DOCSLIB.ORG

Differential Survival Among Tahitian Tree Snails During a Mass Extinction Event: Persistence of the Rare and Fecund

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Differential Survival Among Tahitian Tree Snails During a Mass Extinction Event: Persistence of the Rare and Fecund Differential survival among Tahitian tree snails during a mass extinction event: persistence of the rare and fecund C.S. BICK,DIARMAID ÓFOIGHIL and T REVOR C OOTE Abstract The deliberate introduction of the rosy wolf snail Introduction Euglandina rosea to the Society Islands in the s led to the mass extirpation of its rich Partulidae (Pilsbry, ) ceanic islands represent some of the most isolated habi- fauna, comprising approximately half of all species in this Otats on earth and their endemic biotas are character- Pacific island tree snail family. On Tahiti ongoing field sur- ized by small ranges and the absence of highly co-evolved veys have documented the survival of two of seven endemic defensive capabilities, such as anti-predator behaviours species of Partula (P. hyalina and/or P. clara)in valleys. and morphologies (Paulay, ; Vermeij, ; Roff & E. rosea is now a potent extinction agent across Oceania and Roff, ; Fullard et al., ). Consequently, island biotas determining the factors enabling these two taxa to endure are exceptionally vulnerable to introduced continental pre- ’ may have wide conservation import. We hypothesized dators (Paulay, ;DAntonio & Dudley, ). This is ’ ‘ ’ that P. hyalina and P. clara have survived because they perhaps best exemplified by Guam s empty forest were the most abundant and/or widespread species and (Redford, ) phenomenon, where a single introduced that they will eventually become extinct. We lack demo- predator, the brown tree snake Boiga irregularis, has severely graphic data contemporaneous with predator introduction, affected the endemic forest fauna (Savidge, ; Wiles et al., but an early th century study by H.E. Crampton provides ; Mortensen et al., ), prompting extraordinary con- historical demographic data for intact Tahitian partulid servation interventions (Clark & Savarie, ). populations. Crampton found that P. clara and P. hyalina, Another alien predator, the carnivorous rosy wolf snail although widespread, were consistently rarer than their Euglandina rosea, has also had an outsized impact on ocean- now-extirpated congeners, including in the valleys he sur- ic island endemic faunas, being implicated in the extinction veyed that retain surviving populations. Given this result, of at least terrestrial snail species (Régnier et al., ). A and the recent finding that P. clara and P. hyalina comprise North American native, E. rosea stalks its gastropod prey by a discrete founding lineage in Tahiti, it is plausible that some following their mucous trails, consuming small prey whole shared biological attribute(s) may have contributed to their and larger individuals piecemeal (Gerlach, ; Shaheen survival. Crampton recorded the clutch sizes of thousands et al., ; Davis-Berg, ). It is highly mobile and can of gravid Tahitian partulids and found that these two taxa climb trees, a detrimental characteristic for many arboreal had higher instantaneous mean clutch sizes than did co-oc- Pacific island terrestrial snails (Kinzie, ; Meyer & curring congeners. Higher fecundities may have contributed Cowie, ). Euglandina rosea was introduced to multiple to the survival of P. hyalina and P. clara in the valleys of Pacific island archipelagos in a misguided strategy to control Tahiti. outbreaks of the introduced giant African snail Lissachatina fulica, most notably to the Hawaiian Islands in (Cowie, Keywords Differential survival, mass extinction, oceanic ) and to the Society Islands in (Coote, ). It islands, Partulidae, Tahiti, tree snail rapidly extirpated large numbers of endemic land snail This paper contains supplementary material that can be species on both archipelagos, including members of the found online at http://journals.cambridge.org Achatinellidae in Hawaii (Hadfield et al., ) and Partulidae in the Society Islands (Clarke et al., ). The loss of the Partulidae of the Society Islands has been of particular concern because this archipelago is home to c. % of partulid species diversity (Cowie, ). It has also been the main setting for th century partulid studies, starting with the classic work of H.E. Crampton (, ) C.S. BICK (Corresponding author) and DIARMAID ÓFOIGHIL, Museum of Zoology and continuing with decades of research by B. Clarke, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA. E-mail [email protected] J. Murray, M. Johnson and associates (Clarke & Murray, ; Murray & Clarke, ; Johnson et al., ). The TREVOR COOTE, Partulid Global Species Management Programme, Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie Française collapse of Society Islands partulid populations following Received July . Revision requested November . the introduction of E. rosea prompted the emergency estab- Accepted April . First published online October . lishment of off-archipelago captive populations for Oryx, 2016, 50(1), 169–175 © 2014 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605314000325 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 30 Sep 2021 at 05:33:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000325 170 C. S. Bick et al. Society Island species (Murray et al., ; Tonge & Bloxam, ; Pearce-Kelly et al., ). Until recently, only of en- demic Society Islands partulid species were thought to per- sist in the wild (Coote & Loève, ) but subsequent field surveys have found scattered extant populations on Raiatea, Moorea and Tahiti representing four additional species (Lee et al., , ). Seven of these surviving taxa (Partula otaheitana, Partula hyalina, Partula clara, Partula affinis, Samoana attenuata, Samoana burchi, Samoana diaphana) occur on Tahiti, the largest and highest island in the archi- pelago (Coote, ; Lee et al., a, ). The predom- inant Tahitian pattern is one of low elevation extirpation and montane persistence: partulid survivors are most com- mon in cloud forest refuges of ., m altitude (Coote, ; Lee et al., a, ), where predator activity is probably impaired by cooler temperatures (Gerlach, , FIG. 1 Tahiti, showing the distribution of surviving low elevation ). However, extensive field surveys beginning in partulid populations detected by Coote (; unpubl. data) in have located small clusters of low elevation survivors in a surveys during –. The survivors in of valleys number of Tahitian valleys (Coote, ), currently totalling exclusively comprised Partula clara and/or Partula hyalina.A (Fig. ; Table ). Of Tahiti’s eight species of Partula, two third species, Partula affinis, was found in one valley (, now dominate low elevation extant populations; i.e. of the Faaroa), together with P. clara and P. hyalina. See Table for the names of the numbered valleys and the number of survivors. valleys with known survivors were exclusively populated by P. clara and/or P. hyalina (Fig. ; Table ). Partula hyalina and P. clara are closely-related species, populations with their pre E. Rosea introduction equivalents distinguished by shell coloration, which together represent across the island as a whole, as well as for the valleys a discrete Tahitian founder lineage of Moorean origin Crampton surveyed that retain surviving populations (Lee et al., ). Their ability to endure almost years (Table ). of predation by E. rosea in the valleys of Tahiti is surprising because predation models predict partulid extirpation with- Methods in years of initial predator contact (Gerlach, ). We are interested in understanding what aspect(s) of their biology Crampton () systematically surveyed the partulid popu- underlies this survival, not only for their individual conser- lations of Tahiti. He divided the island of Tahiti into five vation but because of the possible implications for the sur- subunits: Tahiti-Nui, comprising four quadrants (north, vival of the many endemic land snails across Oceania now south, east and west) and the peninsula Tahiti-Iti threatened by E. rosea (Régnier et al., ). (Taiarapu). Over four annual surveys during – he The inverse relationships of population size (Pimm et al., surveyed a large fraction of the coastal valleys present in ; Schoener & Spiller, ) and geographical range each geographical subunit: western, southern, (Payne & Finnegan, ; Cardillo et al., ) to extinction northern, eastern and in Tahiti-Iti. Crampton () risk have been well documented. Our initial hypothesis is did not detail his sampling methodology except to state therefore that P. hyalina and P. clara have survived because that he walked into each valley along the primary trails dur- they were the most abundant and/or widespread species in ing daylight hours, collecting snails from the adjacent trees Tahitian valleys and that they will eventually be driven to and vegetation. He was particularly interested in extinction by the predator. To test this, ideally we need a de- population-level variation and typically obtained large sam- tailed census of Tahitian partulid populations contempor- ple sizes (hundreds) from each valley. aneous with the introduction of E. rosea. Such a Modern-day surveys of Tahitian valleys for surviving resource is not available but we do have access to a partulids largely follow Crampton’s() methodology, ex- century-old dataset of Tahiti’s intact partulid populations. cept that the snails are much rarer and that more valleys During – Crampton () surveyed and collected have been surveyed (Coote, ). Each survey of a valley Tahitian valley tree snail populations, publishing a detailed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian Tree Snails (Partula Spp)
    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian tree snails (Partula spp) Edition 1.0 Publication date June 2019 Partula Snail EEP Species Committee Editor Dave Clarke, ZSL 2019_Partula sp_EAZA Best Practice Guidelines EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian tree snails (Partula spp) Terrestrial Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group TITAG Chair: Mark Bushell, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA [email protected] TITAG Vice-Chairs: Tamás Papp, Chester Zoo, Moston Rd, Upton, Chester CH2 1EU. [email protected] & Vítek Lukáš, Zoo Praha, U Trojského zámku 3/120, 171 00 Praha 7, Czechia. [email protected] EEP Co-ordinator: Paul Pearce-Kelly, ZSL [email protected] EEP Studbook keeper: Sam Aberdeen, ZSL [email protected] Edition 1.0 Publication date June 2019 (based on global Management Guidelines document Nov 2007 eds Pearce-Kelly, Blake, Goellner & Snider) Editor Dave Clarke, ZSL [email protected] Citation - Clarke, D., EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Partula snails. EAZA 2019 We acknowledge the invaluable input of all Partula snail EEP Species Committee members, SSP colleagues and global participating Partula collections. EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (June 2019) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable.
    [Show full text]
  • Boletin Del Instituto Estudios Asturianos
    DIPUTACION PROVINCIAL DE OVIEDO SUPLEMENTO DE CIENCIAS DEL BOLETIN DEL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ASTURIANOS N.° 23 OVIEDO 19 7 8 SUMARIO Páginas Análisis del crecimiento de los muchachos de Oviedo, por M. Fer­ nández Rico ............................................................................................ *........................ 3 Estudio de las diferencias de la sensibilidad gustativa para la P. T. C. en unas poblaciones aisladas de la Cantábrica, por Pedro Gómez Gómez. 25 Estudio dermopapilar de una población aislada de Asturias, porPe­ dro Gómez Gómez ......................................................................................................... 39 Análisis antropológico de los pliegues de la palma en asturianos, por J. E. Egocheaga Rodríguez ........................................................................................ 55 Nota sobre la presencia de cinco especies de los géneros Trifolium, Lotus y Medicago (fabaceae) nuevas para la flora asturiana, porM. A. A lvarez y M. M orey ..................................................................................................... 99 Cinco opistobranquios nuevos para la fauna Ibérica (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) colectados en Asturias, por J. A. Ortea ........................ 107 Estudios sobre los efectos del aislamiento en poblaciones de gasteró­ podos terrestres asturianos. I.° Composición específica de las poblacio­ nes, por Nuria Anadón y Emilio Anadón .......................................................... 121 Algunos datos sobre Morfología y Biología
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of a Vanishing Radiation
    Lee et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:202 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/202 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evolutionary history of a vanishing radiation: isolation-dependent persistence and diversification in Pacific Island partulid tree snails Taehwan Lee1, Jingchun Li1, Celia KC Churchill2 and Diarmaid Ó Foighil1* Abstract Background: Partulid tree snails are endemic to Pacific high islands and have experienced extraordinary rates of extinction in recent decades. Although they collectively range across a 10,000 km swath of Oceania, half of the family’s total species diversity is endemic to a single Eastern Pacific hot spot archipelago (the Society Islands) and all three partulid genera display highly distinctive distributions. Our goal was to investigate broad scale (range wide) and fine scale (within‐Society Islands) molecular phylogenetic relationships of the two widespread genera, Partula and Samoana. What can such data tell us regarding the genesis of such divergent generic distribution patterns, and nominal species diversity levels across Oceania? Results: Museum, captive (zoo) and contemporary field specimens enabled us to genotype 54 of the ~120 recognized species, including many extinct or extirpated taxa, from 14 archipelagoes. The genera Partula and Samoana are products of very distinct diversification processes. Originating at the western edge of the familial range, the derived genus Samoana is a relatively recent arrival in the far eastern archipelagoes (Society, Austral, Marquesas) where it exhibits a stepping‐stone phylogenetic pattern and has proven adept at both intra‐and inter‐ archipelago colonization. The pronounced east–west geographic disjunction exhibited by the genus Partula stems from a much older long-distance dispersal event and its high taxonomic diversity in the Society Islands is a product of a long history of within‐archipelago diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of the Fauna of French Polynesia: Diversification Within And
    Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008) 363, 3335–3346 doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0124 Published online 5 September 2008 Review Biogeography of the fauna of French Polynesia: diversification within and between a series of hot spot archipelagos Rosemary G. Gillespie1,*, Elin M. Claridge2 and Sara L. Goodacre3 1Department of Environmental Science, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA 2UC Berkeley Gump Research Station, BP 244, Maharepa, Moorea 98728, French Polynesia 3Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK The islands of French Polynesia cover an area the size of Europe, though total land area is smaller than Rhode Island. Each hot spot archipelago (Societies, Marquesas, Australs) is chronologically arranged. With the advent of molecular techniques, relatively precise estimations of timing and source of colonization have become feasible. We compile data for the region, first examining colonization (some lineages dispersed from the west, others from the east). Within archipelagos, blackflies (Simulium) provide the best example of adaptive radiation in the Societies, though a similar radiation occurs in weevils (Rhyncogonus). Both lineages indicate that Tahiti hosts the highest diversity. The more remote Marquesas show clear examples of adaptive radiation in birds, arthropods and snails. The Austral Islands, though generally depauperate, host astonishing diversity on the single island of Rapa, while lineages on other islands are generally widespread but with large genetic distances between islands. More recent human colonization has changed the face of Polynesian biogeography. Molecular markers highlight the rapidity of Polynesian human (plus commensal) migrations and the importance of admixture from other populations during the period of prehistoric human voyages.
    [Show full text]
  • 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
    The lUCN Species Survival Commission 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre PADU - MGs COPY DO NOT REMOVE lUCN The World Conservation Union lo-^2^ 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals lUCN WORLD CONSERVATION Tile World Conservation Union species susvival commission monitoring centre WWF i Suftanate of Oman 1NYZ5 TTieWlLDUFE CONSERVATION SOCIET'' PEOPLE'S TRISr BirdLife 9h: KX ENIUNGMEDSPEaES INTERNATIONAL fdreningen Chicago Zoulog k.J SnuicTy lUCN - The World Conservation Union lUCN - The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770 members in all, spread across 123 countries. - As a union, I UCN exists to serve its members to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, lUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. A central secretariat coordinates the lUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries. I UCN - The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting Improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Platydemus Manokwari Global Invasive Species Database (GISD)
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Platydemus manokwari Platydemus manokwari System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Tricladida Geoplanidae Common name snail-eating flatworm (English), Flachwurm (German), flatworm (English) Synonym Similar species Summary Worldwide land snail diversity is second only to that of arthropods. Tropical oceanic islands support unique land snail faunas with high endemism; biodiversity of land snails in Pacific islands is estimated to be around 5 000 species, most of which are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. Many are already under threat from the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea), an introduced predatory snail. They now face a newer but no less formidable threat, the introduced flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes). Both \"biocontrol\" species continue to be dispersed to new areas in attempts to control Achatina fulica. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description This flatworm has a uniform exterior appearance. The adult length is 40 to 65mm long, 4 to 7mm wide. The head end is more pointed than tail end. The flattened cross section has a thickness less than 2mm. The colour of the dorsal surface is very dark brown, almost black, with a thin medial pale line. The ventral surface is pale gray. (de Beauchamp, 1963). Notes A rhynchodemid flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, was discovered in New Guinea and originally described in 1962 (Kaneda Kitagawa and Ichinohe 1990). Little has been known of its biology except that it is nocturnal, and there apparently is no report on the rearing of this flatworm (Kaneda Kitagawa and Ichinohe 1990). Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Platydemus Pag.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Euthanasia Techniques for an Invertebrate Species, Land Snails (Succinea Putris)
    Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 55, No 5 Copyright 2016 September 2016 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 577–581 Evaluation of Euthanasia Techniques for an Invertebrate Species, Land Snails (Succinea putris) Cody R Gilbertson1 and Jeffrey D Wyatt2,* The euthanasia of invertebrates used in scientific investigations poses unanswered questions regarding the rapid induction of unconsciousness with minimal distress and pain. Relative to vertebrates, invertebrates’ sensory experience of pain, noci- ception, and physiologic response to aversive stimuli are poorly characterized. The scientific communities in the European Union, Canada, United States, Australia, and New Zealand join in consensus regarding the need to address alleviation of pain and distress in cephalopods (octopus, squid, and so forth), which have the best-characterized nervous system among invertebrates. In the current study, we evaluated various euthanasia techniques in a terrestrial gastropod species, with priority on animal wellbeing, scientific variability, feasibility in both field and laboratory settings, and acceptability by personnel. In addition, we demonstrated that the 2-step method of euthanasia described in the AVMA Guidelines as acceptable for aquatic invertebrates is effective for terrestrial snails and meets all welfare and scientific requirements. This 2-step method first induces anesthesia by immersion in 5% ethanol (laboratory-grade ethanol or beer) followed by immersion in a euthanizing and tissue-preserving solution of 70% to 95% ethanol or 10% neutral buffered formalin. Furthermore, alternative methods of euthanasia for terrestrial snails commonly used in field research, such as live immersion in concentrated ethanol or formalin, were shown to be unacceptable.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Causes of Population Decline in Captive Partula Clara And
    Investigating causes of population decline in captive Partula clara and Partula tohiveana Polynesian snails Ana Gouveia, Roamin Pizzi, Paul Pearce-Kelly, Donald MacFarlane, Dave Clarke, Shaheed MacGregor, Belinda Clark and Wayne Boardman. Zoological Society of London Abstract Partula species Polynesian tree snails are small Molluscs belonging to the class Gastropoda, order Stylommatophora, family Partulidae. They are a unique genus endemic to the Pacific region and more specifically to the Society Islands. There are over one hundred species of Partula snails described with 79 species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Fifty species are currently classified as extinct, 14 as extinct in the wild and 15 as critically endangered. Wild populations have declined since the introduction of a predatory snail, Euglandina rosea, introduced to control the also introduced Giant African land snail (Achatina fulica) which had become an agricultural pest. The London Zoo co-ordinates a worldwide captive breeding programme for Partula snails and occasional high mortality rates have occurred in a variety of species. While the extinction of Partula turgida in captivity has been postulated to have been due to a Microsoridian infection investigations in to the majority of other captive Partula species population declines have failed to identify causative diseases. A study of the population dynamics of a habitat generalist and a habitat specialist Partula species and the daily minimum and maximum temperature and humidly over a three year period was performed. At the same time histopathology of dead snails was performed to help eliminate the possibility of infectious diseases playing a role in the population declines.
    [Show full text]
  • Euglandina Rosea Global Invasive
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Euglandina rosea Euglandina rosea System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Mollusca Gastropoda Stylommatophora Spiraxidae Common name Rosige Wolfsschnecke (German), rosy wolf snail (English), cannibal snail (English) Synonym Similar species Summary The carnivorous rosy wolfsnail Euglandina rosea was introduced to Indian and Pacific Ocean Islands from the 1950s onwards as a biological control agent for the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). E. rosea is not host specific meaning that native molluscs species are at risk of expatriatioin or even extinction if this mollusc-eating snail is introduced. Partulid tree snails of the French Polynesian Islands were particularly affected; having evolved separately from each other in isolated valleys, many Partulid tree snails have been lost and today almost all the survivors exist only in zoos. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description The shell is large (up to 76 mm in height, 27.5 mm in diameter), thick and has prominent growth lines (University of Florida 2009). The shape of the shell is fusiform with a narrow ovate-lunate aperture and a truncated columella; typically, the shell color is brownish-pink (University of Florida 2009). Adult Euglandina grow from about seven to 10 cm long (Clifford et al. 2003). Habitat Description Euglandina rosea is usually found singly in hardwood forests, roadsides and urban gardens in its native range in Florida (Hubricht 1985, University of Florida 2009). Reproduction Euglandina rosea is a cross-fertilising egg-laying hermaphrodite. Chiu and Chou (1962, in Univeristy of Florida 2009) gave details of the biology of Euglandina in Taiwan. Individuals live up to 24 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Recipient's Name
    PRESS RELEASE For immediate release | December 15, 2014 Media contact: Gigi Allianic, Caileigh Robertson 206.548.2550 | [email protected] Shells and scales: three animals you’d never notice unless they were gone AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums are saving specieslarge and smallfrom extinction SEATTLEThey may not be as well-known by the 180 million people who visit Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA)-accredited zoos and aquariums each year, but desert pupfish, freshwater mussels, and Polynesian tree snails play important roles in their respective ecosystems. If not for the hard work of AZA-accredited institutions and their conservation partners, some of these and many other animals would already have vanished from the planet. With a growing number of human-influenced activities threatening animals around the world, including poaching, deforestation, and an expanding population that already exceeds 7 billion people, we are facing what some scientists call the “Sixth Extinction.” The 228 accredited members of AZA continue to build upon their history and expertise of saving endangered species, such as breeding programs that coordinate across many institutions to ensure healthy genetic and demographic diversity and partnerships with local, national, and international conservation organizations working on the recovery of these species. With escalating engagement by AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums and their partners, there is good news in the face of this extinction crisis. From the Florida manatee to the California condor, the Hawaiian crow to the Puerto Rican crested toad, and the Chinese alligator to the American bison, zoos and aquariums have been the leaders in putting efforts in place to protect these animals and dozens more.
    [Show full text]
  • Moluscos Terrestres Do Brasil (Gastrópodes Operculados Ou Não, Exclusive Veronicellidae, Milacidae E Limacidae)1
    Rev. Biol. Trop. 51 (Suppl. 3): 149-189, 2003 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Moluscos terrestres do Brasil (Gastrópodes operculados ou não, exclusive Veronicellidae, Milacidae e Limacidae)1 Norma Campos Salgado2 y Arnaldo C. dos Santos Coelho2 1 Contribuição 73, da Malacologia, Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil 2 Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristovão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: Studies on terrestrial prosobranchs (streptoneureans) and shelled pulmonates (euthyneureans) show the significant diversity of the Brazilian malacofauna. These mollusks are still poorly known, despite the increas- ing interest in the group that started in the XVIII century when land mollusks began to be collected and deposit- ed in scientific collections. The species are arranged in alphabetical order; the taxonomic combination is updat- ed when possible with the original and other bibliographic references. This checklist includes original study of specimens deposited in Brazilian, American and European collections, as well as names and additional data of important early naturalists and current researchers of the group. Species are here associated to their original ref- erences; geographical distribution and other taxonomic references were added to each. A total of 590 species were found (27 families and 95 genera). The systematic arrangement of suprageneric and generic taxa was based on Taylor & Sohl (1962), Thiele (1929-1931), Wenz (1938-1944) and Zilch (1959-1960). Breure (1973-1985) was especially useful regarding Bulimuloidea because the characteristics of some subgenera justified a raise to generic level.
    [Show full text]
  • 45-Jun-2017.Pdf
    Page 2 Vol. 45, No. 2 In 1972, a group of shell collectors saw the need for a nation- al organization devoted to the interests of shell collectors; to the beauty of shells, to their scientific aspects, and to the collecting and preser- vation of mollusks. This was the start of COA. Our membership includes AMERICAN CONCHOLOGIST, the official publication of the Conchol- novices, advanced collectors, scientists, and shell dealers from around the ogists of America, Inc., and issued as part of membership dues, is published world. In 1995, COA adopted a conservation resolution: Whereas there quarterly in March, June, September, and December, printed by JOHNSON are an estimated 100,000 species of living mollusks, many of great eco- PRESS OF AMERICA, INC. (JPA), 800 N. Court St., P.O. Box 592, Pontiac, IL 61764. All correspondence should go to the Editor. ISSN 1072-2440. nomic, ecological, and cultural importance to humans and whereas habitat Articles in AMERICAN CONCHOLOGIST may be reproduced with destruction and commercial fisheries have had serious effects on mollusk proper credit. We solicit comments, letters, and articles of interest to shell populations worldwide, and whereas modern conchology continues the collectors, subject to editing. Opinions expressed in “signed” articles are tradition of amateur naturalists exploring and documenting the natural those of the authors, and are not necessarily the opinions of Conchologists world, be it resolved that the Conchologists of America endorses respon- of America. All correspondence pertaining to articles published herein sible scientific collecting as a means of monitoring the status of mollusk or generated by reproduction of said articles should be directed to the Edi- species and populations and promoting informed decision making in tor.
    [Show full text]