Evidence of Partisan Emphasis on EMU During 1994–1999: Comparing Finnish Parties

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Evidence of Partisan Emphasis on EMU During 1994–1999: Comparing Finnish Parties Evidence of Partisan Emphasis on EMU during 1994–1999: Comparing Finnish Parties Marko Karttunen ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in the lecture room XII, University main building, on 18 April 2009, at 10:00 a.m. Acta Politica 38 Department of Political Science University of Helsinki ISBN 978-952-10-5380-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-5381-8 (PDF, http://ethesis.helsinki.fi) ISSN 0515-3093 Helsinki University Print Helsinki 2009 Political power can be better understood in the degree that language is better understood, and that the language of politics can be usefully studied by quantitative methods. (Lasswell & Leites & Associates 1949, preface) Abstract This study explores the EMU stand taken by the major Finnish political parties from 1994 to 1999. The starting point is the empirical evidence showing that party responses to European integration are shaped by a mix of national and cross-national factors, with national factors having more explanatory value. The study is the first to produce evidence that classified party documents such as protocols, manifestos and authoritative policy summaries may describe the EMU policy emphasis. In fact, as the literature review demonstrates, it has been unclear so far what kind of stand the three major Finnish political parties took during 1994–1999. Consequently, this study makes a substantive contribution to understanding the factors that shaped EMU party policies, and eventually, the national EMU policy during the 1990s. The research questions addressed are the following: What are the main factors that shaped partisan standpoints on EMU during 1994–1999? To what extent did the policy debate and themes change in the political parties? How far were the policies of the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party shaped by factors unique to their own national contexts? Furthermore, to what extent were they determined by cross-national influences from abroad, and especially from countries with which Finland has a special relationship, such as Sweden? The theoretical background of the study is in the area of party politics and approaches to EU policies, and party change, developed mainly by Kevin Featherstone, Peter Mair and Richard Katz. At the same time, it puts forward generic hypotheses that help to explain party standpoints on EMU. It incorporates a large quantity of classified new material based on primary research through content analysis and interviews. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used sequentially in order to overcome possible limitations. Established content-analysis techniques improve the reliability of the data. The coding frame is based on the salience theory of party competition. Interviews with eight party leaders and one independent expert civil servant provided additional insights and improve the validity of the data. Public-opinion surveys and media coverage are also used to complete the research path. Four major conclusions are drawn from the research findings. First, the quantitative and the interview data reveal the importance of the internal influences within the parties that most noticeably shaped their EMU policies during the 1990s. In contrast, international events play a minor role. The most striking feature turned out to be the strong emphasis by all of the parties on economic goals. However, it is important to note that the factors manifest differences between economic, democratic and international issues across the three major parties. Secondly, it seems that the parties have transformed into centralised and professional organisations in terms of their EMU policy-making. The weight and direction of party EMU strategy rests within the leadership and a few administrative elites. This could imply changes in their institutional environment. Eventually, parties may appear generally less differentiated and more standardised in their policy-making. Thirdly, the case of the Social Democratic Party shows that traditional organisational links continue to exist between the left and the trade unions in terms of their EMU policy-making. Hence, it could be that the parties have not yet moved beyond their conventional affiliate organisations. Fourthly, parties tend to neglect citizen opinion and demands with regard to EMU, which could imply conflict between the changes in their strategic environment. They seem to give more attention to the demands of political competition (party-party relationships) than to public attitudes (party-voter relationships), which would imply that they have had to learn to be more flexible and responsive. Finally, three suggestions for institutional reform are offered, which could contribute to the emergence of legitimised policy-making: measures to bring more party members and voter groups into the policy- making process; measures to adopt new technologies in order to open up the policy-formation process in the early phase; and measures to involve all interest groups in the policy-making process. i ii Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee Suomen kolmen suurimman puolueorganisaation EMU-kantojen painotuseroja vuosina 1994–1999. Viitekehys pohjautuu aiempaan tutkimuskirjallisuuteen, jonka mukaan paradoksaalisia puolueorganisaatioiden integraatiopoliittisia kantoja ovat muovanneet sekä kansalliset että kansainväliset tekijät. Lähtökohtana on, että kansalliset tekijät selittävät enemmän kantojen muodostumista. Valtio-opillisessa tutkimusperinteessä tämä on ensimmäinen tutkimus, joka tutkii suomalaisten puolueorganisaatioiden EMU-kantojen painotuksia julkisten kannanottojen, erittäin salaisina pidettyjen pöytäkirjojen ja puoluejohtajien yhteenvedonomaisten tiivistelmien avulla. Tästä syystä tämä tutkimus tuo merkittävästi esiin niitä keskeisiä tekijöitä, jotka ovat muovanneet puolueorganisaatioiden EMU-poliittisia kantoja ja myös Suomen EMU-politiikkaa 1990-luvulla. Tutkimuksessa pyritään vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin. Mitkä ovat olleet ne päätekijät, jotka ovat muovanneet Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Puolueen, Suomen Keskustan ja Kansallisen Kokoomuksen EMU-poliittisia kantoja vuosina 1994–1999? Missä määrin painotukset ovat muuttuneet näiden vuosien varrella? Missä määrin kantoja ovat muovanneet kansalliset ja kansainväliset tekijät ulkomailta sekä erityisesti maista kuten Ruotsista, johon Suomella on ollut läheinen suhde? Viitekehys pohjautuu puolueorganisaatioiden integraatiopolitiikkaa ja puoluemuutosta selittäviin teoreettisiin tekijöihin, joita ovat kehittäneet muun muassa Kevin Featherstone, Peter Mair ja Richard Katz. Näiden teoreettisten tekijöiden ja empiiristen tulosten avulla tutkimuksessa on asetettu työn analysointia ohjaavat hypoteesit. Tutkimusaineisto sisältää suurissa määrin primäärilähteenä erittäin salaisena pidettävää asiakirjamateriaalia, joka on analysoitu kvantitatiivista sisällönerittelymenetelmää käyttäen ja hyödynnetty haastatteluaineiston rinnalla. Siksi on luotu luokitusrunko, joka pohjautuu puoluekilpailuteorian salience-lähestymistapaan. Luotettavuuden varmistamiseksi luokitusrunko perustuu tutkimusperinteessä jo aiemmin testattuihin luokituskäytäntöihin. Validiteetin parantamiseksi tutkimus hyödyntää myös haastatteluaineistoa, joka on kerätty kvantitatiivisen analyysin jälkeen. Haastattelut ovat valaisseet tutkimuskohdetta tarkemmin ja päässeet kiinni tutkimuskohteen toimintaan ikään kuin sisältä käsin. Lisäksi haastattelut ovat tavoittaneet sen aineiston, joka on mahdollisesti jäänyt asiakirja-analyysin ulottumattomiin. Tutkimuksessa on haastateltu kahdeksaa puoluejohtajaa ja yhtä riippumatonta valtiovarainministeriön korkeaa virkamiestä. Aineistoa täydentävät myös mielipidemittaukset ja lehdistömateriaali. Tutkimustulosten mukaan voidaan tehdä seuraavat neljä johtopäätöstä. Ensimmäiseksi, kansalliset tekijät puolueorganisaatioissa ovat muokanneet merkittävimmin EMU-poliittisia kantoja 1990-luvulla. Toisaalta kansainvälisten tekijöiden vaikutus on jäänyt vain vähäiseksi. Eniten puolueet ovat painottaneet taloudellisia tavoitetekijöitä EMU-kantaa muodostettaessa. Suurimmat erot puolueiden välillä heijastuvat taloudellisista, demokraattisista ja kansanvälisistä tekijöistä. Toiseksi, puolueet ovat muodostaneet EMU-kantojaan keskittyneellä ja ammattimaisella politiikan tekotavalla. Puoluejohto ja sen ympärillä olevat asiantuntijat sekä muutamat hallinnolliset eliittihenkilöt ovat päättäneet puolueen EMU-strategian suunnasta. Tämä vahvistaa kehitystä, jossa puolueiden politiikkakantojen painotukset lähenevät toisiaan. Kolmanneksi, tiivis yhteys näkyy erityisen merkittävästi sosialidemokraattien ja ammattiyhdistysliikkeen EMU-kantojen muodostumisessa. Puoluekartalla vasemmalla olevat puolueorganisaatiot linkittävät yhä edelleen politiikkakantojaan niitä lähellä olevien intressiryhmien kantojen kanssa. Neljänneksi, puolueet ovat suhtautuneet välinpitämättömästi yleisen EMU- mielipiteen kehitykseen. Puolueet ovat keskittyneet enemmän puoluepoliittiseen kilpailuun kuin kannattajien asenteiden seuraamiseen. Estääkseen tämän kehityksen puolueiden on opittava joustavimmiksi ja huomioitava paremmin kannattajansa. Tutkimus esittelee lopuksi kolme ehdotusta, jotka lisäisivät puolueorganisaatioiden legitiimisyyttä politiikkakantojen muodostamisvaiheessa. Osallistumisaktiivisuutta on lisättävä kannattajien keskuudessa ja laajennettava uusiin äänestäjäryhmiin. Politiikkakantaa on avattava kannattajille heti valmisteluvaiheessa, ja uutta teknologiaa on hyödynnettävä kannattajia
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