Development of an Integrated Water Monitoring Programme And

Development of an Integrated Water Monitoring Programme and development of associated databases supporting the implementation of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC in Cyprus

Contract No. 46/2005

FINAL

Report of Activity 2.4 – “Elaboration of a monitoring programme”

July, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements iii 1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

2. OVERVIEW OF THE MONITORING PROGRAMMES ...... 3

3. RIVER WATER BODIES ...... 9 3.1 SURVEILLANCE MONITORING NETWORK 9 3.2 OPERATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK 12 3.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY 16 3.4 GROUPING OF RIVER WATER BODIES 23 3.5 SUMMARY TABLES FOR RWBs MONITORING PROGRAMME 28

4. LAKE WATER BODIES ...... 29 4.1 SURVEILLANCE MONITORING NETWORK 29 4.2 OPERATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK 29 4.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY 32 4.4 ADDITIONAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR LAKES (DRINKING WATER – PROTECTED AREAS) 37 4.5 GROUPING OF LAKE WATER BODIES 38 4.6 SUMMARY TABLES FOR LWBs MONITORING PROGRAMME 39

5. COASTAL WATER BODIES...... 40 5.1 SURVEILLANCE MONITORING NETWORK 40 5.2 OPERATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK 41 5.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY 43 5.4 GROUPING OF COASTAL WATER BODIES 46 5.5 SUMMARY TABLES FOR CWBs MONITORING PROGRAMME 48

6. GROUND WATER BODIES ...... 49 6.1 QUALITATIVE MONITORING NETWORK 49 6.2 QUANTITATIVE MONITORING NETWORK 50 6.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY 50 6.4 SUMMARY TABLE FOR GWBs MONITORING PROGRAMME 69

7. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS ...... 70

8. COST ASSESSMENT...... 76

9. REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES RAISED AND SOLVED...... 79 9.1 TECHNICAL KEY ISSUES 79 9.2 INSTITUTIONAL KEY ISSUES 83

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: Maps of proposed monitoring programmes MAP 1: WFD Monitoring Programme MAP 2: Surface Water Bodies Monitoring Programme MAP 2: Ground Water Bodies Monitoring Programme APPENDIX II: Organisation Chart APPENDIX III: Cost Assessment Tables

Acknowledgements Ms N. Kotronarou of the National Observatory of Athens (IERSD/NOA) as Project Manager and Ms M. Panaretou, Hydrologist of the Water Development Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment as Project Coordinator manage this project. Valuable support for the execution of the study was received from the Water Development Department of MANRE as the implementing Agency, the Department of Fisheries and Marine Research of MANRE and the State General Laboratory of the Ministry of Health as the co-operating Agencies as well as from other agencies having a role in water monitoring and other Governmental Departments and Institutions the assistance of which is greatly appreciated. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following authorities for their contribution to the project in terms of supply of data, information and suggestions: • Water Development Department (WDD) • Department of Fisheries and Marine Research (DFMR) • General State Laboratory (SGL) • Department of Geological Survey (GSD) • Environment Service (ES) • Department of Agriculture (DA) • Department of Forests (DoF) • Meteorological Service Department (MS) • Medical Services Department

The project gratefully received important and personal input from:

Myroulla Hadjichristoforou, Marine Biologist (DFMR) Marina Argyrou, Marine Biologist (DFMR) Stella Michaelidou Senior Chemist (SGL) Maro Christodoulidou, Chemist, (SGL) Costas Constantinou, Hydrogeologist (GSD) Christos Christofi, Geologist (GSD) Antonis Antoniou, Senior Environment Officer (ES) Chrystala Stylianou Environment Officer (ES) Stefanos Papatryphonos, Senior Hydrogeologist (WDD) Andreas Christodoulides, Senior Hydrogeologist (WDD) Pambos Demetriou, Hydrologist (WDD) Nikodimos Nikodimou, Senior Water Engineer, (WDD) Kyriakos Spanos, Senior Water Engineer, (WDD) Gerard Doflinger, Hydrologist (WDD)

In addition, many other professionals contributed to this project. A list of these professionals, which is by no means exhaustive, follows: Antonis Koussis (IERSD/NOA) Anthoula Shamma (WDD) Vaggelis Akylas (IERSD/NOA) Antonis Kolios (WDD) Adonis Georgiou (Project Management) Elias Despotis(WDD) Andreas Xatzivasilis (MedServ) Solon Kyprou (WDD) George Savva (MedServ) Charalambos Fylaktou (WDD) George Koumouris (MedServ) Themis Agkastiniotis (WDD) Loizos Hadjioannou (MS) Theodoulos Dionysiou (WDD) Stelios Pashiardis (MS) Nikos Nikolaou (WDD) Chrystalla Christodoulou (MS) Christakis Nicolaou (WDD) Agathi Anastasi (SGL) George Ioannou (WDD) Sylvia Nikolaou (SGL) Charalambos Ioannou (WDD) Theodosia Iracleous (GSD) Costas Constantinou (WDD) Froso Louca (WDD) Nikos Neophytou (WDD) Giannakis Papachristodoulou (WDD) Takis Aspris (WDD) Kyros Savides (WDD) Frixos Papouris (WDD) Vasoula Siamarou-Maragkou (WDD) Nikos Nikolaou (WDD)

iii

1. INTRODUCTION

As described in the Terms of Reference of the project “Development of integrated water monitoring programme and development of associated databases supporting the implementation of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60.EC in Cyprus” Contract C No. 46/2005, this is the Draft Final Report of Activity 2.4 – “Elaboration of a monitoring programme” which is part of the Activity Scheme 2 – “Monitoring programmes developed and Action Plan prepared”.

Following the requirements of Article 8 of WFD, a monitoring programme for all the water bodies of Cyprus is elaborated and it is described in this report. The monitoring programme is based on the identified objectives and required outcomes of the Directive and it builds upon the outcome of Activity Scheme 1 and 2 (Activities 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) and provides a programme, which fulfils the requirements of WFD and satisfies to an extent future water management requirements in order to contribute in the preparation of efficient and effective management plans in the future. This monitoring programme differs from the one approved by the PSC in October (Activities 2.2 and 2.3). The main factors that led to the reassessment of the approved by the PSC monitoring programme are the following: Feasibility of immediate implementation The adopted by the PSC programme has been reassessed due to feasibility reasons. The Client has provided information about the available personnel that could participate immediately in the implementation of the monitoring programme. According to this information and taking into account the minimum WFD requirements, the programme has been adapted in order to be implementable. Field visit The information collected during the extensive field visit, (20/11/06-4/12/06), assisted to the optimization of the adopted by PSC monitoring programme. The visit to all sites was useful so as to exclude the river sites that do not have a distinctive river bed and those that due to lack of flow for most of the year cannot provide confident results. European Commission evaluation of the Cyprus WFD Article 3 report The evaluation of Cyprus WFD Article 3 report has led to a significant reduction of hydrographic network of Cyprus, at least for the needs of WFD Article 3, limiting the network to the main branches of 16 rivers. The reassessed monitoring programme provides full coverage of these rivers, expanding in only a few additional basins.

Taking into account all the above, the current report provides information about the following:

Number and location information on all sampling sites. The sites are identified with specific coordinates for rivers and groundwaters Sampling parameters (quality elements - QEs) Frequency of sampling

1 Assessment of the resources required for the implementation of the programme Review of the main key issues i.e. issues that were “open” and had a strong influence on the successful implementation of the programme. A decision upon them was taken in order to finalise the Action Plan of the Monitoring Programme. Few of them needed to be decided upon before the finalisation of the EU Summary Report that has already been submitted and approved by the Client. After two PSC meetings (December and March) and extensive discussions, all issues have been resolved. A description of these key issues is given, together with alternative options, followed by the Consultant’s opinion and the Client’s decision. The key issues in brief are: Technical: o Starting point for the full implementation of the monitoring programme o Priority and Other Substances selection o Frequency of monitoring for priority substances in surface waters o Supplementary research programmes for the investigation of BQEs adequacy as WBs quality status indicators Institutional: o River sampling (QEs) o River sampling – monitoring sites of Decision 77/795 o Reservoir (LWBs) BQEs monitoring o Groundwater monitoring o Need for additional personnel

According to the TOR of the project the main deliverable of activity Scheme 2.4 is the detailed Action Plan of the programme implementation. The Action Plan is the end result of this report (Report of Activity 2.4) containing clearly identified tasks, responsibilities and the timetable for all monitoring activities for the period of June 2007 to December 2008. In addition, the information presented in this Report, as well as in the Action Plan is in agreement to the EU Summary Report that was approved by the Minister (MANRE) for submission to EU on the 25th of April 2007.

2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE MONITORING PROGRAMMES

According to WFD, monitoring programmes need to be operational by the end of 2006. In the Action Plan a timeschedule is given for the first period of implementation (June 2007 –starting point for full implementation- to December 2008) of the monitoring programmes. The monitoring programme has an evolving character and can be adjusted after evaluating the obtained results and prior to the next monitoring cycle. Various factors affect the design, the monitoring stations, the parameters and the sampling frequency of a monitoring programme. These factors and principles are described in the following chapters. One of the most important strategic principles for the design of monitoring programmes is to achieve a balance between 1) the cost, institutional and technical feasibility of implementation and 2) the level of risk, precision and confidence of the programme. The output of this process is presented in this report. It has to be stressed that the proposed programmes are in compliance with WFD, contain no significant risks in their implementation (with regard mainly to BQEs proposed, which are supported in their applicability either by Intercalibration Programme or by the literature and experience to similar conditions), and are adjusted to conform to the present technical and institutional capacity of the Client. In order to assure the WFD compliance, the Client initiated in April 2007 the implementation of two additional research programmes on BQEs (macrophytes and diatoms in rivers). These two research-investigative programmes were included in the Summary Report to be communicated to the EU. In addition, in the 1st draft of this report, a supplementary screening programme on Priority and Other Substances was included with the aim to collect baseline data that would support the selection of these substances and the frequency as proposed in the programmes. It was decided by the Client that this programme will not be initiated at present and will not be included in the EU Summary Report, but if the EU requires more supporting data on PS and OS selection, then the Client can decide to initiate in any time the proposed supplementary programme.

The general approach adopted for designing the surface water bodies monitoring programme can be summarised on the basis of the following: • A satisfactory percentage of the water bodies is included in the surveillance monitoring and of the water bodies at risk in the operational monitoring. Aggregation and grouping was carried out for water bodies with comparable geography, hydrology, geomorphology, human pressure, typology and risk status. • With respect to selection of quality elements, according to the provisions of the Directive, in addition to biological, hydro-morphological and general physico-chemical elements, priority substances that are discharged into the river basin or sub-basins are also monitored. Additional (other) substances are included if they are discharged in significant quantities in the river basin or sub-basin. No definition of ‘significance’ is given in the WFD, but quantities that could compromise the achievement of one of the Directive’s objectives

3 are clearly significant. The substances that are expected to be present on the basis of the ongoing activities, mainly industrial and agricultural but also mines, dump sites, livestock etc, are included. • With respect to the Biological Quality Elements (BQEs), the climate and geomorphology of Cyprus differentiate the natural ecological conditions of its river and lake water bodies from those elsewhere in Europe, even from those in the Mediterranean ecoregion and place them rather at the extremes of the Mediterranean river and lake water bodies. In this respect it has to be noted that for reporting purposes, Cyprus has been acknowledged by EU as a different independent ecoregion and also it has been officially given (together with Malta) the status of a country with scarce water resources. The main differentiating points are the following: − There are only shallow, narrow, mostly mountainous rivers with mostly lotic character. − There are no continuous rivers, but only rivers with continuous flow at certain parts. Out of 206 designated river water bodies, only 17 were designated as type R2: large rain volume with a continuous flow. − There are no natural fresh water lakes, only highly managed reservoirs with wide water level fluctuations (11 designated, type L4) and storage basins (one designated, type L5). − The salt and brackish lakes (types L1 and L2) reach an unusually high salinity, not matched by any water body in Europe and certainly rare at world level. There are very few organisms which are able to survive these salinities and which are suited to the drying out and filling up regimes of these lakes. The applicability of certain BQEs in Cyprus may be compromised by the natural conditions of water bodies which may preclude the presence or proliferation of certain organisms. In addition, Cyprus has only recently become a full Member State of the EU and, although having incorporated the relevant legislation for water quality and natural environment conservation, is still in the process of developing ecological monitoring methods which had never been applied in the country before. Certain organism groups have been studied to some extent but they have never been used as ecological indicators, while other groups have never been studied before. The main points are: − There are no data regarding phytobenthos for river water bodies (there is an ongoing exploratory project). − There are few data on macrophytes for river water bodies, but no indices have been developed yet (there is an ongoing exploratory project); − There are few data on phytoplankton, mainly chlorophyll-a, for lake water bodies. For chlorophyll-a biomass there is a developed sampling methodology. − For river water bodies, efforts have been made for index development on macroinvertebrates, although a lot of work is still required. − The two BQEs regarding macroinvertebrates and phytoplankton are the only ones included in the ongoing Intercalibration Exercise for rivers and lakes respectively.

4 − There has not been any previous attempt to set-up an ecological classification scheme based on one or multiple indicators. − There are few data on the ecology of the flora and fauna of intermittent rivers (type RM5, typology R1 and R3) at Mediterranean and European level and no data at all for Cyprus. Although these rivers constitute the vast majority of river water bodies in Cyprus, they have not been included in the Intercalibration Exercise. Further work on these aspects is expected through the Intercalibration Exercise (there is an ongoing exploratory project). Given the above, it is necessary that the entire biological monitoring system, especially for rivers, in Cyprus is developed from the beginning. The fact that no assessment methods for any BQEs have been established for Cyprus, makes monitoring for these BOEs meaningless as it is not known which parameter must be observed and which characteristic related to specific pressures must be measured. For this reason, to begin with, Cyprus intends to monitor certain BQEs while at the same time conducting explorative research projects (investigative monitoring) for other BQEs. As far as fish is concerned, the only fish species occurring in the rivers of Cyprus is Anguilla anguilla, an amphihaline species which spends part of its young life until maturation in internal fresh waters. Anguilla anguilla is native in Cyprus, yet there is no study of its occurrence or other aspects of its biology on the island. It is not possible to base any type of ecological quality monitoring on one fish species. Macroinvertebrates will be the BQE monitored in rivers, based on the knowledge and experience gained through the relevant Intercalibration Programmes. Phytobenthos using diatoms and aquatic macrophytes are the subject of special exploratory research programmes in rivers, which are ongoing and are expected to produce results by the end of 2008. The applicability of these BQEs in the conditions of Cyprus is being investigated and relevant work on specific indices, reference conditions and quality ratios will be carried out. For fresh water artificial and heavily modified lake water bodies, i.e. lake water body types L4 (connected deep reservoir) and L5 (shallow storage basin), both for surveillance and operational monitoring the only one BQE proposed is phytoplankton (Biomass: Chl-a, total biovolume, % Cyanobacteria, Composition). The only biological quality element adopted by the L-M GIG (Lakes-Mediterranean, Geographical Intercalibration Groups) for the Intercalibration Exercise is phytoplankton, since it has wide use in water quality assessments in reservoirs while other BQEs were considered not applicable (Serrano, 2006). The use of macrophytes in reservoirs does not apply because the typical seasonal variations in water level do not allow their development. For the same reason and because they are deep water bodies, phytobenthos does not apply either. In addition, the applicability of benthic macroinvertebrates in lakes in Europe is considered low, mainly due to the lack of information for comparison with references. Fish are not included due to the absence of natural diversity in species and populations in Cyprus. Table 2.1 summarises the BQEs to be monitored in Cyprus through surveillance and/or operational and/or investigative monitoring.

5 Table 2.1: BQEs planned monitoring in Cyprus

Biological Quality Proposed Monitoring Element Rivers Lakes Coastal (Annex V.1.2)

Invertebrate fauna monitor (Benthic (intercalibration N/A monitor Invertebrates) methodology)

Fish N/A N/A N/A

Phytobenthos (usually investigative N/A N/A diatoms)

Macrophytes investigative N/A monitor (macroalgae)

Macrophytes N/A N/A monitor (angiosperms)

monitor (intercalibration monitor Phytoplankton N/A methodology for types L4, L5 and (chlorophyll-a) chlorophyll-a for types L1, L2)

Zooplankton (non monitor (only for types L1, L2) WFD mandatory BQE)

• As far as the sampling frequency is concerned, the guiding principle is to obtain an adequate number of data (by an appropriate combination of frequencies and number of locations) for reliable statistical evaluations and to achieve the goals stipulated in the Directive. This is of particular relevance for monitoring stations serving purposes such as verification of doubtful pressure and impact assessments and/or estimation of long-term trends (surveillance) and evaluation of the effectiveness of specific measures (operational).

In table 2.2, information about the total number of surface monitoring sites (surveillance and operational) is provided as well as the percent of coverage of the water bodies.

Table 2.2: Overall presentation of surface water bodies monitoring programme No of sites No of Number of % of coverage surveillance operational monitoring monitoring sites sites River WBs 31 19 12 13% (27/216) Lake WBs 11 10 1 61% (11/18) Coastal WBs 8 7 1 32% (8/25)

In table 2.3 the quality elements proposed to be monitored in the frame of the surface waters monitoring programmes are presented.

6 Table 2.3: Presentation of parameters – quality elements to be monitored in surface water bodies

Quality Elements

Biological Priority substances Other substances Chlorinated Macroinvertebrates Alachlor Chlorides hydrocarbons Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Heptachlor 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Faecal Phytoplankton Atrazine Coliforms Styrene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene Heptachlor Epoxide Diethyl phthalate Macroalgae Chlorfevinphos Total Coliforms PCBs 1,4-Dichlorobenzene HCH-alpha Fluorene 4-Chlorophenylphenyl Angiosperms Diuron Salmonella Toluene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene HCH-beta ether Endosulfan BOD Xylene Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether Hexachlorobenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Hydromorphological Hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) Dissolved BOD Trichloroethylene Hexachloroethane Formothion Phenanthrene Hydrological regime Isoproturon E.Coli Trichloroethene N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine Parathion methyl Benzo(ghi)perylene Tidal regime Simazine Cu Organic Micropollutants Nitrobenzene Fenitrothion Benzo(a)pyrene River continuity Trifluralin Zn Methyl chloride Isophorone Fention Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Bis(2- Morphological conditions Cd Fe Petroleum hydrocarbons chloroethoxy)methane Chloropyrifos Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene General physico- Pb S Linuron 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Methidathion Azobenzene chemical Hg Cr Propazine Naphthalene Ethion. Fenthion Pyrene Temperature Ni As DDTs Hexachlorobutadiene Ainphos methyl Butyl benzyl phthalate Dissolved Oxygen Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Co DDEs Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Azinphos ethyl Benzo(a)anthracene 4-Bromophenylphenyl Electrical Conductivity Phenols (nonylphenols, octylphenols) Mn DDDs 2-Chloronaphthalene Chrysene ether PH Napthetic substances (Naphthalene) Ti Aldrin Dimethyl phthalate Hexachlorobenzene Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Total-P V Dieldrin Acenaphthylene Fluoranthene Di-n-octyl phthalate Soluble reactive - P Sn Endrin 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Total-N Acenaphthene Di-n-butyl phthalate Benzo(k)fluoranthene Nitrate-Nitrite Ammonium

7 Respectively for ground water bodies following the general WFD and relative guidance document principles, the rationale adopted for the design of the proposed network is as follows: • The monitoring sites, are focused on ‘local’ monitoring of levels and flows that relate to relevant local groundwater supported receptors, i.e. surface water bodies (mainly rivers, lakes, estuaries) and groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems. The sites included in addition consider: change of groundwater flow direction (intrusion of seawater and related substances); rainfall and the components required to calculate evapotranspiration (to calculate groundwater recharge); ecological monitoring of groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems; and, groundwater abstraction and artificial recharge. • The sampling frequency should be sufficient to distinguish short- and long- term variations in recharge from the impacts of abstractions and discharges.

In table 2.4, general information about GW monitoring sites is provided.

Table 2.4: Overall presentation of ground water bodies monitoring programme Number Number of Number of Number of % of coverage of sites surveillance operational Quantitative monitoring monitoring monitoring sites sites sites Ground WBs 144 84 69 84 100% (19/19)

In table 2.5 the parameter groups proposed to be monitored in the frame of the groundwater monitoring programmes are presented.

Table 2.5: Presentation of parameter-sets to be monitored in ground water bodies

Parameter Sets

Additional Parameters from Annex Quantitative Core parameters Additional parameter II part b of directive 2006/118/EK parameters

O2 Temperature (T) As Groundwater Level pH B Cd Spring Flows

NO3 Mg Pb River Base Flows

NH4 Hg Conductivity Cl-

2- SO4 Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene

8 3. RIVER WATER BODIES

Taking into consideration the objectives and requirements of WFD and following the principles mentioned in the previous sections, a total number of 31 monitoring sites were selected in rivers that include 19 surveillance and 12 operational monitoring sites. The exact location of the monitoring site in each water body was determined during field visits to all sites. Criteria used in the determination of the exact location were: 1) location where the impact of possible pressures can be monitored; 2) location suitable for sampling of biological parameters (macroinvertebrates), and 3) accessibility of the site. Effort has been made to choose sites that will have continuous flow for at least three months per year. Additional grouping was made for monitoring locations in river water bodies with minimal or ‘non-existing’ flow according to river typology for surveillance monitoring and the locations of pressures for the operational monitoring network. For the sake of cost-efficiency, wherever the position of existing flow gauging stations met the above requirements, these were assigned as monitoring sites. The location of the sites selected is shown in maps 1 and 2 of Appendix I of this report.

3.1 SURVEILLANCE MONITORING NETWORK

The surveillance programme is divided into sub-networks, each serving specific targets of the programme (validation of pressure-impact analysis, determination of natural and anthropogenic trends etc). The surveillance network is focused on water bodies not at risk and on those needing further assessment. The monitored water bodies in the ‘not at risk’ and the ‘needing further assessment’ groups represent about 20% of the total number of water bodies. The representation of the three types of rivers in proportion to their numbers is 2,5%, 24% and 9% of the monitoring sites and corresponds to the three groups R1, R2 and R3 respectively. A sub-net of the surveillance network focuses on water bodies classified as ‘needing further assessment’. Five monitoring sites are located in 39% of the relevant water bodies (5 sites out of 13 river water bodies require further assessment). Four surveillance-monitoring sites are located in water bodies where anthropogenic activities are either absent or very minimal. The selected sites are mostly located in the western part of Cyprus. These water bodies have been considered adequate for providing reference conditions.

In the surveillance monitoring programme, 6 sites coincide with intercalibration sites, 9 sites with the 75/440/EC Directive on the abstraction of drinking water (14 sites are part of existing monitoring programmes) and 5 sites with the 91/676/EC Nitrate Directive (9 monitoring sites are part of the existing monitoring programme for the Nitrate Directive). Also, the two existing monitoring sites identified under the Information Exchange Decision 77/795/EEC are included. In addition, out of the total 19 surveillance monitoring sites, 13 are located on/near existing flow gauging stations.

9 In the following table, all the surveillance monitoring sites are listed together with relevant information on their location and on the Figure 1 the surveillance and operational sites on river water bodies are depicted. On Figure 2 the surveillance and operational sites on river water bodies are depicted together with the main branches of the 16 rivers that were identified on the evaluation of Cyprus WFD Article 3 report.

10 Table 3.1: Surveillance monitoring sites – location information

Coordinates Flow National Main WFD Mon. Station (longitude/ Water Body Watershed Sub- Risk Subnet - gaugin No Station District Overlap Rivers Code latitude) Name watershed Status justification g Code Art.3 x y Name Code station 1 CY_1-1-4_R3-S1 1-1-6-65 470592 3843694 Chapotami Pafos Chapotami 1-1 1-1-6 Not at risk Validation, Natura no yes Natural trends R2, 2 CY_1-2-1_R2-S1 1-2-4-25 476962 3860663 Diarizos Pafos Diarizos 1-2 1-2-4 Not at risk Intercal (IC) no yes Natura Natural trends R2, 75/440, IC, 3 CY_1-3-1_R2-S1 1-3-5-05 472880 3865457 Xeros Lefkosia Xeros 1-3 1-3-5 Not at risk yes yes Natura Life Anthropogenic 75/440, 4 CY_1-3-5_R3-S1 1-3-8-60 461415 3846876 Xeros Pafos Xeros 1-3 1-3-8 Not at risk yes yes trends R3, Natura 77/795, Life Anthropogenic 5 CY_1-4-1_R3-S1 1-4-3-35 464499 3866557 Ezousa Pafos Ezousa 1-4 1-4-3 Not at risk 75/440 no yes trends R3 Stavros tis Anthropogenic 75/440, IC, 6 CY_2-2-4_R3-S1 2-2-6-60 454963 3868390 Pafos Chrysochou 2-2 2-2-6 Not at risk yes yes Psokas trends R3 Life 7 CY_2-7-1_R1-S1 2-7-2-75 471660 3885314 Pyrgos Lefkosia Pyrgos 2-7 2-7-2 Not at risk Natural trends R1 yes no Natural trends R3, 8 CY_2-8-1_R3-S1 2-8-3-10 473705 3883447 Limnitis Lefkosia Limnitis 2-8 2-8-3 Not at risk yes no Natura Need 9 CY_3-3-1_R2-S1 3-3-3-95 490428 3877201 Kargotis Lefkosia Kargotis 3-3 3-3-3 further Validation 91/676, IC yes no assessment Need Kargotis- 10 CY_3-3-1_R2-S2 3-3-1-32 489839 3869451 Lefkosia Kargotis 3-3 3-3-1 further Validation, Natura IC no no Ag.Nikolaos assessment Need 11 CY_3-5-1_R3-HM-S1 3-5-4-40 501308 3881030 Elias Lefkosia Elia 3-5 3-5-4 further Validation yes yes assessment 12 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM-S1 8-7-2-60 530870 3859520 Pentaschoinos Larnaka Pentaschoinos 8-7 8-7-2 Not at risk Validation R3 75/440, Life yes yes

13 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM-S1 8-8-2-95 528511 3853106 Maroni Larnaka Maroni 8-8 8-8-2 Not at risk Natural trends R3 yes yes 91/676, 14 CY_8-9-2_R3-S1 8-9-5-40 522076 3852899 Vasilikos Larnaka Vasilikos 8-9 8-9-5 Not at risk Validation R3 yes yes 75/440, Life Validation R3, 15 CY_9-2-31_R3-S1 9-2-3-85 509279 3847339 Germasogeia Lemesos Germasogeia 9-2 9-2-3 Not at risk 75/440, Life yes yes Natura 16 CY_9-6-1_R3-HM-S1 9-6-2-60 486815 3848742 Krios Lemesos Kouris 9-6 9-6-2 Not at risk Validation R3 91/676 no no Need 17 CY_9-6-31_R3-S1 9-6-3-36 494116 3864171 Kouris Lemesos Kouris 9-6 9-6-3 further Validation IC no no assessment Need 91/676, 18 CY_9-6-4_R3-HM-S1 9-6-4-92 491893 3847546 Kouris Lemesos Kouris 9-6 9-6-4 further Validation 75/440, yes no assessment 77/795, Life Need 91/676, 19 CY_9-6-72_R3-S1 9-6-7-70 494554 3849270 Limnatis Lemesos Kouris 9-6 9-6-7 further Validation, Natura yes yes 75/440, Life assessment 11

3.2 OPERATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK

Taking into consideration the WFD objectives and requirements, grouping of water bodies has been carried out on the basis of similarity of river basins with regards to pressures and ecological, morphological and hydromorphological functioning. In addition, after field visits to all the water bodies where preliminary operational monitoring sites were located, the number of sampling sites was reduced due to the extremely limited flow that was obvious even by the morphological characteristics of the ‘theoretical’ river bed. As a general rule, sampling sites were retained that usually have flow for three months during a year. Thus, a total number of 12 operational monitoring sites in rivers at risk were selected, mainly in downstream segments of the rivers in order to monitor the impact of diffuse pollution and locations at appropriate distances downstream of point sources of pollution. The selected monitored water bodies represent 20% of the water bodies at risk (9 out of 46). Only 1 operational site overlaps with a monitoring site for the 91/676/EC Nitrate Directive and 1 site overlaps with 75/440/EC Directive on the abstraction of water for drinking water production.

In the following table, all the operational monitoring sites are listed together with relevant information on their location and on the figure 1 the surveillance and operational sites on river water bodies are depicted.

12 Table 3.2: Operational monitoring sites – location information

National Coordinates Flow Main WFD Mon. Station Water Body Watershed Sub- Risk Subnet - Station No. Code (longitude/ latitude) District Overlap gauging Rivers Code Name watershed Status justification x y Name Code station Art.3 Serrachis - 1 CY_3-7-11_R3_O1 3-7-1-18 507354 3887522 Lefkosia Serrachis 3-7 3-7-1 At risk Livestock no no Peristerona

2 CY_3-7-2_R3_O1 3-7-2-28 510378 3887716 Serrachis - Likythia Lefkosia Serrachis 3-7 3-7-2 At risk Mine, Livestock no no

516181 3877921 Livestock, Mine, 3 CY_3-7-41_R3-HM_O1 3-7-3-90 Serrachis – Akaki Lefkosia Serrachis 3-7 3-7-3 At risk yes yes *516250 *3877983 Industry Industry, Livestock, 4 CY_6-1-2_R3-HM_O1 6-1-2-90 531974 3891623 Pediaios Lefkosia Pediaios 6-1 6-1-2 At risk yes yes Agriculture Industry, Livestock, 5 CY_6-1-21_R3_O1 6-1-2-38 525572 3883220 Pediaios Lefkosia Pediaios 6-1 6-1-2 At risk yes yes Agriculture

6 CY_6-1-51_R3_O1 6-1-5-65 533762 3884175 Pediaios Lefkosia Pediaios 6-1 6-1-5 At risk Agriculture no no

Agriculture, Livestock, 7 CY_6-5-2_R3_O1 6-5-3-50 539872 3878320 Gialias Lefkosia Gialias 6-5 6-5-3 At risk Industry, Domestic yes yes WW Agriculture, Domestic 8 CY_6-5-2_R3_O2 6-5-3-15 536046 3875319 Gialias Lefkosia Gialias 6-5 6-5-3 At risk yes yes WW, Industry

9 CY_6-5-2_R3_O3 6-5-1-85 530622 3872556 Gialias Lefkosia Gialias 6-5 6-5-1 At risk Livestock, Industry yes no

544241 3866728 Tremitho Mine, Domestic WW, 10 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM_O1 8-4-3-40 Tremithos Larnaka 8-4 8-4-3 At risk yes yes *543775 *3866708 s Livestock Tremitho 11 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM_O2 8-4-5-30 548870 3861320 Tremithos Larnaka 8-4 8-4-5 At risk Agriculture, Livestock, 91/676 yes yes s Agriculture, Livestock, 497718 3844810 75/440, 12 CY_9-4-1_R3_O1 9-4-3-80 Garyllis Lemesos Garyllis 9-4 9-4-3 At risk Industry, Domestic yes yes *497606 *3845608 Life WW

* the second set of coordinates corresponds to the sub-site, where monitoring of BQEs (macroinvertebrates) is going to be placed. This is because the river bed at these subsites is suitable for the sampling of macroinvertebrates

Figure 1: Surveillance (green) and operational (red) monitoring sites on river water bodies

Figure 2: Surveillance (green) and operational (red) sites on river water bodies and main branches under the evaluation of Cyprus WFD Article 3 report

3.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY

The general physico-chemical (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, nutrients such as total P, total N, dissolved inorganic P and N) and hydromorphological elements (river flow continuity, hydrological regime, quantity and dynamics of water flow, connection to groundwater bodies - and morphological conditions - river depth and width variation, structure and substrate of the river bed, structure of the riparian zone), as proposed by WFD will be monitored in all surveillance and operational sites. For the priority substances the Directive allows for the selection of those of the 33 priority substances that are discharged in the catchments or sub-catchments of the water bodies. The heavy metals at the list of priority substances (Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni) that are observed and found to be present, even in low concentrations, have been included in the list of substances to be monitored. For the water bodies monitored by the surveillance programme the main possible source of priority and other substances is agricultural activity and more specifically the use of pesticides and herbicides, and livestock. The following priority and other substances associated with this type of pressures will be analysed: Alachlor, Atrazine, Chlorfevinphos, Diuron, Endosulfan, Hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), Isoproturon, Simazine, Trifluralin, BOD, Faecal Coli etc. Monitoring of these substances will not take place at all surveillance sites, but only for those in which moderate or fairly high agricultural activities are observed. A possible source of other substances is mining areas (mostly abandoned), which may emit substances such as Fe, Zn, S and Cu. These sources are prominent in monitored water bodies, and are therefore included in the surveillance monitoring programme for these stations. The QEs selected for operational monitoring are generally very similar to those of surveillance monitoring. Hydromorphological and general physico-chemical parameters are identical for both programmes, whereas priority and other substances depend on the type of pressure exerted in the specific water body. Additional parameters, such as BOD, hydrocarbons, glycol, ketones etc., will be monitored in different water bodies according to current uses and pressures. As for the BQEs, the lack of systematic existing data and the ‘special’ hydrometeorological conditions affecting the ecology of all aquatic systems in Cyprus, combined with the low applicability of many of the WFD BQEs as indicators of the ecological status of water bodies, resulted in the selection of benthic macroinvertebrates that have already been tested in the local conditions successfully, based on the knowledge and experience gained through the relevant Intercalibration Programme. For other BQEs, when literature is questioning their applicability in local conditions, it was decided to analyse them through investigative monitoring research projects in order to investigate their adequacy as water body quality status indicators. Phytobenthos using diatoms and aquatic macrophytes are the subject of ongoing special exploratory research programmes in rivers, which are expected to produce results by the end of 2008. The applicability of these BQEs in the conditions of Cyprus will be investigated and relevant work on specific indices, reference conditions and quality ratios will be carried out.

The sampling frequency is generally the monitoring frequency as described in Annex V of WFD for the different parameter-sets of QEs. In general the sampling frequencies for the different parameters – quality element sets are:

• Macroinvertebrates: 2 times per year; • Hydromorphological: every six years: flow on a continuous basis, where gauging stations are installed *); • General physico-chemical: 4 times per year, provided that there is flow; • Priority substances: monthly but the frequency will depend always on flow. If there is no flow, then no samples will be taken. An average of 6 samples per year is used in the relevant tables as a provisional estimate; • Other substances: 4 times per year, provided that there is flow.

*) Flow is measured continuously at sampling locations situated at or close to gauging stations. For the monitoring sites that are not supported by gauging stations, the flow will be measured by a current meter monthly.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec RIVERS Macroinvertebrates √ √ General Physicochemical √ √ √ √ Priority Substances √ √ √ √ √ √ Other Substances √ √ √ √

In the following table (table .3.3), all the parameters to be monitored in each monitoring site are listed together with their corresponding frequency.

The river water bodies (RWBs) surveillance monitoring programme will be carried out for each surveillance monitoring site for a period of one year (for QEs and frequencies indicated in Table 3.3) during the period covered by a river basin management plan. For the first implementation of the monitoring programme, covering the period up to the end of 2008, it is suggested that surveillance monitoring should be implemented for the whole period, in order to collect more baseline data. This will facilitate the assessment of the chemical and ecological status of the WBs and will contribute to the elaboration of the first Management Plan and the relevant Programme of Measures. These have to be drafted by the end of 2008 (March 2009) and finalised by the end of 2009 (March 2010). The process of analysis of some substances mentioned in Table 3.3 involves the analysis of some additional parameters which are mentioned in Table 3.4.These were specified by SGL.

Table 3.3: RWBs monitoring sites – parameters and frequency information

MONITORING LOCATIONS

ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

in- situ lab. CY_1-1-4_R3-S1 CY_1-1-4_R3-S1 CY_1-2-1_R2-S1 CY_1-3-1_R2-S1 CY_1-3-5_R3-S1 CY_1-4-1_R3-S1 CY_2-2-4_R3-S1 CY_2-7-1_R1-S1 CY_2-8-1_R3-S1 CY_3-3-1_R2-S1 CY_3-3-1_R2-S2 CY_3-5-1_R3-HM-S1 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM-S1 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM-S1 CY_8-9-2_R3-S1 CY_9-2-31_R3-S1 CY_9-6-1_R3-HM-S1 CY_9-6-4_R3-HM-S1 CY_9-6-31_R3-S1 CY_9-6-72_R3-S1 CY_3-7-11_R3_O1 CY_3-7-2_R3_O1 CY_3-7-41_R3-HM_O1 CY_6-1-2_R3-HM_O1 CY_6-1-21_R3_O1 CY_6-1-51_R3_O1 CY_6-5-2_R3_O1 CY_6-5-2_R3_O2 CY_6-5-2_R3_O3 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM_O1 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM_O2 CY_9-4-1_R3_O1 B1 Macroinvertebrates X 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y 2/y H1 Hydrological regime X c* c* c c c* c c c c c* c c c c c c c c* c c* c* c c c* c* c* c c c c c H2 River continuity X 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y Morphological H3 X 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y conditions GP1 Temperature X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP2 Dissolved Oxygen X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP3 Electrical Conductivity X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP4 pH X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP5 Total-P X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP6 Soluble reactive - P X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP7 Total-N X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP8 Nitrate-Nitrite X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP9 Ammonium X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y PS1 Alachlor X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS2 Atrazine X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS3 Chlorfevinphos X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS4 Diuron X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y

MONITORING LOCATIONS

ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

MONITORING LOCATIONS

ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

MONITORING LOCATIONS

ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

* This monitoring location is not supported by a gauging station – the flow will be measured by current meter

Table 3.4: River water bodies – additional other substances that will be analysed in parallel with the proposed parameters

Additional other substances

Propazine Azinphos ethyl Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Hexachlorobutadiene Phenanthrene Di-n-octyl phthalate

Metribuzin DDTs 1,3-Dichlorobenzene Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 4-Bromophenylphenyl ether Benzo(b)fluoranthene

Linuron DDEs 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 2-Chloronaphthalene Hexachlorobenzene Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Formothion DDDs 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Dimethyl phthalate Fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene

Parathion methyl Aldrin Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether Acenaphthylene Anthracene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

Fenitrothion Dieldrin Hexachloroethane 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Di-n-butyl phthalate Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

Fention Endrin N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine Acenaphthene Azobenzene Benzo(ghi)perylene

Chloropyrifos Heptachlor Nitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Pyrene

Methidathion Heptachlor Epoxide Isophorone Diethyl phthalate Butyl benzyl phthalate

Ethion. Fenthion HCH-alpha Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane Fluorene Benzo(a)anthracene

Ainphos methyl HCH-beta 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 4-Chlorophenylphenyl ether Chrysene

Hexachlorobenzene Naphthalene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

3.4 GROUPING OF RIVER WATER BODIES

As it is clearly stated in the WFD Guidance No.7 for Monitoring, it is not technically and economically feasible to monitor all water bodies. It was therefore necessary to group water bodies and to select appropriate representative sites for the assessment of the chemical and ecological status for that particular group of sites. Aggregation and grouping was carried out for water bodies with comparable typology, geography - altitude, hydrology, hydrogeology - permeability, pressures (point and diffuse sources, hydromorphological pressures) and risk status. The procedure of the classification was to identify groups of sites with relatively homogeneous background so that future chemical and ecological assessment can be based on the profile of the monitored sites belonging to the same group.

Therefore, as far as river water bodies are concerned, the criteria that were used for grouping were the following: Typology Hydrogeology – permeability Altitude Risk Status Pressures Through a step by step multi-criteria analysis 8 main groups of river water bodies derived. The groups formed fulfil the basic requirements of homogeneity regarding at least 2 of the 5 criteria 1 and in most cases 3 or more. In the following table, these 8 groups are listed together with the monitoring sites and water bodies that belong in each group and Figure 3 depicts the grouping results.

1 The river WBs downstream of dams/reservoirs (Heavily Modified WBs) were treated for grouping needs as a continuation of the upstream water body. The current reservoir management in Cyprus (absence of ecological flow) does not leave many options. In due course (possibly in the Draft Management Plan) Cyprus should inform EU on the special management practices applied in dams and possibly ask for exemption of the specific river WBs from WFD objectives. This could be accepted if it is adequately documented using the acknowledged by EU scarcity of water resources in Cyprus and the dear consequences to the economy, production and human welfare caused by any future modification in the current regime.

Table 3.4: Groups of river water bodies

No. of No. of Mon. Group Main Group Characteristics Water Bodies WBs per Monitoring Stations Sites per No Group Group - at risk CY_6-1-2_R3-HM_O1, CY_6-1-2_R3-HM, CY_6-1-21_R3, CY_6-1-22_R3, CY_6-1-4_R3, CY_6-1-5_R3-HM, - pressures CY_6-1-21_R3_O1, CY_6- CY_6-1-51_R3, CY_6-1-52_R3, CY_6-5-1_R3-HM, CY_6-5-11_R3, CY_6-5-12_R3, - lowland 1-51_R3_O1, CY_6-5- CY_6-5-2_R3, CY_6-5-31_R3, CY_6-5-32_R3, CY_8-1-2_R1, CY_8-1-2_R1-HM, 1 - non continuous flow 29 2_R3_O1, CY_6-5- 9 CY_8-2-1_R1, CY_8-4-1_R3-HM, CY_8-4-11_R3, CY_8-4-12_R3, CY_8-4-13_R3, - operational 2_R3_O2, CY_6-5- CY_8-4-2_R3, CY_8-4-4_R3, CY_8-4-5_R3-HM, CY_9-1-4_R3, CY_9-4-1_R3, CY_9- - geographically related 2_R3_O3, CY_9-4- 4-3_R3, CY_9-4-41_R3-HM, CY_9-4-42_R3-HM, CY_9-5-1_R3 1_R3_O1 - at risk - non continuous flow CY_3-6-2_R3, CY_3-6-3_R3, CY_3-7-1_R3, CY_3-7-11_R3, CY_3-7-12_R3, CY_3-7- - diffused pressures CY_3-7-11_R3_O1, CY_3- 2_R3, CY_3-7-3_R3-HM, CY_3-7-31_R3, CY_3-7-32_R3, CY_3-7-33_R3, CY_3-7- 2 - medium altitude 16 7-2_R3_O1, CY_3-7- 3 34_R3, CY_3-7-41_R3-HM, CY_3-7-42_R3-HM, CY_3-7-51_R3, CY_3-7-52_R3, - operational 41_R3-HM_O1 CY_3-7-6_R3 - geographically related

- need further assessment - non continuous flow CY_9-6-4_R3-HM-S1, CY_9-6-4_R3-HM, CY_9-6-71_R3, CY_9-6-72_R3, CY_9-6-9_R3-HM, CY_9-6-31_R3, 3 - diffused pressures 9 CY_9-6-72_R3-S1, CY_9- 3 CY_9-6-33_R3, CY_9-6-33_R3-HM, CY_9-6-34_R3, CY_9-6-35_R3 - geographically related 6-31_R3-S1

- need further assessment CY_3-3-1_R2-S1, CY_3-3- - mines & diffused pressures 4 CY_3-3-1_R2, CY_3-3-4_R3, CY_3-5-1_R3-HM 3 1_R2-S2, CY_3-5-1_R3- 3 - geographically related HM-S1

- not at risk CY_1-4-1_R3, CY_1-4-3_R3-HM, CY_1-4-41_R3, CY_1-4-42_R3, CY_1-4-43_R3, CY_1-4-1_R3-S1, CY_2-2- 5 44 6 - non continuous flow, CY_1-4-51_R3, CY_1-4-52_R3, CY_1-4-6_R3, CY_2-2-4_R3, CY_2-3-3_R3, CY_2-3- 4_R3-S1, CY_2-7-1_R1-

No. of No. of Mon. Group Main Group Characteristics Water Bodies WBs per Monitoring Stations Sites per No Group Group medium intermittent flow 5_R3-HM, CY_2-3-8_R3, CY_2-4-3_R3-HM, CY_2-4-4_R3, CY_2-6-1_R1, CY_2-6- S1, CY_2-8-1_R3-S1, - limited pressures 3_R1-HM, CY_2-6-4_R1, CY_2-7-1_R1, CY_2-8-1_R3, CY_3-1-1_R3, CY_3-2-1- 2_R3, CY_3-2-2_R3, CY_3-2-2_R3-HM, CY_3-2-3_R3, CY_3-2-4_R3-HM, CY_3-4- CY_8-7-2_R3-HM-S1, 1_R1, CY_3-4-3_R1-HM, CY_3-5-11_R3, CY_3-5-13_R3, CY_3-5-2_R3, CY_3-5- CY_8-9-2_R3-S1* 3_R3, CY_3-5-41_R3, CY_3-5-42_R3, CY_6-1-1_R3, CY_8-7-11_R3, CY_8-7-12_R3, CY_8-7-13_R3, CY_8-7- 2_R3-HM, , CY_8-8-1_R3, CY_8-9-1_R3, CY_8-9-1_R3-HM, CY_8-9-2_R3, CY_8-9-5_R3, CY_8-9-5_R3-HM * - not at risk CY_1-2-1_R2, CY_1-3-1_R2, CY_3-2-1_R2, CY_9-2-1_R2-HM, CY_9-2-11_R2, CY_9- - high altitude 2-12_R2, CY_9-2-2_R2, CY_9-2-4_R2, CY_9-6-1_R2, CY_9-6-1_R2-HM, CY_9-6- CY_1-2-1_R2-S1, CY_1-3- 6 - continuous flow 16 2 36_R2, CY_9-6-5_R2, CY_9-6-51_R2, CY_9-6-52_R2, CY_9-6-53_R2, CY_9-6- 1_R2-S1 - limited pressures 53_R2-HM - geographically related CY_1-2-9_R3, CY_1-4-3_R3, CY_1-4-9_R3, CY_1-4-9_R3-HM, CY_1-5-2_R3, CY_1- 5-2_R3-HM, CY_1-5-5_R3, CY_1-5-5_R3-HM, CY_1-5-51_R3, CY_1-5-7_R3, CY_1-5- 8_R3, CY_1-6-1_R1-HM, CY_1-6-2_R1, CY_1-6-3_R1, CY_1-7-1_R1, CY_1-7-6_R1, CY_1-8-1_R1, CY_1-8-4_R1, CY_1-9-1_R1, CY_1-9-3_R1, CY_1-9-5_R1, CY_1-9- 7_R1, CY_1-9-8_R1, CY_1-9-91_R1, CY_1-9-92_R1, CY_2-1-11_R1, CY_2-1-12_R1, CY_8-8-2_R3-HM-S1, - not at risk CY_2-1-2_R1, CY_2-1-3_R1, CY_2-1-6_R1, CY_2-1-7_R1, CY_2-2-1_R3, CY_2-2- CY_9-2-31_R3-S1 - low altitude 6_R3, CY_2-2-6_R3-HM, CY_2-3-1_R3, CY_2-3-2_R3, CY_2-3-7_R3, CY_2-4-2_R3, + 7 ** - very low intermittent flow CY_2-4-2_R3-HM, CY_2-5-2_R1, CY_2-5-3_R1 ,CY_2-9-1_R1 , CY_2-9-3_R1, CY_2- 83 2 + [2] ** [Group 6: - limited pressures 9-4_R1-HM, CY_3-1-2_R3-HM, CY_3-1-31_R3, CY_3-1-32_R3, CY_3-1-33_R3, CY_1-4-1_R3-S1, CY_2-2- CY_3-4-2_R1, CY_3-6-1_R3, CY_7-1-4_R1, CY_7-1-6_R3-HM, CY_7-1-61_R3, CY_7- 4_R3-S1] ** 1-62_R3, CY_7-2-3_R3, CY_7-2-3_R3-HM, CY_7-2-4_R3-HM, CY_7-2-51_R3, CY_7- 2-52_R3, CY_7-2-53_R3, CY_7-2-54_R3, CY_7-2-6_R3, CY_7-2-71_R3, CY_7-2- 72_R3, CY_8-5-1_R1, CY_8-6-1_R3, CY_8-7-2_R3, CY_8-7-3_R3, CY_8-7-4_R3-HM, CY_8-7-5_R3, CY_8-8-2_R3-HM, CY_9-2-31_R3, CY_9-2-32_R3, CY_9-2-4_R3-HM, CY_9-2-5_R3-HM, CY_9-6-8_R3-HM, CY_9-6-81_R3, CY_9-6-82_R3, CY_9-7-1_R1,

No. of No. of Mon. Group Main Group Characteristics Water Bodies WBs per Monitoring Stations Sites per No Group Group CY_9-7-2_R1-HM, CY_9-8-1_R3, CY_9-8-4_R3, CY_9-9-3_R1 CY_1-2-4_R3-HM, CY_1-1-1_R3, CY_1-1-4_R3, CY_1-2-51_R3, CY_1-2-52_R3, - not at risk CY_1-1-4_R3-S1, CY_1-3- CY_1-2-53_R3, CY_1-2-61_R3, CY_1-2-62_R3, CY_1-2-8_R3, CY_1-3-5_R3, CY_1- 8 - geographically related 16 5_R3-S1, CY_9-6-1_R3- 3 3-8_R3, CY_1-3-9_R3, CY_1-3-9_R3-HM, CY_9-6-1_R3-HM, CY_9-6-2_R3, CY_9-6- - low intermittent flow HM-S1 22_R3 * In Group 5 the results of the monitoring stations that are in bold will play a more important role in the quality assessment of the river WBs that are in bold as well; and the same applies vice versa in this group (non-bold monitoring stations in non-bold river WBs).

** Group 7 includes small WBs, with very low intermittent flows, in rivers not belonging in the main branches as presented in the WFD Article 3 Cyprus’ final submission to EU. Most of them are located in the western and mid eastern part of the island and the vast majority of them can hardly be characterised as rivers. During the long process of designing the river monitoring network, most of the initial stations located in water bodies of this group, were left out on grounds of flow, importance and sub-basin size. This led to a group of 83 RWBs with only 2 monitoring stations, which might prove not adequate in the future. In order to overcome possible quality assessment problems, it is proposed to take into account for this group the monitoring results of 2 additional Group 6 stations. This could enhance the safety and reliability margins of any future assessment. It is possible, though, that in the re-examination of the whole network (possibly in 2009) some more river WBs of the specific group might be required to be included in the monitoring network. Another, and possibly the best option, would be to exclude all these WBs from the river network of WFD for Cyprus, following the steps made in Article 3 assessment. The Draft Management Plan (end 2008) could be the right opportunity to present such a case.

Figure 3: Grouping of River Water Bodies

3.5 SUMMARY TABLES FOR RWBs MONITORING PROGRAMME

Surveillance Operational

Number of sites 19 12

Total number of sites 31 Number of water bodies 18 9 Total number of water bodies 27 / 216 1 (+2 investigated through additional research Biological parameters programmes) General hydromorphological parameters 3 General physico-chemical parameters 9 Priority substances 16 Other substances 94 Total number of parameters 123

Surveillance monitoring network Type of Water Bodies

R1: Small rain volume with non-continuous flow 3% (1 / 40) R2: Large rain volume with continuous flow 24% (3 / 17) R3: Large rain volume with non-continuous flow 9% (14 / 159) Need further assessment coverage 39% (5 / 13)

Operational monitoring network Type of Water Bodies at risk

R1: Small rain volume with non-continuous flow 0% (0 / 3) R2: Large rain volume with continuous flow 0% (0 / 0) R3: Large rain volume with non-continuous flow 21% (9 / 43) Water bodies at risk coverage 20% (9 / 46)

4. LAKE WATER BODIES

Taking into consideration the objectives and requirements of WFD a total number of 11 monitoring sites in lake water bodies (LWB) were selected (10 surveillance sites and 1 operational site), which cover about 60% of the lake water bodies and cover all types of lake water bodies. The location of the sites selected is shown in the maps 1 and 2 of Appendix I. Sampling will be made in the approximately deeper location of the reservoirs, about 100m away from the dam.

4.1 SURVEILLANCE MONITORING NETWORK

The surveillance monitoring network covers 59% of the lake water bodies that are not at risk or need further assessment. In the WFD surveillance monitoring programme, 7 out of the 8 locations currently monitored under the 75/440/EC Directive are included. The remaining existing location (Polemidia) is included in the operational programme. In the framework of the 78/659/EC Directive there are 22 monitoring locations currently operating, of which 10 lie into identified WFD lake water bodies and 12 in smaller reservoirs not identified as WFD water bodies. In total 8 out of 10 lake water bodies monitored for 78/659/EC Directive are included in the surveillance monitoring network. Additional monitoring is incorporated for the needs of the 75/440EC Directive in lakes used as drinking water abstraction points (Asprokremmos, Lefkara, Kourris, Kalavasos and Dipotamos), which also belong to the surveillance network. This monitoring should be continued in the years between successive years of surveillance monitoring.

4.2 OPERATIONAL MONITORING NETWORK

From the pressure and impacts analysis (Article 5 of WFD) only one lake has been identified as being at risk (HMWB reservoir Polemidia), and is therefore included in the operational monitoring network.

In the following tables (4.1 and 4.2), all the surveillance and operational monitoring sites are listed together with relevant information on their location and in figure 4 the surveillance and operational sites on lake water bodies are depicted.

Table 4.1: Surveillance monitoring sites – location information

Watershed Sub- No Monitoring Station Code WB name District Risk Status Other Overlap Name Code watershed 75/440, Need further 1 CY_1-3-9_23_L4-HM-S1 Asprokremnos Pafos Xeros 1-3 1-3-9 Natura 78/659, assessment Intercal 75/440, 2 CY_2-2-6_25_L4-HM-S1 Evretou Pafos Chrysochou 2-2 2-2-6 Not at risk 78/659 Need further 3 CY_7-1-2_34_L5-A-S1 Achna Ammochostos Ammochostos 7-1 7-1-2 78/659 assessment Larnaka main Larnaka salt 4 CY_8-3-2_11_L1-S1 Larnaka 8-3 8-3-2 Not at risk Natura salt lake lakes Larnaka Limni Larnaka salt 5 CY_8-3-2_12_L2-S1 Larnaka 8-3 8-3-2 Not at risk Natura Orfani lakes 75/440, 6 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM-S1 Lefkara Larnaka Pentaschoinos 8-7 8-7-2 Not at risk 78/659, Intercal 75/440, 7 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM-S1 Dipotamos Larnaka Pentaschoinos 8-7 8-7-2 Not at risk 78/659 75/440, 8 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM-S1 Kalavasos Lemesos Vasilikos 8-9 8-9-5 Not at risk 78/659 Need further 75/440, 9 CY_9-2-5_35_L4-HM-S1 Germasogeia Lemesos Germasogeia 9-2 9-2-5 Natura assessment 78/659 75/440, Need further 10 CY_9-6-9_27_L4-HM-S1 Kouris Lemesos Kouris 9-6 9-6-9 78/659, assessment Intercal

Table 4.2: Operational monitoring sites – location information

Watershed Sub- No Monitoring Station Code WB name District Risk Status Overlap Name Code watershed 1 CY_9-4-3_26_L4-HM-O1 Polemidia Lemesos Garyllis 9-4 9-4-3 At risk 75/440

Figure 4: Surveillance (green) and operational (red) monitoring sites on lake water bodies

4.3 PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY

With respect to the general physicochemical elements, which support biological monitoring, the WFD stipulates for lakes the following parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, nutrients (total-P, total-N, dissolved inorganic P and N) and transparency. Regarding hydromorphological elements for lakes according to the WFD these include, lake depth variation, quantity, structure and substrate of the lakebed and structure of the lakeshore. The above mentioned physicochemical and hydromorphological elements will be monitored in all surveillance and operational sites. For the priority substances the Directive allows the selection of those that are discharged in the catchments or sub-catchments of the water bodies. Following the rationale exposed in the river monitoring section, the following 9 organic parameters (Alachlor, Atrazine, Chlorfevinphos, Diuron, Endosulfan, Hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), Isoproturon, Simazine, Trifluralin) and 4 heavy metals (Cd, Pd, Hg and Ni) are included in the monitoring programme. With regard to BQEs, the selected parameters for natural salt (Type L1) and brackish (Type L2) lakes are Phytoplankton (Chl-a) and Zooplankton (Artemia salina - Branchinella spinosa). For fresh water artificial and heavily modified water bodies, i.e. LWB types L4 (connected deep reservoir) and L5 (shallow storage basin), both for surveillance and operational monitoring the only BQE selected is phytoplankton (biomass: Chl-a, total biovolume, % Cyanobacteria, species composition). The only BQE adopted by the L-M GIG (Lakes-Mediterranean, Geographical Intercalibration Groups) for the Intercalibration Exercise is phytoplankton, since it has a wide use in water quality assessments in reservoirs, while other BQEs were considered not applicable (Serrano et al., 2006). The use of macrophytes in reservoirs does not apply because the typical seasonal variations in water level do not allow their development. For the same reason and because they are deep water bodies, phytobenthos does not apply either. In addition, the applicability of benthic macroinvertebrates in lakes in Europe is considered low, mainly due to the lack of information for comparison to any reference. Fish in lakes are not included due to the absence of natural diversity in species and populations in Cyprus. The sampling frequency follows generally the monitoring frequency described in Annex V of WFD for the different parameter- quality element sets. In general the sampling frequencies for the different QEs are: • Phytoplankton: 2 times per year during the flowing season. Concerning salt lakes only chlorophyll-a will be monitored pertaining adequate water accumulation. • Zooplankton: 2 times per year. As zooplankton is not required by the WFD - it will be monitored in the salt and brackish lakes of Cyprus pertaining adequate water accumulation. • Hydromorphological: every six years. Water level is measured automatically in most of the selected lakes to be monitored; the rest should be monitored at least 4 times per year. • General physicochemical: 4 times per year (with respect to salt and brackish lakes, the frequency of sampling depends largely on the water accumulation).

• Priority substances: For reservoirs, the frequency will be monthly in periods when there is inflow to the reservoir and also one sample per season for other periods. An average of 6 samples per year is used in the relevant tables as a provisional estimate. For salt and brackish lakes, the frequency will depend always on water accumulation. Again, an average of 6 samples per year is used in the relevant tables as a provisional estimate; • Other substances: 4 times per year.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec LAKES Phytoplankton √ √ Zooplankton √ √ General Physicochemical √ √ √ √ Priority Substances √ √ √ √ √ √ Other Substances √ √ √ √

The lake water bodies surveillance monitoring programme will be carried out for each surveillance monitoring site for a period of one year (for QEs and frequencies indicated in Table 4.3) during the period covered by a river basin management plan. For the first implementation of the monitoring programme, covering the period up to the end of 2008, it is suggested that surveillance monitoring should be implemented for the whole period, in order to collect more baseline data. This will facilitate the assessment of the chemical and ecological status of the WBs and will contribute to the elaboration of the first Management Plan and the relevant Programme of Measures. These have to be drafted by the end of 2008 (March 2009) and finalised by the end of 2009 (March 2010). All the parameters selected for each monitoring site are listed in Table 4.3 together with the corresponding sampling frequencies. The process of analysis of some substances mentioned in Table 4.3 involves the analysis of some additional parameters which are mentioned in Table 4.4.

Table 4.3: LWBs monitoring sites – parameters and frequency information (* the sampling frequency for the salt and brackish lakes is indicative, as this depends on the water accumulation)

MONITORING LOCATION ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

in-situ lab. CY_1-3-9_23_L4-HM_S1 CY_1-3-9_23_L4-HM_S1 CY_2-2-6_25_L4-HM_S1 CY_7-1-2_34_L5-A_S1 * CY_8-3-2_11_L1_S1 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM_S1 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM_S1 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM_S1 CY_9-2-5_35_L4-HM_S1 * CY_8-3-2_12_L2-S1 CY_9-6-9_27_L4-HM_S1 CY_9-4-3_26_L4-HM_O1 H2 Morphological conditions X 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y 1/y GP1 Temperature X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP2 Dissolved Oxygen X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP3 Electrical Conductivity X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP4 pH X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP5 Total-P X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP6 Soluble reactive - P X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP7 Total-N X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP8 Nitrate-Nitrite X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y GP9 Ammonium X 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y 4/y PS1 Alachlor X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS2 Atrazine X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS3 Chlorfevinphos X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS4 Diuron X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS5 Endosulfan X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS6 Hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS7 Isoproturon X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS8 Simazine X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS9 Trifluralin X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS10 Cd X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS11 Pb X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS12 Hg X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS13 Ni X 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y 6/y PS14 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons X 6/y PS15 Phenols (nonylphenols, octylphenols) X 6/y OS1 Ba X 4/y OS2 BOD X 4/y OS3 Dissolved BOD X 4/y OS4 Cu X 4/y OS5 Zn X 4/y OS6 Fe X 4/y OS7 S X 4/y OS8 Cr X 4/y OS9 As X 4/y OS10 Ti X 4/y OS11 Sn X 4/y OS12 V X 4/y OS13 Chlorinated hydrocarbons X 4/y OS14 Toluene X 4/y

MONITORING LOCATION ANALYSIS SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL

Table 4.4: Lake water bodies – additional other substances that will be analysed in parallel with the proposed parameters