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Xorox Univorsky Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Am Artur, Michigan 40106 T, R I 74-14,198 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the moat advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You w ill find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xorox UnivorsKy Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Am Artur, Michigan 40106 t, r i 74-14,198 SILVERBURG, Sanford Robert, 1940- ORGANIZATION AND VIOLENCE: THE PALESTINIAN ARAB NATIONALISTIC RESPONSE, 1920-1948. The American University, Ph.D., 1973 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, A XERQ\ Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1974 SANFORD ROBERT SILVERBURG ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ORGANIZATION AND VIOLENCE: THE PALESTINIAN ARAB NATIONALISTIC RESPONSE. 1920-1948 by Sanford Robert Sllverburg Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In International Studies Signatures of Committee: Date THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY il PREFACE The political and violent conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians and that between Israel and the other Arab nations in the region began as a concerted effort on the part of Zionist Jews to establish themselves in the area of ancient Israel. Historically coincidental with the Zionist movement, the Arabs of the Middle East were contending and confronted with the problems of national identity. In 1896 Theodore Herzl wrote Per Judenataat t a ficti­ tious pamphlet that was ultimately brought to fruition in actual form. A few years later, Negulb Azourl, a Christian Arab living in Paris, founded the Ligue de la Patrie Arabe, which gave Impetus to the introduction of the western concept of the nation-state to the tribal organization and orienta­ tion of the Arab Middle East. But if there was a conflict between two national movements, there were also lntra- communal disputes. The Arabs had to fight the Turks and there were factional quarrels also, while the Zionists' Internal foes were the assimilationists. This factor of Internal disunity greatly inhibited the development of both movements in the region. Yet despite the lack of unanimity, the Zionists succeeded in establishing a Jewish state. The ethnic identification among the Palestinians, ill within a burgeoning Arab national movement, was strictly limited to the Intellectuals and a selected group of others who had a feeling of true "national" spirit and was In evidence by their defense of the Islamic sites in Jerusalem. But the Palestinian experience with the development of a Palestinian national state was initiated only after it was forced to by the failure of the Syrian national movement in the post-World War I period. Finally, loyalties in Pales­ tine competed with national allegiance and collectively the Palestinian Arabs faced the Zionists. This dissertation is concerned with the social makeup of the Palestinian Arab community and its political dynamics. We direct ourselves to a discussion of the attempt by the Palestinian Arab community to develop a political organiza­ tion during the period of the British Mandate, 1920 to 1948, and the Palestinians' reaction to Zionist inroads and British administration. The initial idea for this dissertation came from the influence of Dr. like Frank, whose graduate seminar on nationalism introduced us to the writings and ideas of professor Karl Deutsch. The factor of social mobilization as a prime determinant for cohesiveness and development of a political community, as described by Deutsch, was most important to our understanding and appreciation of the peo pies and times involved in our study. iv Little successful research can be accomplished with­ out some financial assistance; ours was no exception. We owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Martin L. Shotzberger, President of Catawba College, Salisbury, North Carolina, whose efforts assisted us in obtaining grants from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, the Piedmont University Center of North Carolina, as well as Catawba College Faculty Department monies. Acknowledgement must also be given to those who assisted us in gaining access to depositories of the data employed. A great note of appreciation must be given to various archivists at the Public Record Office in London and those who assisted us in locating materials at the Israel State Archives and Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. A special note of appreciation goes to Dr. Bernard Reich, George Washington University, Washington, D. C., whose efforts helped us into the Benjamin Shwadran Archives at the Reuven Shiloah Institute in Tel Aviv. Also, Mr. John E. Taylor, of the Military Records Division at the National Archives in Washington, D* C., must be thanked. It was Mr. Taylor who told us about the relevancy of OSS files to the study of Palestine and assisted us in securing them. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE .............................................. 11 NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION .................................. x ABBREVIATIONS ................................................. x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 Arab Nationalism ..... ....................... 2 The Influence of Zionism 9 The Advent of British Administration .......... 11 Scope and Purpose ......................... 15 S o u r c e s ................................................. 18 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................... 20 Relationship of Europe to the A r a b s ............. 20 Klng~Crane Commission ............................... 52 Paris Peace Conference ............................ 60 Greater Syria (Mashru Suriyya al-Kubra) .... 71 T r a n s i t i o n ............................................ 72 Fertile Crescent Scheme ............................ 78 III. PALESTINE: THE SETTING FOR MOBILIZATION . 82 Demographic Base of the Palestinian Arab Community .••••••••••••••••• 84 Land Settlement ............... 97 Education and Literacy 121 vi PAGE IV. POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ARAB PALESTINE: ORGANIZATIONS AND THE INITIATION OF THE MOVEMENT 136 Political Elites .......................... 137 Political Parties .............................. 153 Political Clubs ................................. 165 Political Activities ............................ 171 V. POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN PALESTINE: THE LAST PHASE 226 The 1939 London Conference ........................ 256 Palestine During World War I I .................... 267 Alexandria Arab Unity Talks .................... 280 Post-World War II A f f a i r s ........ * .............. 301 The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry .... 304 The Bludan Conference ..... ............... 309 The Morrison-Grady Plan ..... 313 The London Conference ....................... 314 The Establishment of U N S C O P ...................... 326 S u m m a r y ............................................ 329 VI. POLITICAL VIOLENCE .............................. 331 Violence in Palestine .......................... 332 The Easter Riots of 1920 ............... 338 May Day Riots of 1921 342 Wailing Wall Disturbances, 1929 343 The 1933 Disturbances ..... 351 The Arab Revolt, 1936-1939 ...................... 352 vii PAGE The Undeclared W a r ............................... 369 Analysis of the Violence .................... 371 CONCLUSIONS............................................ 386 BIBLIOGRAPHY.... ........................................ 394 APPENDICES ............................................ 416 vii LIST OF TABLES AGE Delegations Received by Class ............... 53 Nature of Petitions Received ............. • 54 Palestinian Arab Population, 1922-1945. 87 Palestinian Arab Population by Subdistrict. 88 Rate of Increase of Arab Immigration Due to Immigration .......................... 90 Medical Professions .......................... 91 Infant Mortality ............................ 91 E m i g r a t i o n .........................
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