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Tomo CXLVI – 2010 Tomo CXLVI · 2010 · ISSN: 0210-8577 BOLETÍN DE LA REAL SOCIEDAD GEOGRÁFICA Tomo CXLVI 2010 Fundada en 1876 BOLETÍN DE LA REAL SOCIEDAD GEOGRÁFICA (2010) TOMO CXLVI http://www.realsociedadgeografica.com BOLETÍN de la Real Sociedad Geográfica Tomo CXLVI enero - diciembre 2010 Madrid (España) ISSN: 0210-8577 Redacción, Suscripción y Venta Real Sociedad Geográfica C/ Monte Esquinza, 41 - 28010 Madrid Tf. : 91 308 24 77 - Fax: 91 308 24 78 e-mail: [email protected] El Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica es el instrumento con el que ésta enti- dad cumple los objetivos que tiene definidos es sus estatutos: promover el conoci- miento geográfico en todos sus aspectos, prestando especial atención a aquellos temas en los que la sociedad demuestra mayor interés. El Boletín se edita anualmente y en él se encuentran presentes desde su aparición en 1876, las firmas de geógrafos, historia- dores, economistas y científicos de las diferentes áreas de mayor relevancia dentro de la Ciencia Geográfica y Ciencias afines. Sus páginas recogen artículos de inve stigación, noticias y comentarios, reseñas bibliográficas, así como la memoria anual de las actividades de la RSG. The Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica is the tool that this entity uses to ful- fill the objects its by-laws has defined: promotion of geographical knowledge in all its aspects, and paying a special attention to those issues on which Society is most inte- rested. The Boletín comes out once a year and, since its first issue in 1876, the most relevant geographers, historians, economists and other scientists in Geography and similar Sciences have been published in it. Its pages contain research articles, news and remarks, bibliographic reviews, as well as the RSG's annual activities report. Las publicaciones de la Real Sociedad Geográfica pueden adquirirse en: Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, “La Casa del Mapa”, C/. Ibáñez de Ibero, 3, 28003 Madrid. “Las opiniones y hechos consignados en cada artículo son de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores. La Real Sociedad Geográfica no se hace responsable, en ningún caso, de la credibi- lidad y autenticidad de los trabajos” © REAL SOCIEDAD GEOGRÁFICA, 2010 Depósito legal: B-13.764/1992 ISSN: 0210-8577 Impreso en España - Printed in Spain Imprime: Mayoral. Isaac Peral, 52 - 28040 Madrid. Tel. 91 543 20 29 BOLETÍN de la Real Sociedad Geográfica Tomo CXLVI 2010 CONSEjO DE REDACCIóN Presidente: María Asunción Martín Lou. Instituto de Economía y Geografía Vocales: Fernando Arroyo Ilera. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid joaquín Bosque Sendra. Universidad de Alcalá de Henares Rafael Puyol Antolín. Universidad Complutense de Madrid juan josé Sanz Donaire. Universidad Complutense de Madrid juan Velarde Fuertes. Universidad Complutense de Madrid Manuel Valenzuela Rubio. Unive rsidad Autónoma de Madrid Antonio Zárate Martín. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Secretario: joaquín Bosque Maurel. Universidad Complutense de Madrid CONSEjO ASESOR DEL BOLETÍN DE LA R.S.G. Mª Carmen Ocaña. Universidad de Málaga Luisa Mª Frutos. Universidad de Zaragoza Horacio Capel. Universidad de Barcelona Andrés Precedo Ledo. Universidad de Santiago Antonio Gil Olcina. Universidad de Alicante Santiago González Alonso. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Florencio Zoido. Universidad de Sevilla Fernando Manero. Universidad de Valladolid Rafael Herrero. Comunidad de Madrid - Cartografía juan Iranzo. Instituto de Estudios Económicos. Madrid Armando Montanari. Sociedad Italiana de Geografía. Roma jorge Gaspar. Universidad de Lisboa. Portugal josé Luis Palacios. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Bruno Messerli. Universidad de Berna. Suiza Doreen Mases. The Open University. Reino Unido Roland Courtot. Universidad de Aix en Provence. Francia Douglas Pierce. Victoria University. Nueva Zelanda Hugo Romero. Universidad Católica de Chile Andrei Malinowsky. Academia de Ciencias. Polonia Real Sociedad Geográfica Secretaría C/ Monte Esquinza, 41 - 28010 MADRID Tel. 91 308 24 77 • Fax 91 308 24 78 • e-mail: [email protected] I CONFERENCIA DE APERTURA DEL CURSO 2009-2010 LA NUEVA GEOGRAFÍA ECONÓMICA THE NEW ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Por juan E. Iranzo * Quiero agradecer muy sinceramente al Prof. Velarde y, en gene- ral, a todos los miembros de la Real Sociedad Geográfica, el honor que me han concedido al poder dictar la Conferencia Inaugural del Curso 2009/2010. INTRODUCCIóN Al comenzar el siglo XIX la economía china representaba el 30% de la economía mundial siendo el país predominante, mientras que la norteamericana apenas aportaba el 4% del PIB mundial de la época. Sin embargo, la incapacidad de China de adaptarse a la internacionali- zación que registró el mundo durante el siglo XIX, es decir, aprovechar las ventajas relativas del comercio; y posteriormente el “triunfo” de un régimen comunista durante parte del siglo XX, provocó que este país perdiese toda relevancia en la economía mundial. Relevo que, en gran medida, tomó Estados Unidos debido, sobre todo, a su desarrollo tec- nológico, a la flexibilidad y, por tanto, eficiencia de sus mercados, y a su enorme espíritu emprendedor y de defensa de la libertad. En los albores del siglo XXI estamos asistiendo a avances trascen- dentales que están estructurando una nueva e inédita realidad econó- mica, caracterizada por la globalización, entendida como la intercone- xión mundial en tiempo real, puesto que Internet se ha convertido en una red internacional de distribución de bienes, servicios, capitales y empleo. Los cambios tecnológicos, gracias a la revolución de las comunicaciones y del transporte, e institucionales, fruto de la apertura * Director General del Instituto de Estudios Económicos. Boletín de la R.S.G., CXLVI, 2010 ISSN: 0210-8577 (9-26) 10 CONFERENCIA DE APERTURA DEL CURSO 2009-2010 y liberalización de los mercados, están impulsando las fuerzas compe- titivas que, a su vez, permiten un crecimiento equilibrado y sostenido. El proceso de internacionalización se ha acelerado tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como consecuencia del relevante papel desempeñado por las empresas multinacionales, de los múltiples avances técnicos y del elevado crecimiento del comercio internacional, la interrelación de la actividad económica no es un fenómeno nuevo, sino que, más bien, se está produciendo la normalización de una situación que ya se inició con la primera Revolución Industrial en los siglos XVIII y XIX, pero que fue interrumpida durante la parte central del siglo XX, fruto de dos Guerras Mundiales y del tono autárquico que caracterizó la política ed dicho periodo. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de interconexión en tiempo real es una situación inédita que significa una realidad nueva. La glo- balización comercial y financiera está siendo mucho más rápida, a tra- vés de muy diversas vías y no se limita, como antaño, a los grandes imperios coloniales, sino que abarca a muchos más países, con inde- pendencia de su grado de desarrollo. Las relaciones humanas, en todos los ámbitos, se han ido amplian- do a medida que los descubrimientos geográficos o los nuevos medios de comunicación y de transporte han reducido las distancias (también en términos de tiempo), poniendo en contacto toda una diversidad de países, culturas y civilizaciones, anteriormente lejanos. Así, por ejem- plo, la primera revolución tecnológica que conoció el mundo moderno fue la imprenta de caracteres móviles de johannes Gutenberg hacia 1440, que permitió la difusión masiva y barata, no sólo de información ya conocida, sino también de nuevas y revolucionarias ideas, como las 95 Tesis de Martín Lutero (1517), atacando la venta de indulgencias por parte de la Iglesia, o su traducción al alemán de la Biblia (1534), de la que se vendieron miles de ejemplares con enorme rapidez, con- tribu yendo a un profundo cambio en la sociedad europea que precipi- taría la Reforma de la Iglesia católica. En la misma época Nicolás Maquiavelo publica El Príncipe (1513), el primer libro occidental sin referencia alguna a la Biblia ni a los escritores de la antigüedad, y que tuvo gran influencia en el pensamiento político de la época. Por su parte, el sombrío panorama para la internacionalización del siglo XVIII (elevados aranceles, escaso comercio de materias primas, redu- cidos movimientos migratorios y un mercado global de capitales poco desarrollado) fue superado gracias, por un lado, a la industrialización de Gran Bretaña y su posterior extensión al resto de la Europa conti- Boletín de la R.S.G., CXLVI, 2010 (9-26) LA NUEVA GEOGRAFÍA ECONóMICA 11 nental y, por otro, a la ampliación de los mercados, fruto del descubri- miento de nuevos territorios, de la revolución de los transportes y de la consiguiente reducción de costes. Las sociedades han desarrollado distintos sistemas de producción de bienes y servicios hasta el sistema capitalista imperante en la actua- lidad, cuyo origen se remonta a la Revolución Industrial, que tiene lugar durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Desde ese momento, una de las preocupaciones centrales de la Ciencia Económica ha sido el análisis sobre las causas y la dinámica del crecimiento económico de las naciones. Algunas corrientes de pensamiento (de corte marxista) sostienen, de forma errónea, que el sistema de producción capitalista se encuentra en una permanente crisis que, inexorablemente, conduci- rá a su desaparición. Sin embargo, lo cierto es que esa crisis no expre- sa sino la capacidad de renovación continua del sistema, gracias a la conjunción, en momentos concretos, de algunos descubrimientos cien- tíficos que permiten la aparición de nuevas tecnologías que, aplicadas, a su vez, a los procesos productivos, estimulan la inversión, la deman- da y la creación de empleo. Así, a lo largo de la historia, determinados cambios técnicos, desde la invención de la imprenta, pasando por el barco de vapor o el ferrocarril, hasta los últimos avances de ingeniería genética o las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunica- ción, han tenido una importancia fundamental en el progreso econó- mico, social y político, debido a su capacidad de arrastre y de aplica- ción en productos y procesos, lo que genera, a su vez, largas fases de crecimiento.
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