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Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze dell’Antichità ciclo 29° Tesi di Ricerca Stable Isotope Analysis of Human and Faunal Remains. A Palaeodietary Investigation into Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Cyprus. SSD: L-ANT/01 Coordinatore del Dottorato Ch. Prof. Luigi Sperti Supervisore Ch. Prof. Filippo Maria Carinci Dottorando Caterina Scirè Calabrisotto Matricola 956139 1. Abstract Studente: Caterina Scirè Calabrisotto matricola: 956139 Dottorato: Scienze dell’Antichità Ciclo: 29° Titolo della tesi: Stable Isotope Analysis of Human and Faunal Remains. A Palaeodietary Investigation into Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Cyprus. Abstract: This study focuses on the Chalcolithic and Early to Middle Bronze Age periods of Cypriot prehistory (ca. 3900-1650 BC) and utilises stable light isotope analysis of bone and teeth to explore issues of diet and subsistence economy. A total of 100 human and animal skeletal samples from eight archaeological sites pertaining to the investigated period have been processed. Measurements were conducted either on bone and dentine collagen (C, N) or on tooth enamel carbonate (C, O). The new isotopic dataset is discussed within the frame of three main research aims: 1) to investigate possible dietary differences among the selected prehistoric communities, distinguishing between the Chalcolithic and the Early to Middle Bronze Age periods; 2) to clarify whether the pre and proto-historic inhabitants of Cyprus also relied on freshwater and marine foods; 3) to identify possible individual patterns of consumption, especially gender-related differences in the diet. Firma dello studente i 2. Acknowledgements This work of thesis has benefited from the support and advice of many people. Firstly, I must thank my supervisor, Prof. Filippo Maria Carinci, for placing his trust and confidence in my abilities to carry out this research. I would like to express special thanks to the acting directors of the Department of Antiquity of Cyprus – Dr. Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou and Dr. Despo Pilides – and to the numerous archaeologists who have granted me permission to sample and analyse the skeletal material recovered at the archaeological sites included within this study: Demetra Aristotelous, Luca Bombardieri, Polina Christofi, David Frankel, Jennifer Webb, Edgar Peltenburg, Andrew Sneddon, Ian Todd, Alison South and Yiannis Violaris. My deepest and sincere gratitude goes to Popi Chrysostomou for her willingness in assisting me during the sampling procedure and easing bureaucratic practices. Along these lines, I must thank Derek C. Benedix, Paul Croft and David Reese for providing valuable advice in the sampling of the faunal remains. I would like to acknowledge Paola Ricci, Carmine Lubritto and the staff of the IRMS Laboratory of the Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche of the Seconda Università di Napoli for helping me in preparing and measuring most of the bone samples. Very special thanks go to Julia Lee-Thorp for supporting my internship at the RLAHA Laboratory of the University of Oxford and offering helpful suggestions to improve this dissertation. Thanks are also due to Ian Cartwright for his help with the photographic documentation of teeth and to Peter Ditchfield and David Peat for their patience and support in the preparation and measurement of the samples I have analysed at the RLAHA. I also thank Gwenaëlle Goude from the Laboratoire méditerranéen de préhistoire Europe Afrique (Aix-en-Provence) for providing useful details on her isotopic work in Cyprus. Finally and foremost, I must thank my family and my friends for their constant encouragement and full support in completing this research project. I owe special thanks to Antonio G. Santoro for his informatics and statistical advice and for supporting me through every stage of this work. Grateful thanks must go to the organisations who have given me financial support: the Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute for awarding me the Anita Cecil O’Donovan fellowship and the Scottish Archaeological Research Framework for supporting a conference visit. ii 3. Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. ii Contents ............................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. ................................................................ 8 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2. The island of Cyprus ............................................................................................ 8 2.2.1. Topography and geology ...................................................................................... 9 2.2.2. Hydrology ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3. Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 11 2.2.4. Climate ............................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Palaeoenvironment ............................................................................................. 14 2.3.1. Climatic reconstruction....................................................................................... 15 2.3.2. Sea-level fluctuations ......................................................................................... 17 2.3.3. Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................. 18 2.4. Investigated regions ............................................................................................ 20 2.4.1. The Ktima lowlands ........................................................................................... 20 2.4.2. The Southern Chalk Plateaus .............................................................................. 21 a. Kouris River valley ......................................................................................... 21 b. Vasilikos River valley ..................................................................................... 23 2.4.3. Central lowlands ................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT. ......................... 25 iii 3.1. Chalcolithic ......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1. Settlements, architecture and material culture .................................................... 26 3.1.2. Subsistence economy .......................................................................................... 30 3.2. Transition to the Bronze Age: the Philia phase .................................................. 32 3.3. The Early and Middle Bronze Ages ................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Settlements, architecture and material culture .................................................... 34 3.3.2. Subsistence economy .......................................................................................... 36 3.4. Chronology ......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY. ..................................................................................... 40 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 40 4.2. Stable isotopes: terminology, notation and measurement .................................. 41 4.3. Palaeodiet reconstruction with carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes .................. 44 4.3.1. Principles of diet reconstruction from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios 45 a. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems .... 46 b. Factors affecting δ13C and δ15N values of dietary resources .......................... 49 4.3.2. Stable isotope analysis of bone and teeth ........................................................... 50 4.4. Materials and methods ........................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER 5. DIET IN THE CHALCOLITHIC: STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. ...................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 57 5.2. Investigated sites ................................................................................................ 58 5.2.1. ERIMI-PAMBOULA ......................................................................................... 58 a. Chronology ....................................................................................................
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    Name Outlet Address Location Phone 16 DEKAEXI ONASAGOROU 16, STOA KLOKKARI NICOSIA 99377297, 2nd line:22662227 20-4-7 YPERAGORA GREGORIOU ANAGNOSTOPOULOU 12 NICOSIA 99221854, 2nd line:22324422 34 THE SHOP ARCH MAKARIOU AVE 17 NICOSIA 22758428 371 BOUTIQUE ARCH MAKARIOU III 25, SHOP 2 NICOSIA 99275247 48 BISTRO MAKARIOS AVE 48 NICOSIA 99680441 5 A SEC DRY CLEANING IFIGENIAS 46, SHOP H-Z NICOSIA 22261631, 2nd line:99340478 7 STARS PIZZA PERIKLEOUS 13, SHOP B-C NICOSIA 99485303 96SPORTSMANIA ARCH. MAKARIOU III 27C NICOSIA 22525390, 2nd line:99547499 A & A OPTICAL CENTER HOMER AVE.29A NICOSIA 22664853, 2nd line:99646775 A MAVRIS & SONS LTD (EPIP ERODOTOU 13, GERI NICOSIA 22430384, 2nd line:99442992 A&A ANTONIOU PHARMACIES L LEOF. GERIOU 26 NICOSIA 22487810, 2nd line:99963081 A&A DOROS PERFOMANCE TUNI KYRIAKOU MATSI 98 NICOSIA 22591212, 2nd line:99406106 A&X ANTONIOU ARSINOES 11C NICOSIA 22490777 A. KRONFOUL TRADING LTD DIOS 4C, LATSIA INDUSTRIAL AREA NICOSIA 22489084, 2nd line:99888069 A. KRONFOUL TRADING LTD GONIA EVRIPIDOU & ONASAGOROU NICOSIA 22681894 A. KRONFOUL TRADING LTD GREGORI AFXENTIOU 65 A-Z NICOSIA 22344032 A. KXOFFEE PROJECT PINDAROU 29D NICOSIA 99559776, 2nd line:22831324 A. TSIAPINIS YPERAGORA MAKARIOU 16 NICOSIA 22832392, 2nd line:99683675 A.A. SPORTRACING LTD ARCHANGELOU MICHAEL 40B NICOSIA 22872838, 2nd line:99420067 A.A.PAZZOLI LTD 28TH OCTOBER STREET 56D NICOSIA 22358004, 2nd line:22358004 A.C. NICOLAOU BLINDS LTD ATHALASSIS AVENUE 76A NICOSIA 22513139, 2nd line:22621119 A.C.I. CAR SCAN SERVICES AYIOU ILARIONOS 24D, KAIMAKLI NICOSIA 22430100, 2nd line:99676991 A.CH. BEAUTY & FITNESS LT EVANTHOUS 24 NICOSIA 22459900, 2nd line:24819525 A.I.MOTOKINISI LTD SERVIC MEGARON 15 NICOSIA 22353994, 2nd line:77771911 A.KANAKA AKTINOLOGIKO KYRIAKOU MATSI AVE 11, NIKIS CENTRE 2ND FLOOR NICOSIA 22318600 A.M.P.M.
  • Map 72 Cyprus Compiled by D

    Map 72 Cyprus Compiled by D

    Map 72 Cyprus Compiled by D. Rupp, 1994 Introduction Many factors, both ancient and not so ancient, have contributed to the cultural map that can be constructed of Cyprus between 1100 B.C. and A.D. 640. Before the beginning of the third century B.C. the island remained on the periphery of the Greek world. Only then did hellenization begin to permeate its entire society, not just the elite in the urban centers of some of the Iron Age kingdoms. Political and economic ties with the Levant, as well as cultural influences, had contributed significantly to shaping the Cypriote landscape in the Iron Age. Until hellenization irrevocably transformed Cypriote society and its use of the landscape in the Hellenistic period, the historical geography of the island must be understood in its own indigenous terms. Aside from the principal urban centers of the Iron Age kingdoms, Greek and Roman sources do not provide a wealth of detailed information on the geography of Cyprus. Extant epigraphical sources are likewise relatively mute on this topic. It is thus archaeology that must be employed as the primary source for historical geography. In the later nineteenth century, the plundering of chamber tombs and of rural sanctuaries under the guise of research was the norm in Cypriote archaeology. Although subsequently this regrettable approach was abandoned and the scientific excavation of kingdom centers commenced, fascination with the material culture revealed by tombs and by sanctuaries continued unabated. As a result, while there now exists a wealth of evidence for their location, overall distribution patterns and periods of occupation, by contrast the location, size and nature of settlements is much less well understood.