan v. Prashandeep @ Kol Parra State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bhaggi @ State of Rajasthan v. Pintu Bhagirath @ Naran Justices Banwari Lal Sharma and Justices J. K. Maheshwari and Akhil Munishwar Nath Bhandari Kumar Srivastava State of Rajasthan v. Vinod Kumar State of Madhya Pradesh v. Suni Adiwasi . Justices S. K. Seth and Anjuli Palo State of Madhya Pradesh v. Touheed Musalman

Delhi Maharashtra Punjab (Aurangabad) 02 01 02 01 01 01

Justices S. Muralidhar and I. S. Justices S. S. Shinge and A. M. Justices A.B. Chaudhari and Mehta Dhavale Surinder Gupta State of NCT of Delhi v. Ravi Kapoor State of Maharashtra v. Bhagwat State of Punjab v. Ashok Kumar @ Pintu & Anr &Rahul @ Satish Kumar Justices Rajiv Sharma and Gurvinder Singh Gill State of Punjab v. Kala Ram alias Kala Singh

19 Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Madhya Pradesh (Indore) 01 01 06 04 01 01

Justices C. Praveen Kumar and T. Justices M. R. Shah and Mohinder Justices P. K. Jaiswal and Virender Rajani Pal Singh State of Andhra Pradesh v. Kukkapalli State of Gujarat v. Bhavan Bhikubhai State of Madhya Pradesh v. Munna @ Venkatesh Sodha Shahnwaj

Tamil Nadu Telangana (Madurai) 01 01 01 01

Justices S. Vimala and T. Justices C. Praveen Kumar and T. Krishnavalli Rajani State of Tamil Nadu v. State of Telangana v. Jakkula Sankaranarayanan Venkataswamy

20 HIGH COURT ACQUITTALS IN 2018 23 12 Total number Total number of persons of Cases

Bihar Maharashtra (Nagpur) No. of Persons No. of Cases 06 02 06 01

Coram Justices Rakesh Kumar and Arvind Justices P. N. Deshmukh and M. G. Srivastava Giratkar Case Name State of Bihar v. Suman Devi @ Guriya State of Maharashtra v. Manoj @ Lalya State of Bihar v. Rattu Kora & Ors. Vasantrao Atram & Ors

Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal (Madras) (Allahabad) 03 03 03 02 02 01

Justices S. Vimala and T. Justices Bala Krishna Narayana Justices Nadira Patherya and Devi Krishnavalli and Rajiv Gupta Prosad Dey Sankaranarayanan & Anr. v. State of State of Uttar Pradesh v. Monu alias State of West Bengal v. Sri Shyamal Tamil Nadu Chandra Prakash & Anr. Karmakar & Ors. Justices C. T. Selvam and A. M. Justices Amreshwar Pratap Sahi Basheer Ahamed and Rajeev Misra State of Tamil Nadu v. Mari State of Uttar Pradesh v. Jaikam & Anr. decided with State of Uttar Pradesh v. Justices S. Vimala and S. Smt. Nazra & Ors. Ramathilagam State of Tamil Nadu v. P. Maniknandan

Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka (Jammu) (Kalaburagi) 01 01 01 01

Justices Badar Durrez Ahmed and Justices Ravi Malimath and Sanjeev Kumar Sreenivas Harish Kumar State of Jammu and Kashmir v. Subash Mohammed Sultan v. State of Karnataka Chander Sharma

21 HIGH COURT REMITTED CASES 10 06 Total number Total number IN 2018 of persons of Cases

No. of Persons Coram

No. of Cases Case Name

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar (Jodhpur) (Allahabad) 04 01 02 01 01 01 Justices Rakesh Kumar and Arvind Justices Vinit Kumar Mathur and Justices Sudhir Agarwal and Om Srivastava Sandeep Mehta Prakash State of Bihar v. Ram Prit Mandal State of Rajasthan v. Aatma Ram & Ors. State of Uttar Pradesh v. Jeetu Nat & Another

Rajasthan Karnataka Maharashtra (Jaipur) (Kalaburagi) (Nagpur) 01 01 01 01 01 01 Justices Munishwar Nath Bhandari Justices Budial R. B. and B. A. Patil Justices Ravi K. Deshpande and and Dinesh Chandra Somani State of Karnataka v. Anil Balagar @ Arun Upadhye State of Rajasthan v. Ankur Padiya Anil State of Maharashtra v. Raju @ Rajkumar Keshavrao Landget

6 cases (10 accused) were remitted to the trial courts by the High Courts in 2018. The reasons included the following: • failure to provide the legal aid to the accused persons at the state expenses • accused person not given an opportunity to provide his statement under section 313 of CrPC irregularity in the sentencing order of the trial court • violation of section 219 CrPC which lays down that offences of same kind within year should be charged together • recording of statement of witnesses in the absence of accused at the hearing.

In State of Rajasthan v. Ankur Padiya (Criminal Death Reference 01 of 2018) involving one accused person, the Jaipur bench of the Rajasthan High Court on 14.09.2018 remitted a death penalty case back to the trial court noting the irregularity in the sentencing hearing. On 19.12.2018, the trial court sentenced the accused again to death in the subsequent trial.

22 SUPREME COURT

SUPREME COURT CONFIRMATIONS21 *Data represented in form of prisoners (cases). 03 (1) 07 (3) 01 (1) 2018 2017 2016

SUPREME COURT COMMUTATIONS22 11 23 (11) 01 (1) 07 24 (6) 2018 2017 2016

SUPREME COURT ACQUITTALS 00 00 03 (3) 2018 2017 2016

REMITTED TO TRIAL COURTS BY SUPREME COURT 00 00 00 2018 2017 2016

21. In 2018, all confirmations were at the review stage. 22. In 2018, seven commutations were at the criminal appellate stage while four commutations were at the review stage in the Supreme Court. 23. Seven of these commutations involved the Supreme Court restricting remission powers of the State government (invoking the option recognised in Sriharan). 24. Out of these, commutation in one case was under the Sriharan dicta. 23 CRIMINAL APPEALS DECIDED IN THE SUPREME COURT IN 2018

Date of Case Name Dates of Judgment Nature of Sentence imposed Coram Judgment offence by SC

14.11.2018 Vijay Kumar v. High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices NV State of Jammu and 06.03.2014 Simpliciter with no remission Ramana, MM Kashmir, Criminal for rest of natural Shantanagoudar, Appeal Nos. 1391-1393 Sessions Court life and MR Shah of 2018 16.11.2009

14.11.2018 Prahlad v State of High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices NV Rajasthan, Criminal 01.09.2016 involving simpliciter Ramana, MM Appeal no 1794-1796 sexual Shantanagoudar, Sessions Court of 2017, violence and MR Shah 18.09.2015

15.11.2018 Swapan Kumar Jha v. High Court Kidnapping/ Life imprisonment Justices NV State of Jharkhand, 29.07.2011 Abduction with no remission Ramana, MM Criminal Appeal No. with Murder for 25 years Shantanagoudar, 1396-1397/2012 Sessions Court and MR Shah 07.07.2010

20.11.2018 Sukhlal v. State of High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices AK Sikri, Madhya Pradesh, 11.08.2014 Simpliciter with no remission Ashok Bhushan Criminal Appeal No. for 18 years and S Abdul 1563-1564 of 2018 Sessions Court Nazeer 30.05.2014

27.11.2018 Rakesh Manohar High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices AK Sikri, Kamble @ Niraj 20.03.2014 involving with no remission Ashok Bhushan Ramesh Wakekar sexual for 30 years and MR Shah v. State of violence Maharashtra, Sessions Court Criminal Appeal No 21.03.2013 1767/2014

28.11.2018 Chhannu Lal v State High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices Kurian of Chhattisgarh, 11.04.2014 Simpliciter simpliciter Joseph, Deepak Criminal Appeal No Gupta and 1482-1483 of 2018 Sessions Court Hemant Gupta 25.06.2013

05.12.2018 Viran Gyanlal High Court Murder Life imprisonment Justices NV Rajput v. State of 16.02.2015 involving with no Ramana, MM Maharashtra, SLP sexual wremission for 20 Shantanagoudar, (Criminal) Nos. 5416­- Sessions Court violence years and Hemant 5417/2015 25.06.2014 Gupta

Total SEVEN PERSONS IN SEVEN CASES

24 REVIEW PETITIONS DECIDED IN THE SUPREME COURT IN 2018

Date of Case Name Dates of Judgement Nature of Sentence Coram Judgment offence imposed by SC in review

09.07.2018 Vinay Sharma & Anr. v. Supreme Court Murder Death Chief Justice State of NCT of Delhi 05.05.2017 involving sentence Dipak Misra (as along with Mukesh v. sexual confirmed he then was), State of NCT of Delhi, High Court violence Justices Ashok Review Petition 13.03.2014 Bhushan and R Criminal No. in 570 of Banumathi Sessions Court 2017 in Criminal Appeal No. 607 of 2017 13.09.2013

01.11.2018 Jitendra alias Jeetu Supreme Court Murder Life Justices AK v. State of Madhya 06.01.2015 involving imprisonment Sikri, Ashok Pradesh & Ors., Review sexual with no Bhushan and High Court Petition Criminal violence remission for Indira Banerjee 21.08.2014 No. 324 of 2015 in 20 years Special Leave Petition Sessions Court (Criminal) No. 111 of 2015 26.04.2013

01.11.2018 Babasaheb Maruti Supreme Court Murder Life Justices AK Kamble v. State of 06.01.2015 involving imprisonment Sikri, Ashok Maharashtra, Review sexual with no Bhushan and Petition Criminal High Court violence remission for Indira Banerjee No. 388 of 2015 in 10.07.2014 20 years Special Leave Petition Sessions Court (Criminal) No. 458 of 27.09.2013 2015

12.12.2018 Rajendra Pralhadrao Supreme Court Murder Life Justices Madan Wasnik v. State of Review 07.03.2013 involving imprisonment B Lokur, S Maharashtra, Review Criminal Appeal 29.02.2012 sexual with no Abdul Nazeer, Petition (Criminal) High Court violence remission for and Deepak No. 306-307 of 2013 in 26.03.2009 30 years Gupta Criminal Appeal No. 145-146 of 2011 Sessions Court 10.09.2008

12.12.2018 M.A. Antony v. State of Supreme Court Robbery Life Justices Madan Kerala, Review Petition Review 13.04.2010 with imprisonment B Lokur, S (Criminal) No. 245 of Criminal Appeal 22.04.2009 Murder simpliciter Abdul Nazeer, 2010 in Criminal Appeal High Court and Deepak No. 811 of 2009 18.09.2006 Gupta Sessions Court 02.02.2005 Total SEVEN PERSONS IN FIVE CASES

25 HIGH COURT COMMUTATIONS RESTRICTING REMISSION POWERS IN 2018

11.01.2018 17.01.2018 No. of Convicts The Addl. Sessions Judge, Hingoli v. State v. Vishwarajan @ Podi @ Bhagwat & Rahul, Karumadi, Sentence Confirmation Case No. 1 of 2017, Death Reference No. 3 of 2012, Bombay High Court, Aurangabad Date of Judgement bench Case Name 02 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment with no remission with no remission for 30 years for 25 years 09.02.2018 28.02.2018 11.07.2018 State of West Bengal v. Shyamal State of Kerala v. Nazar & Abdul Gafoor, State of Telangana v. Jakkula Karmakar, Death Sentence Reference No. 2 of Venkataswamy, Death Reference No. 5 of 2016, 2013, Kerala High Court Referred Trial No. 1 of 2017, Kolkata High Court Hyderabad High Court

01�5 Life imprisonment 02 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment with no remission with no remission with no remission for 30 years for 25 years for rest of natural life 17.08.2018 27.09.2018 06.12.2018 State of Kerala v. Unni, State of West Bengal v. Sukol State of Haryana v. Arun & others, Death Sentence Reference No. 8 of Tudu,Death Sentence Reference Murder Reference 3 of 2017, Punjab 2009, Kerala High Court No. 2 of 2016, Kolkata High Court & Haryana High Court

01 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment 03 Life imprisonment with no remission with no remission with no remission for 25 years for 20 years for 20 years

14.12.2018 18.12.2018 State of Punjab v. Kala Ram alias Kala State of Uttar Pradesh v. Patanjali Singh, Bharadwaj & Anr, Murder Reference 2 of 2018, Punjab Capital Cases No. 4810 of 2014, & Haryana High Court Allahabad High Court, Allahabad bench 14 10 �6 Total number Total number 01 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment of persons of Cases with no remission with no remission for for 20 years rest of natural life

25. One out of the eight accused persons (sentenced to death by the trial court) was commuted as per the Sriharan dicta. 26. The death reference of the co-accused person was abated because he died during the proceedings.

26 SUPREME COURT COMMUTATIONS RESTRICTING REMISSION POWERS IN 2018

01.11.2018 01.11.2018 No. of Convicts Jitendra v. State of Madhya Pradesh, Babasaheb Maruti Kamble v. State of Review Petition (Criminal) No. 388 Maharashtra, Sentence of 2015 in Special Leave Petition Review Petition (Criminal) No. 324 (Criminal) 458 of 2015 of 2015 in Special Leave Petition Date of Judgement (Criminal) 111 of 2015 Case Name 01 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment with no remission with no remission for 20 years for 20 years

15.11.2018 20.11.2018 14.11.2018 Swapan Kumar Jha v. State of Jharkhand, Sukhlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh, Vijay Kumar v. State of Jammu and Criminal Appeal Nos. 1396-1397 Criminal Appeal Nos. 1563-1564 of Kashmir, of 2012 2018 Criminal Appeal Nos. 1391-1393 of 2018

01�7 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment with no remission with no remission with no remission for 25 years for 18 years for rest of natural life

27.11.2018 05.12.2018 Rakesh Manohar Kamble @ Viran Gyanlal Rajput v. State of Niraj Ramesh Wakekar v. State of Maharashtra, Maharashtra, Criminal Appeal Nos. 1558-1559 of Criminal Appeal No. 1767/2014 2018 07 07 Total number Total number 01�8 Life imprisonment 01 Life imprisonment of persons of Cases with no remission with no remission for 30 years for 20 years

27. The other two co-accused persons (Amarendra Kumar Sharma and Rocky Dutta ) were sentenced to life imprisonment by the trial court. 28. The co-accused Amarsing was given death sentence by the trial court which was commuted to life imprisonment with a cap of 30 years by the Bombay High Court. 27 PRESIDENT’S EXERCISE OF CLEMENCY POWER IN 2018

05 05 01 01 04 00 REJECTED ACCEPTED MERCY PETITIONS MERCY PETITIONS MERCY

2016 2017 2018

CUMULATIVE FIGURES ON PRISONERS SENTENCED TO DEATH 400 366 426 Prisoners Sentenced Prisoners Sentenced Prisoners Sentenced to Death as on to Death as on to Death as on 31st December 2016 31st December 2017 31st December 2018

28 STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS ON DEATH ROW AS ON 31ST DECEMBER 2018 11 426 Army Act, 195029 Total Persons on Death Row as on 12 31st December 2018

Uttarakhand Prisoners on death row as on 31st December 2018 10 Jammu and Kashmir 66 1 Himachal Pradesh 18 3 20 1 6 14 Punjab Manipur

Uttar Pradesh 22

Haryana Tripura Jharkhand

16 Assam West Bengal West 9 Delhi Bihar

17 Rajasthan

40 Madhya Pradesh

7 Gujarat Odisha 9 66 Maharashtra Chhattisgarh 10

Telangana 7

Andhra Pradesh 4

25 Karnataka

14 Tamil Nadu 18 Kerala

29. 11 persons have not been classified state-wise as they were sentenced to death under the Army Act, 1950. The status of these cases is currently unknown.

29 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS

MP SHASHI THAROOR’S PRIVATE MEMBERS BILL FOR ABOLISHING DEATH PENALTY

Dr. Shashi Tharoor, Member of Parliament from Thiruvananthapuram, introduced a Private Members Bill titled “Death Penalty (Abolition) Act, 2017” . It was introduced during the 2018 Monsoon Session in Parliament and is currently pending. The reasoning in the Bill for abolishing the death sentence is that such forms of ‘retributive justice’ are ‘untenable with our historic traditions of non-violence’ and that in the 21st century, India needs to focus more on ‘strengthening preventive and reformative models’ of the legal system. The Bill also mentions the subjectivity of the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine and points to the extremely low rate of death sentence confirmations in the appellate courts. The Bill also discusses the ineffectiveness of death penalty as a deterrent and its discriminatory impact on persons from marginalised socio-economic backgrounds. In the recent past, similar bills have been moved in the Parliament by Mr. D. Raja (Communist Party of India) and Ms. Kanimozhi (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam).

INDIA’S VOTE AGAINST THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY MORATORIUM ON USE OF THE DEATH PENALTY

On 14 November 2018, India voted against the UN General Assembly’s Draft Resolution to establish a moratorium on the death penalty. The resolution was cited to be in contravention to the statutory domestic law prevalent in the country where execution is only permitted in the ‘rarest of rare’ cases. The resolution was approved with 126 votes in favour of the moratorium, 36 against and 31 abstentions.

30 DEATH SENTENCE INTRODUCED FOR MARITIME PIRACY

On August 1 2018, the Union Cabinet approved a bill providing death penalty or life imprisonment for crimes involving maritime piracy or piracy at sea30. The draft law aims to encourage greater safety and security of India’s maritime trade in light of the increased attacks along important sea routes. The law is being brought in as part of India’s commitment to have a law on piracy as per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), signed by India in 1982 and ratified in 1995.

GENERAL COMMENT NO. 36 (2018) ON ARTICLE 6 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

General comment No. 36 (2018) on Article 6 of the ICCPR, on the right to life was published in October 201831. The General Comment takes the view that under Article 6 States parties are under an obligation to review their criminal laws so as to ensure that the death penalty is not imposed for crimes which do not qualify as the most serious crimes. The term “the most serious crimes” is required to be restrictively and appertain only to crimes of extreme gravity, involving intentional killing. According to the draft, crimes not resulting directly and intentionally in death, such as attempted murder, corruption and other economic and political crimes, armed robbery, piracy, abduction, drug and sexual offences, although serious in nature, can never serve as the basis, within the framework of Article 632, for the imposition of the death penalty. Many provisions in Indian law allowing for the death sentence are likely to be in violation of Article 6 of the ICCPR.

30. Available at http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/piracy_bill_text___2012.pdf. 31. Available at https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CCPR_C_ GC_36_8785_E.pdf 32. Article 6, ICCPR: Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

31 CORRECTIONS TO 2016 AND 2017 ANNUAL STATISTICS

During the course of consolidation of information for 2018, the numbers that we released for 201633 and 201734 also underwent significant revision. The total number of persons sentenced in 2016 now stand at 150 and the total death row population at the end of 2016 remained at 40035 . The total number of persons sentenced in 2017 now stand at 108 and the total death row population at the end of 2017 decreased to 36636 .

Total number of death Prisoners Sentenced Total number of death Prisoners Sentenced sentences in 2016 to Death as on sentences in 2017 to Death as on 31st December 2016 31st December 2017

As recorded in Annual Statistics Report 2016 136 397 ------

As recorded in Annual Statistics Report 2017 149 399 109 371

As recorded in Annual Statistics Report 2018 (Current figures) 150 400 108 366

33. The Death Penalty in India: Annual Statistics 2016, Centre on the Death Penalty, National Law University Delhi, March 2017. 34. The Death Penalty in India: Annual Statistics 2017, Centre on the Death Penalty, National Law University Delhi, January 2018. 35. The number of persons sentenced in 2016 increased by one each in Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh; decreased by one in Chhattisgarh. The overall number of persons in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal decreased by one and; increased by one each in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura. 36. The number of persons sentenced in 2017 in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh decreased by one each, and increased in West Bengal by one. The overall number of persons decreased in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal by one, Maharashtra by two and Uttar Pradesh by two (out of which one person died in 2017) and; increased by one in Tripura.

32 Sentence of two accused persons in different cases in Madhya Pradesh and Kerala was incorrectly recorded as being ‘commuted’ in 2016, they were acquitted by the Supreme Court. Death sentence given to one person in Madhya Pradesh was commuted to life imprisonment without possibility of remission for a period of 30 years by the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Jabalpur bench) comprising Justices S. K. Gangele and Anurag Shrivastava in 2017. Commutation of the death sentence of a person was incorrectly recorded twice in 2016. The death penalty reference case involving 11 accused persons in West Bengal was remitted to the trial court by the Calcutta High Court in 2016 and not (as previously recorded) in 2017. Judgment in State of Kerala v. Pradeep Borah @ Joji37 where the Kerala High Court commuted the death sentence of a person to life imprisonment in 2017 was made available this year. Commutation of death sentence of one accused person in State of Orissa v. Banabihari Behera @ Haria38 decided by the Orissa High Court was not accounted for in the 2017 High Court commutation figures.

There were five additional commutations in the High Courts in the year 2017 as per the Sriharan dicta that could not be reported in the last year’s edition due to unavailability of judgments by the end of 2017. The list of commutations in the High Courts in 2017 is provided on the next page with the five additional cases being highlighted in red.

37. Death Reference No. 2 of 2011, Kerala High Court, decided on 12.04.2017. 38. 2017 SCC OnLine Ori 856 : 2018 Cri LJ (NOC 434) 153.

33 Date of Case Name Number of Sentence imposed by SC in review Judgment Convicts

10.02.2017 State of West Bengal v. Lakhikanta Adhikary, 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Death Reference No. 4 of 2016, Calcutta High for 30 years Court

10.02.2017 State of West Bengal v. Lal Chand Mia @ 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Abdul Latif & Ors, Death Reference No. 4 of for 20 years 2016, Calcutta High Court

06.03.2017 State of Uttar Pradesh v. Nanku @ Brahm 139 Life imprisonment with no remission Sahai and Chhatrapal Pasi, Capital Cases No. for rest of natural life 1435 of 2016, Allahabad High Court, Allahabad bench

20.03.2017 State of Maharashtra v. Nitin Balkisan 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Gaikwad40, Criminal Confirmation No. 4 of for 30 years 2016, Bombay High Court, Bombay bench

30.05.2017 State of Uttar Pradesh v. Boby, Capital Cases 1 Life imprisonment with no remission No. 1445 of 2016, Allahabad High Court, for 25 years Allahabad bench

06.06.2017 State of Kerala v. Rasheed, Death Sentence 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Reference No. 2 of 2012, Kerala High Court for 40 years

23.06.2017 State of Orissa v. Mata Munda and others, 2 Life imprisonment with no remission DSREF No. 03 of 2015, Orissa High Court for 35 years

25.10.2017 State of Tamil Nadu v. Kamraj and Elangovan, 241 Life imprisonment with no remission Referred Trial No. 2 of 2017, Madras High Court, for 30 years Madras bench

39. Only one out of the two accused persons sentenced to death have been commuted to life imprisonment under the Sriharan dicta. 40. On appeal, the Supreme Court in Nitin Balkisan Gaikwad v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 7 SCC 685 changed the sentence to life imprisonment simpliciter. 41. Two out of the five persons sentenced to death were given life imprisonment under Sriharan dicta in two separate trials.

34 28.02.2017 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shyam, 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Criminal Reference No. 04/2016, Madhya for 30 years Pradesh High Court, Jabalpur bench

12.10.2017 State of Jharkhand v. Kailash Sao & Birendra 2 Life imprisonment with no remission Ram, Death Reference No. 3 of 2013, Jharkhand for rest of natural life High Court

12.10.2017 Registrar General, High Court of Karnataka 1 Life imprisonment with no remission v. Mohan Kumar, Criminal Reference Case No. for rest of natural life 5 of 2014, Karnataka High Court (Bengaluru bench)

17.10.2017 IV Additional District & Sessions Judge, 1 Life imprisonment with no remission Madhugiri, Tumkur District v. Nanjappa, for 25 years Criminal Reference Case No. 1 of 2017, Karnataka High Court (Bengaluru bench)

23.11.2017 In Reference v. Vinay, 1 Life imprisonment with no remission CRRFC 4/2017, Madhya Pradesh High Court, for rest of natural life Jabalpur bench

The data on nature of crime, state-specific population, movements in High Courts and Supreme Court have also been corrected in this edition. These corrections are an inevitable consequence of the unreliability of official data. Our dependence on the website maintenance of courts and RTIs leaves this process susceptible to errors.

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