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New Evidences from the Harappan Cemetery of Seman6,District

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New Evidences from the Harappan Cemetery of Seman6,District New Evidences from the Harappan Cemetery of Seman‐6, District Rohtak, Haryana Vivek Dangi1 and Samunder2 1. Department of History, A. I. Jat H. Memorial College, Rohtak, Haryana (Email: [email protected]) 2. Department of History, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana Received: 30 September 2013; Accepted: 25 October 2013; Revised: 08 November 2013 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1 (2013): 402‐423 Abstract: Village Seman is situated at a distance of about 8 km north of Meham town, a tehsil headquarter in Rohtak district of Haryana state. It is approachable by a metal road from Meham via Bhaini‐Surjan. It is about 120 km north‐west of New Delhi. There are seven proto‐historic sites in the revenue jurisdiction of this village including one cemetery, which is located about 1 km east of the village. Pottery recovered from the site belongs to classical Harappan phase. On the basis of location and material recovered from the site Seman‐6 can be associated with Farmana‐1. This site was extensively excavated in 2008‐09 and the final report was published. In the present paper pottery recovered during the explorations is discussed which include some new type of pottery. Keywords: Cemetery, Burial, Seman‐6, Rohtak, Haryana, Harappan Pottery, Sothi‐ Siswal Introduction Village Seman is situated at a distance of about 8 km north of Meham town, a tehsil headquarter in Rohtak district of Haryana state. It is approachable by a metalled road from Meham via Bhaini‐Surjan. It is about 120 km north‐west of New Delhi. There are seven proto‐historic sites in the revenue jurisdiction of this village including one cemetery (Dangi 2010:123‐24), which is located about 1 km east of the village (figure 1). First author first visited the site in July 2006, while doing explorations for his M. Phil dissertation and recovered a complete Harappan vase with a disc base. Apart from this vase not even a single potsherd was found here and at that time, the author was unable to identify the site as a cemetery site. Later on, the site was again visited in July 2007, at that time villagers were removing soil from the south‐eastern side of the site. All over the area, a large number of pottery and human skeletons were found. Unfortunately, this site has been subject to continuous activities for soil removing by local villagers since that time, by which a large number of burials were destroyed. About 107 graves were counted which were disturbed due to the removal of soil. Quick rescue work in Dangi and Samunder 2013: 402‐423 the form of collection of pottery and other antiquities have been done by the author. A large quantity of pottery including complete pots and other antiquities were retrieved. This paper deals with pottery and other grave goods in order to understand the nature and significance of the site. In the area around Farmana‐1, there are a number of cemetery sites viz. Bedwa‐2, Puthi‐Seman‐2, Bhaini Surjan‐1 and Seman‐6 (figure 2) (Dangi 2010). On the basis of the material culture recovered from Bedwa‐2, Puthi Seman‐2 and Bhainai‐Surjan‐1, these sites can be assigned to the late phase of mature Harappan to Late Harappan period and all these sites are located two to five km away from Farmana‐1. Seman‐6 is located about 500 m north‐west of Farmana‐1 and the pottery recovered from the site belongs to classical Harappan phase. On the basis of location and material recovered from the site Seman‐6 can be associated with Farmana‐1. Later in January 2008, the site was taken up for an excavation and the first author was the team member of cemetery excavations. Only seven burials in a 7 x 7 m trench were excavated (Shinde et al. 2008). In the year 2008‐09, the site was horizontally excavated and more than 70 graves were cleared properly (Shinde et al. 2009; Shinde et al. 2011). The excavators have classified the burial into three categories, viz. primary burials, secondary burials and symbolic burials on the basis of the presence of the human skeletal remains (Shinde et al. 2009: 19‐20). 1. Primary burials: in the primary burials, a full skeleton was fond in situ, head towards north and legs towards south. Some of such burials are devoid of any grave good. 2. Secondary burial: in the secondary burials, a few bones were found in the grave pit. 3. Symbolic burials: in the symbolic burials, no human skeletal remains were found, but it contains some pottery. Apart from the above‐motioned three types of burials, some empty pits were also excavated, inside these pits, not even a single potsherd or bone was recovered. It is unable to determine the time period of such pits. The cemetery is located in agricultural fields, and in the cultivation process rectangular pits were often dug for various purposes, such as burying agricultural wastes and so on. Pottery In total, 40 complete specimens of pottery were recovered from the surface of the site by the first author. Out of them, 12 were already published by the excavator (Shinde et al. 2008), the rest of 28 specimens are included in the present paper. All the specimens were first properly washed and carefully preserved and now housed in the department of history, the Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak. These specimens were drawn to the scale and measured at various points (figure 3). The 403 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 measurement technique was based on Akinori Uesugi’s (2011: 171) method; he adopted the method of Dales and Kenoyer (1986) and Jenkins (1994) with modifications. For recording colours, “Revised Standard Soil Colour Charts” (M. Koyama and H. Takehara) that is based on the Munsell’s soil colour chart was used. The pottery recovered from the excavations at the site was studied in detail by Dr. A. Uesugi (2011: 674‐800) and his works clearly show the four phases in the ceramic assemblage from the cemetery (figure 4). On the basis of formal and technical features, the pottery recovered from the surface can be broadly classified into two stylistic groups, viz. Harappan pottery and Sothi‐Siswal (non‐Harappan) pottery. Harappan Pottery The Harappan pottery is usually made of well levigated clay and has very sharp striation marks on the surface, which run continuously in a horizontal direction. It indicates that it was finished on a fast wheel. Another diagnostic feature of Harappan pottery is its painting style, although the number of painted specimens is not much. The Harappan painted pottery is treated with a fine slip and decorated with figurative and geometric motifs. A few specimens included in this paper are painted. In total 261 specimens of Harappan pottery were recovered from the excavation. If we include these 28 specimens from the surface, the number increases to 289. A. Uesugi (2011: 676) classified the Harappan pottery using the total height and the body diameter, and the same method is adopted in the present study. This classification method is particularly used for the separation of pots and jars. If the ratio of the total height and the body diameter is 1.30 or less are classified as pots and those that have a ratio more than 1.31 are classified as jars. In addition of these two forms, beakers, bowls, dishes, dish‐on‐stands, pot‐on‐stands, lids, etc. are included in my collection. Apart from the general formal classification, particular shapes were divided into sub‐ types (figure 5‐7) (Uesugi 2011: 676). Beakers In total, six beakers were recovered from the surface and all these beakers fall in the Uesugi’s Type 2. In the excavations, this type of beakers was recovered from Burial nos. 12, 18, 22, 23, 28, 29 and 32. Among the specimens from the surface, figure 8, Nos. 1 and 2 belong to Phase 1; Nos. 4, 5 and 6 belong to Phase 3; and No. 3 belongs to Phase 4. They have a slightly out‐curved rim. Jar Only one jar (figure 8, no. 9) was collected from the surface and it falls in Type‐1 class of jar. Only three specimens have been recovered from the excavations from Burial nos 6 and 27. This type of jars have elongated elliptical body and out curved neck and this jar falls in the Phase‐3 of ceramic sequence. Pots Harappan pots were found in 8 specimens. The excavations have yielded 110 404 Dangi and Samunder 2013: 402‐423 specimens of Harappan pots, and these were classified into three types, viz. Type 1 having an elliptical, globular and oblong body shapes; Type 2 having a carinated body; and Type 3 having a flanged neck. Specimen of Type 2 was not found from the surface. Out of 8 specimens recovered from the surface, five specimens can be grouped as Type 1 as having an elliptical or a globular body. These can be further classified into sub‐ types; figure 8, no. 12 belongs to Type 1B, as it has a squat globular body; nos. 7, 8 and 10 belong to Type 1C as having a short oblong body and these can be placed in the Phase 3 of ceramic sequence; No. 11 belongs to Type 1D as having a long elongated body and falls in the Phase 4 of ceramic sequence. Type 3 was earlier divided into three classes (Uesugi 2011: 681‐682). A new variety of flanged pot, i.e. with a ring base, was recovered from the surface; figure 9 no.
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