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9783653068559.Pdf Text und Holocaust EASTERN EUROPEAN CULTURE, POLITICS AND SOCIETIES Edited by Irena Grudzińska-Gross and Andrzej W. Tymowski VOL. 13 Jacek Leociak Text und Holocaust: Die Erfahrung des Ghettos in Zeugnissen und literarischen Entwürfen Aus dem Polnischen von Lisa Palmes Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Publication is founded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland as a part of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Cover illustration: Magdalena H. Gross Cover Design: © Olaf Gloeckler, Atelier Platen, Friedberg Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem, säurefreiem Papier. Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck ISBN 978-3-631-67266-2 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-06855-9 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70998-6 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70999-3 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-06855-9 Open Access: Dieses Werk ist lizensiert unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Den vollständigen Lizenztext finden Sie unter: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de © Jacek Leociak, 2018 Peter Lang – Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien Diese Publikation wurde begutachtet. www.peterlang.com Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 7 Teil 1 ...................................................................................................................... 15 1 Die Suche nach einer Formel ................................................................ 17 2 Autoren, Ort und Zeit .............................................................................. 39 Wer schrieb ....................................................................................................... 40 Ort und Umstände des Schreibens ................................................................ 58 3 Das Schicksal der Texte ........................................................................... 87 4 Gründe für das Schreiben ...................................................................... 99 „Schreibe! Notiere!“ ......................................................................................... 102 „Alarmieren und das Gewissen der Welt erschüttern“ ............................... 105 „Für ein zukünftiges Tribunal“ – „der Rache wegen“ .................................. 109 „Eine Spur hinterlassen“ .................................................................................. 114 In der Tradition verwurzelt ............................................................................. 120 Teil 2 ...................................................................................................................... 131 1 Zwischen persönlicher und unpersönlicher Erzählweise ........ 133 Jakub – Hirszfeld – Levin – Perechodnik ...................................................... 136 Die Briefe der Juden von Płońsk .................................................................... 144 Horowitz – Sznapman – Puterman ................................................................ 151 Kula – Ringelblum – Landau .......................................................................... 157 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis Czerniaków ....................................................................................................... 161 Berichte – Rapporte – Arbeiten ...................................................................... 170 ................................................................. 175 2 Die Darstellung des Ghettos Das Fenster ........................................................................................................ 177 Die Menschen ................................................................................................... 190 Der Tod .............................................................................................................. 202 Die Leichen ....................................................................................................... 213 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 247 Der religiöse Diskurs ....................................................................................... 251 Das religiöse Leben während der Besatzung ................................................ 252 Die Klagelieder Karol Rotgebers .................................................................... 265 Das Martyrologium des Rabbi Szymon Huberband ................................... 283 Die Predigten des Rabbi Klonimus Kelmisz Szapiro ................................... 299 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 309 Rotgeber ............................................................................................................. 314 Huberband ........................................................................................................ 315 Szapiro ............................................................................................................... 316 Schluss ................................................................................................................ 317 Bibliografie ......................................................................................................... 323 Index ..................................................................................................................... 335 Einleitung 1 Gegen jede Erwartung, entgegen allen landläufigen Vorstellungen, ja, jeglicher Wahrscheinlichkeit zum Trotz sind aus der Zeit des Holocaust zahlreiche schrift- liche Zeugnisse erhalten. Den Anstoß für die vorliegende Arbeit gab denn auch meine Verwunderung, dass eine solche Vielzahl von Texten überdauern konnte, obschon doch gemäß der Logik der „Endlösung“ keine Spur von ihnen – wie auch von ihren Autoren – hätte bleiben dürfen. Und dennoch sind sie da. Aufbewahrt unter Gefahr für Leib und Leben, zwischen Schichten von Kleidern weiterge- schmuggelt, in Kästchen, Milchkannen oder leeren Karbiddosen verborgen und im Schutt vergraben, auf Dachböden oder in Kellern zwischen Mauersteinen versteckt, unter losen Bodenbrettern, in der noch heißen Asche menschlicher Gebeine … überdauerten diese Texte. Ihre Existenz bedeutet eine Herausforderung für uns alle. Um sich dieser Herausforderung stellen zu können, gilt es, zu den Relikten der damaligen Wirklichkeit vorzudringen, ähnlich wie man die vergrabenen Überreste längst vergangener Zivilisationen – die einzige Spur dessen, was einst gewesen ist – unter mehreren Erdschichten zutage fördert. So nah wie irgend möglich gilt es zum Text vorzudringen und die Gestalt der in ihm festgehaltenen Erfahrung zu entziffern. Gegenstand meiner Lektüre sollen Tagebücher, Erinnerungen, Chroniken, Berichte, Notizen, Briefe sein, wobei ich ausschließlich Texte betrachte, die „damals dort“ entstanden sind – dort: im (zumeist) Warschauer Ghetto oder rings um seine Mauern, also im Versteck auf der sogenannten „arischen Seite“, und damals: während des Krieges und der Besatzungszeit. Nicht in den Blick nehmen will ich belletristische Werke sowie rückblickend in der Nachkriegszeit entstandene Erinnerungsliteratur und Memoiren. Diese zeitliche Begrenzung erklärt sich vor allem durch das Postulat, einzig Schriften zu untersuchen, die während des Krieges, der Besatzung, der Vernichtung verfasst wurden. Zusätz- lich war die Beschränkung der Analyse auf Texte persönlich-dokumentarischen Charakters insofern vorgegeben, als ich eine umfassendere Beschreibung der- artiger Zeugnisse versuchen möchte, sind diese doch aus der Perspektive lite- raturwissenschaftlicher Praxis bislang nicht erschöpfend präsentiert worden.1 1 Eine Pionierstudie soziologischer Art über die Zeugnisse des Holocaust ist M.M. Bor- wiczs Dissertation Écrits des condamnés à mort sous l’occupation allemande (1939–1945). 8 Einleitung Dahingegen ist die (sowohl „damals dort“ als auch post factum geschaffene) Holocaustliteratur2 bereits seit langem Gegenstand vielfältigster Forschungen und Arbeiten. Daher habe ich mich entschieden, mich hier nicht mit den litera- rischen Werken zu befassen. Hinweisen möchte ich lediglich auf einige in der polnischen wissenschaftli- chen Literatur sehr bedeutende Arbeiten zu diesem Thema: Michał Borwicz: Lite- ratura w obozie [Literatur im Lager], Krakau 1946; Ders.: „Wstęp“ [Einleitung], in: Pieśń ujdzie cało … Antologia wierszy o Żydach pod okupacją niemiecką [Das Lied entkommt heil und ganz … Eine Anthologie von Gedichten über die Juden unter deutscher Besatzung], Warschau 1947; Helena Zaworska: „Medaliony“ Zofii Nałkowskiej [Zofia Nałkowskas „Medaillons“], Warschau 1961; Andrzej Werner: Zwyczajna Apokalypsa. Tadeusz Borowski i jego wizja świata obozów [Eine gewöhnliche Apokalypse. Tadeusz Borowski und seine Sicht auf die Welt des Lagers], Warschau 1971; Tadeusz Drewnowski: Ucieczka z kamiennego świata. O Tadeuszu Borowskim [Flucht aus der steinernen Welt. Über Tadeusz Borowski], Warschau 1972; Irena Maciejewska: „Getto Warszawskie w litera- turze polskiej“ [Das Warschauer Ghetto
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