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Ackno Wled G Ments A CKNO WLED G MENTS This book is the product of my 22 years as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at Columbia University. From 1954 to 1976, as the representative of the University and the Pulitzer Prize Board, I was privileged to oversee the day-by-day operation of the nomina- tion and selection process, to become familiar with the problems in both areas, and to form many close and enduring friendships in the profession as well as in the academic community associated with it. I am grateful to Columbia University, its Graduate School of Journalism, the Pulitzer Prize Board, and the Pulitzer Prize Administrator's Office for permitting me to put this volume together, and to Columbia University Press for publishing it. The selections and judgments, and whatever errors there are in concept and text, necessarily are entirely my own and I absolve all others of responsibility. My thanks in particular go to William J. McGill, president of Columbia University until his retirement in 1980; Osborn Elliott, dean, Columbia Graduate School of Journalism; Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., chairman, Pulitzer Prize Board; John Moore, director and edi- tor, Columbia University Press; William F. Bernhardt, associate executive editor of the Press, and my own highly capable and understanding editor at the Press, David Diefendorf. I could not, however, have produced this book without the help- fulness and friendship of my Columbia colleague and successor, Professor Richard T. Baker, administrator of the Prizes, and my two long-time associates in the Pulitzer Prize Office, Mrs. Rose xvi A CKNO WLEDGMENTS Valenstein and Mrs. Robin Holloway Kuzen, who responded so often and so effectively to my calls for help. Once again, I also acknowledge the assistance of the guardians of the Pulitzer Prize Collection, Wade Doares, the director of the Columbia Journalism Library, and his assistant, Jonathan Beard. I am sure that my work on this book, coming on top of my other responsibilities at the University of Tennessee, must have compli- cated the lives of my wife JoAnn Fogarty Hohenberg, and my children, Pamela Jo and Eric Wayne. Yet, regardless of the depth of my involvement, I was always able to count on their support. Surely, an author's family deserves a particular expression of gratitude, which I gladly convey to them. Finally, for permission to reprint articles, sections of articles, photographs, and cartoons, I want to thank the following and their news organizations, and I take note of the copyrighted nature of all the material involved. Jack Anderson, columnist, and David Hendlin, vice president and director, United Feature Syndicate; Lee Anderson, editor, the Chattanooga News-Free Press and Robin Hood, photographer, Office of the Governor, Nashville, Tn.; George Beveridge, senior assistant managing editor, the Washington Star; Barry Bingham, Sr., chairman of the board, the Courier-Journal and Louisville Times; Louis D. Boccardi, executive editor, the Associated Press; Robert T. Collins, president and publisher, Valley News Dispatch, Tarentum, Pa.; Donald E. Doyle, publisher-general manager, the Daily Gazette, Xenia, Ohio; Katherine Fanning, editor and publisher, Anchorage (Alaska) Daily News; William H. Fields, executive editor, the Atlanta Constitution; Earl W. Foell, manag- ing editor, the Christian Science Monitor, and Kathleen W. Allison, copyright and trademark administrator, the Christian Science Monitor (all Monitor articles reprinted by permission of the Christian Science Monitor and copyright in year of publication by the Christian Science Monitor Publishing Society, all rights reserved); Donald H. Forst, editor, Boston Herald American; Herblock and Jean Rickard of Herblock Cartoons, the Washington Post (Mr. Block's cartoon © 1978 by Herblock in the Washington Post); Seymour M. Hersh, Room 1236 National Press Building, Washington, D.C., and Dispatch News Service; William H. A CKNO WLEDGMENTS xvii Hornby, editor, Denver Post, and Paul Conrad for Mr. Conrad's 1963 Denver Post cartoon, also Johnnie M. Walker of the Los Angeles Times Syndicate which circulated the cartoon (Mr. Conrad's cartoon copyright in year of publication, all rights reserved); John H. Johnson, president and editor of Johnson Pub- lishing Company and Moneta Sleet, Jr., for Mr. Sleet's picture, which is reprinted by permission of Ebony magazine and copyright 1968 by Johnson Publishing Company; Kenneth P. Johnson, executive vice president and editor, Dallas Times Herald; Thomas A. Kelly, editor, the Palm Beach Post; Fred Kinne, editor, San Diego Evening Tribune; Clayton Kirkpatrick, executive vice president and editor, Chicago Tribune, and William Jones, managing editor, news, Chicago Tribune; Howard Kleinberg, edi- tor, Miami News; John S. Knight, editor emeritus, Knight-Ridder Newspapers Inc.; David Laventhol, publisher, Newsday; David Lawrence, Jr., executive editor, Detroit Free Press; John E. Leard, vice president and executive editor, Richmond Times-Dispatch and Richmond News Leader; Warren L. Lerude, publisher, Nevada State Journal and Reno Evening Gazette; Richard H. Leonard, editor, Milwaukee Journal; John McMullan, executive editor, Miami Herald; Michael J. O'Neill, editor, and John H. Metcalfe, assistant to the editor, New York Daily News; Richard A. Oppel, editor, the Charlotte Observer; Ralph Otwell, editor, the Chicago Sun-Times; Eugene C. Patterson, president and editor, the St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times; Warren H. Phillips, chairman of the board and president, the Wall Street Journal, and Peter R. Kann, associate publisher; Paul A. Poorman, editor and vice president, Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal, and the particular assistance of the former executive editor of the Beacon Journal, Robert H. Giles, now the executive editor of the Rochester (N.Y.) Democrat & Chronicle and the Times-Union; John C. Quinn, senior vice president and chief news executive, the Gannett Co., Inc., with particular assistance from Paul Miller, director, the Gannett Co., Inc., and Don 0. Noel, Jr., of Hartford, Ct.; Gene Roberts, executive editor, the Philadelphia Inquirer; A. M. Rosenthal, executive editor, the New York Times; Howard Simons, managing editor, the Washington Post; John H. Stauffer, editor and general manager, the Topeka Capital Journal; H. L. xviii A CKNO WLEDGMENTS Stevenson, vice president and editor-in-chief, United Press International; William F. Thomas, executive vice president and editor, the Los Angeles Times, with Cheryl Preston of the Times1 s Permissions Department, Paul Conrad, and Johnnie M. Walker of the Los Angeles Times Syndicate (all Los Angeles Times articles © in the year of publication and reprinted by permission, Mr. Conrad's Los Angeles Times cartoon 1970, and reprinted by per- mission); Garry Trudeau and Sara Hurley of the Permissions Department of Universal Press Syndicate; Thomas Winship, edi- tor, Boston Globe, and S. J. Micciche, associate editor. THE PULITZER PRIZE STORY II INTRODUCTION: THE PULITZER PRIZES IN A TIME OF TRIAL AND TESTING FOR AMERICA The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism for 1959-1980, the years covered by this book, reflect one of the most difficult and dan- gerous eras in American history. It was the period of the nation's most disastrous foreign war, and of a thunderous social upheaval at home. More than that, it was marked by the assassination of one President, the involuntary retirement of a second, the disgrace and resignation of a third, and the unelected accession of a fourth. It was, in short, a time of trial and testing for America. Manifestly, in presenting the face of so troubled an age, the press in a very real sense had need of the Constitutional guarantees of its freedom to gather, process, and distribute the news to the people of the United States. But ironically, this was also the period in which pressures inside and outside government increased enormously to regulate news- papers by one means or another—or force them into unacceptable forms of self-regulation. That was the salient difference in the circumstances under which numerous Pulitzer Prizes were awarded in 1959-1980, as compared with the period from 1917-1958, which was illustrated in my earlier volume, The Pulitzer Prize Story. 2 INTRODUCTION The press had not encountered such virulent hostility in this country since the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. The courts restricted press coverage of criminal trials by closing pretrial proceedings and, in some cases, even ejecting reporters from open court. The police, under court sanction, exercised an unprecedented authority to raid newsrooms without a search warrant to seek evi- dence of the commission of crimes. Reporters were sent to jail for indefinite periods because they remained faithful to the principle of protecting confidential sources and refused to disclose their informants' identities under court order. At least one newspaper, the New York Times, was heavily fined for supporting that principle, and others were threatened by irate judges with similar treatment. In the Congress, the Senate passed and sent to the House a viciously restrictive bill that would, if it is finally enacted in the Senate-approved form, be the virtual equivalent of Britain's crip- pling Official Secrets Acts. As for the executive branch, four separate administrations raised the cry of national security to attempt to justify suppress- ing—even falsifying—the news or issuing misleading information. Going into the critical decade of the 1980s, both the Supreme Court and the Congress showed some willingness to ease these pressures.
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