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Marktfrauen, Priesterinnen Und ‚Edle Des Königs’

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Marktfrauen, Priesterinnen Und ‚Edle Des Königs’ Marktfrauen, Priesterinnen und ‚Edle des Königs’ Untersuchung über die Position von Frauen in der sozialen Hierarchie des Alten Ägypten bis zum Ende der 1. Zwischenzeit Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Hella Küllmer aus Flörsbach Hamburg 2007 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hartwig Altenmüller 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Lothar Störk Tag des Vollzugs der Promotion: 23.07.2004 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 7 2. Die Marktfrauen................................................................................................................. 15 3. Landarbeiterinnen ............................................................................................................. 22 3.1. Die nzwtjw (swtjw) ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2. Die mrt ........................................................................................................................... 27 4. Tempel- und Palastangestellte.......................................................................................... 36 4.1. Die xntjwt S.................................................................................................................... 36 Aufgaben der xntjt S.................................................................................................... 40 4.2. Die mjtrt ........................................................................................................................ 49 5. Die Priesterinnen ................................................................................................................ 54 5.1. Die Hmt nTr - Priesterinnen ........................................................................................... 54 5.1.1. Priesterinnen von Göttern....................................................................................... 54 5.1.2. Priesterinnen von Königen der IV. Dynastie .......................................................... 58 5.1.3. Priesterinnen an den Mrt-Heiligtümern.................................................................. 61 5.1.4. Priesterinnen von Göttinnen ................................................................................... 63 5.1.4.1. Die Hathor -Priesterinnen ................................................................................. 63 Tempel-Hierarchien .................................................................................................... 66 Memphis ..................................................................................................................... 66 Tehne........................................................................................................................... 69 Qasr es-Sayyad (Hamra Dom) .................................................................................... 71 Dendera ....................................................................................................................... 74 Kusae........................................................................................................................... 76 5.1.4.2. Die Neith -Priesterinnen .................................................................................... 78 5.1.4.3. Priesterinnen von anderen Göttinnen ............................................................... 83 5.1.5. Die WrSt -Priesterinnen ........................................................................................... 85 wrSt Mnw und andere Titel ......................................................................................... 86 5.2. Die Ka -Priesterinnen...................................................................................................... 89 Das Hwt kA und der königliche Totenkult.................................................................... 91 Hwt kA und privater Totenkult ..................................................................................... 95 Die privaten Totenkultverfügungen ............................................................................ 97 Hierarchie und Organisation ..................................................................................... 105 Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen.................................................................................... 111 "Dienende Statuen" ................................................................................................... 113 6. Ämter und Titel am Hof des Pharaos............................................................................. 119 6.1. Musikantinnen und Tänzerinnen.................................................................................. 119 Das SnDt - "Akazienhaus".......................................................................................... 126 Die xnr - Institution................................................................................................... 128 Die Vorsteherinnen ................................................................................................... 130 Neferesres und der "Harem“ im Alten Reich........................................................... 132 xnr in der 1. Zwischenzeit......................................................................................... 136 6.2. Die Weberinnen ........................................................................................................... 139 Die Leitung der Webereien ....................................................................................... 142 Die "Belohnung der Weberinnen"............................................................................. 146 3 6.3. Die rxt nzwt ................................................................................................................ 150 Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen.................................................................................... 156 6.4. Die Xkrt nzwt (watt) ...................................................................................................... 158 Xkrt nzwt und die xnr -Institution............................................................................... 160 Xkrt nzwt und der Hathor -Kult.................................................................................. 161 Die Hmwt nzwt - königlichen Gemahlinnen des Mentuhotep II. Nebhetepre........... 163 6.5. Die Spst nzwt ................................................................................................................ 168 Die "Jugendlichen des Palastes" ............................................................................... 169 Titelkombinationen mit Spst nzwt ............................................................................. 170 7. Die Vorsteherinnen........................................................................................................... 172 7.1. Vorsteherinnen im Bereich des Toten- und Tempel-Kultes ........................................ 172 7.2. Vorsteherinnen des pr Sna ............................................................................................ 174 7.3. Vorsteherinnen im königlichen Dienstleistungsbereich............................................... 175 7.4. Vorsteherinnen im privaten Dienstleistungsbereich .................................................... 177 7.5. Nicht einzuordnende Titulaturen ................................................................................ 177 8. Rang und Titel in den Provinzen .................................................................................... 179 Die Wesirin Nebet aus Abydos und die "Königstochter" Nebti ................................ 180 9. Schlussbetrachtung ........................................................................................................ 184 Geschlechtssspezifische Jenseitsvorstellungen......................................................... 185 Wissen und Macht..................................................................................................... 188 10. Titel und Titelkombinationen von Frauen des Alten Reiches.................................... 190 11. Abkürzungen und Bibliographie .................................................................................. 200 4 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Sommersemester 2004 im Fachbereich Kulturgeschichte und Kulturkunde der Universität Hamburg als Dissertation angenommen. Für die Publikation wurde sie inhaltlich und unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Literatur überarbeitet. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Herrn Prof. Dr. Hartwig Altenmüller für die ständige Gesprächsbereitschaft und seine kritischen Hinweise und Anregungen. Für seine wertvollen Kommentare und die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens möchte ich ebenso Herrn Prof. Dr. Lothar Störk danken. Gefördert und ermöglicht wurde die Forschungsarbeit durch ein Stipendium der Heinrich- Böll-Stiftung, der ich zu großem Dank verpflichtet bin. Viele Mitglieder des Hamburger Ägyptologischen Instituts haben mich mit wertvollen Gesprächen unterstützt und damit auf unterschiedliche Weise zur Fertigstellung der Arbeit beigetragen. Mein Dank gilt Dr. Ruth Brech-Neldner für ihre konstruktive Kritik; ich habe die - nicht immer nur fachlichen - Diskussionen sehr genossen. Besonders bedanken möchte ich mich bei meinen Freundinnen
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