Foundations of Nursing As Ministry

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,© Jones LLC & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning© Jones Company. & NOT Bartlett FOR SALE Learning, OR DISTRIBUTION. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & BartlettUNIT Learning, I LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Foundations of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONNursing asNOT Ministry FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CHAPTER 1 © JonesThe History & Bartlettof Nursing Learning, as Ministry. . .LLC . . . . . 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 2 Divine Appointment: Fulfilling Your Call. . . . . 17 CHAPTER 3 Caring from a Christian Worldview: © Jones & Bartlett Learning,The LLC Agape Model...... © . . . Jones & Bartlett37 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 4 Using Models for Faith-Based Curricula . . . . . 57 CHAPTER 5 Being a Christian Nurse...... 75 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,© Jones LLC & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning© Jones Company. & NOT Bartlett FOR SALE Learning, OR DISTRIBUTION. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Philip Meyer/Shutterstock© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORThe SALE OR History DISTRIBUTION of NursingNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,as Ministry LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Donald W. Sweeting, PhD

LEARNING© Jones & OBJECTIVES Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION At the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1. Understand the historical roots of nursing as ministry. 2. Begin to develop a personal worldview for nursing. © Jones & Bartlett3. Discuss Learning, the concepts ofLLC creation, fall, redemption, and consummation.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. Develop a personal philosophy of nursing as ministry. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

KEY TERMS

n my adult life, I’ve been the pastor of two very Christian about the hospital and nursing churches, the president of two schools, movements. and© Jonesa church & historian.Bartlett WhileLearning, teach- LLC Today, there is an urgent© demand Jones for &nurses. Bartlett Learning, LLC Iing church history on the seminary level, I The good news is that if you are a halfway de- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION have long been fascinated by the extraordin- cent nurse, you should have job security for the ary cultural changes that took place because future. In fact, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statis- of the coming of Jesus Christ. One aspect of tics (2019) estimates that there will be more than this is the formative role that Christ’s follow- 1 million openings for registered nurses (RNs) in © Jones &ers Bartlett have had inLearning, health care. InLLC my studies, I’ve the United© StatesJones by 2024. & Bartlett In turn, there Learning, is a crit- LLC NOT FORbeen SALE struck OR by theDISTRIBUTION fact that there is something ical shortageNOT of ChristianFOR SALE nurses toOR fill thatDISTRIBUTION gap.

There is not simply a shortage of nurses I may be wrong, of course. Clearly, our but also a shortage© Jones of good& Bartlett nurses—that Learning, is, technology LLC is advancing, and we© spend Jones more & Bartlett Learning, LLC nurses who areNOT conscientious, FOR SALE are well OR trained, DISTRIBUTION on health care than ever. I recognizeNOT that FOR we SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and have a deep internal motivation to care for live in the golden age of knee surgery, of heart their patients. care, of biotech marvels, and all that—but it still feels as if the quality of care is declining. My evidence is anecdotal, but I’ve heard too many © Jones▸▸ & Bartlett Learning, LLC others share similar© Jones impressions & Bartlett and stories Learning, LLC NOT FORThe SALE Need OR for DISTRIBUTION about depersonalizedNOT FORor less-than-competent SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Quality Care care to completely dismiss these complaints. For example, why do even my doctor As a layman, there is a great deal I don’t know friends say that if you go to the hospital, don’t about medicine and nursing. Even so, it feels to go alone? That is, you need an advocate to © Jones & Bartlettme, Learning, and to many LLCof my peers, as if the quality © guideJones you & through Bartlett what Learning, feels like an LLCimper- NOT FOR SALE ORof care DISTRIBUTION in the health professions is declining. NOTsonal FOR system SALE (see CASE OR STUDY DISTRIBUTION 1-1).

CASE STUDY 1-1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Just last week my mother-in-law, who is in her 80s, fell and spent a week in the hospital. My wife went with her andNOT was aghast FOR at SALEthe oversights OR ofDISTRIBUTION the trauma floor staff. She observed how older NOTpeople FORare SALE OR DISTRIBUTION rushed through the system because of what was described to her as the “pressure from the insurance companies.” On top of this, our nephew, who is eight years old, has been receiving treatment at the local medical center. He’s a great little kid, but he had a serious infection. Unfortunately, they kept © Jonesmisdiagnosing & Bartlett it. First Learning, it was said to be LLC a stomach problem; then the healthcare© Jones personnel & Bartlett called it an Learning, LLC NOT FORappendix SALE problem. OR Our DISTRIBUTION nephew was an inpatient for three weeks, and theNOT infection FOR got SALE quite serious. OR DISTRIBUTION For several days, we didn’t know if he would make it. In fact, the doctor said that his case involved “a horrible, horrible, horrible, horrible, horrible infection.” Now, when a doctor says “horrible” twice, you get freaked out; when he says it five times, then you know it’s really bad. When my sister-in-law and brother-in-law brought my nephew home, he was still vomiting. It was awful to watch him suffer. Eventually, my wife, who is not a doctor, consulted with a physician friend © Jones & Bartlett aboutLearning, our nephew’s LLC medications. It turns out that the© hospitalJones gave & this Bartlett eight-year-old Learning, child the wrong LLC NOT FOR SALE ORmedication. DISTRIBUTION They gave him a medication that was forNOT adults FORand sent SALE him home OR with DISTRIBUTION that—and for 13 days they kept telling his family it should work. When my wife and sister-in-law approached the dietitian and doctor about this issue, they kept insisting that this was the right medication for the child to take. Finally, one of the nurses looked into the issue and admitted, “You know what? We made a big mistake.” If you had been on the receiving end of this harrowing episode, you would be outraged. We did not sue,© nor Jones did we threaten & Bartlett to do so. Learning, But we did experience LLC firsthand why a nurse’s job© is soJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC important. WeNOT realized FOR that SALEwe need goodOR doctors,DISTRIBUTION assistants, dietitians, and nurses! NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Questions 1. Based on this true story from the author, how would you have handled this situation as a Christian nurse? © Jones2. & How Bartlett would you Learning, have told the LLCfamily that a mistake was made? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. How could this serious situation have been prevented? Where do you think the breakdown in NOT FOR SALEcommunication OR DISTRIBUTION occurred? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. Why is a nurse’s job important?

One of my favorite books on medical care Or take the worldview of post-modernism, is The© Lost Jones Art of & Healing Bartlett; it was Learning, written in LLCwhich tends to be extremely© Jonessubjective—that & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1999 NOTby Bernard FOR Lown SALE. It’s ORa little DISTRIBUTION dated, but is, truth is in the eye of theNOT beholder. FOR It appar SALE- OR DISTRIBUTION nevertheless fascinating. More than 20 years ently does not have a high view of facts. I can- ago, Lown, who worked for four decades as a not image how someone could do science as a cardiologist, was writing about how medicine thoroughgoing post-modernist. in the United States has lost its way. Or what about the worldview that some- © Jones & BartlettAccording Learning, to Lown, there LLC is an unwritten times describes© Jones itself & as Bartlett post-human? Learning, Post- LLC NOT FORcovenant SALE betweenOR DISTRIBUTION doctor and patient that is humanistsNOT (also FOR called SALE transhumanists) OR DISTRIBUTION talk being broken (1999). In his view, healing is be- about redirecting human evolution with new ing replaced with treating; caring is being sup- medical techniques and experiments. planted with managing; and listening is being Today, we are seeing a drift away from the overtaken by technological procedures. Doc- Christian vision that gave birth to the modern © Jones & Bartlett Learning,tors no longer LLC minister: They focus on biolog© Jones- healthcare & Bartlett movement, Learning, and toward LLC new secular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONical parts that are not functioning right, notNOT on FORworldviews SALE that OR are DISTRIBUTION influencing the field. This the person. is the atmosphere in which you will be practic- Lown wrote that a certain pride is instilled ing nursing. Those of us who are a little older into medical students that presents humans can sense the shift now under way. We have as merely biochemical machines. He felt that the perspective of another era—one that was doctors© placedJones more & emphasisBartlett on Learning, the technical LLCadmittedly less technically ©savvy, Jones but one & withBartlett Learning, LLC parts NOTof medicine FOR rather SALE than OR on theDISTRIBUTION more hu- a more human face. HealthcareNOT practice FOR in SALE this OR DISTRIBUTION man art of listening (1999). Lown makes the era was driven by a Christian vision of healing case that doctors must reconnect with their and caring for the patient. tradition as healers, and that medicine needs This chapter seeks to discuss the Christian a human face. foundation for nursing as ministry. I want to © Jones & BartlettHere is the Learning, view of someone LLC looking at the acquaint© you, Jones or perhaps & Bartlett reacquaint Learning, you, with LLC NOT FORsystem SALE from OR the DISTRIBUTION inside. Lown is not a layman a BiblicalNOT basis FORfor nursing, SALE and OR then DISTRIBUTION bridge like me, yet he is saying that we’re overlooking from that to see how Christian involvement in some very important matters. The challenge the hospital and nursing movements changed to the younger generation, then, is to remake history. To do so, we will journey back to the these all-important connections in the very sources (Ad fontes) of Christian nursing. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,highly specialized LLC and technological environ© Jones- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONment of contemporary health care. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The business of medicine is huge. Phar- maceutical companies have a major impact on ▸▸ A Biblical Basis this area, for good and for sometimes not so for Nursing good. So do insurance companies. But along with this© Jones comes the & influence Bartlett of secularLearning, world- LLCLet’s begin with Holy Scripture© Jones itself and & lookBartlett Learning, LLC viewsNOT that are FOR now drivingSALE the OR profession. DISTRIBUTIONat some of the key BiblicalNOT passages FOR that SALEhave OR DISTRIBUTION Other worldviews are now shaping new shaped the nursing profession. We will start medical workers coming into the profession. with the Old Testament—specifically, Gene- Take, for example, the worldview of modern- sis 1:26–27. At the climax of creation, on the ism. Modernism tends to be very scientific and sixth day, God created human beings in His © Jones &often Bartlett reductionistic. Learning, It might LLC say, “The prob- own image.© Jones Thus, all & humans Bartlett have Learning,the dignity LLC NOT FORlem SALE is your OR organ,” DISTRIBUTION and that’s all it will look at, that comesNOT from FOR God having SALE stamped OR DISTRIBUTION His own rather than the whole person. image on us.

Our dignity is tied to the glory of our Cre- do as the king of Egypt commanded them, but ator, the fountainhead© Jones of & all Bartlett dignity. As Learning, crea- let LLCthe male children live.” © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tures, our dignityNOT is FOR extrinsic—that SALE ORis, derived DISTRIBUTION Of course, the main point ofNOT this passage FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION from the God who scoops up dust, molds it is that because of courageous faith of the mid- into a human being, and breathes into it the wives, Moses was born and he would deliver breath of life. God assigns to each of us, tem- the children of Israel from Pharaoh’s hand. poral creatures that we are, eternal significance Much later, the Messiah would be a descend- © Jonesand worth. & Bartlett As a consequence, Learning, every LLC person ant of that line.© Even Jones so, it is& not Bartlett insignificant Learning, LLC NOTyou FOR meet SALE has God-given OR DISTRIBUTION dignity. that these midwivesNOT had FOR a respect SALE for theOR lives DISTRIBUTION Look deeper into Genesis 4:9, which pro- of these babies and did all that they could to vides the fascinating account of Cain and Abel. let them live. We sometimes breeze through this passage Go deeper still in the Old Testament and without paying much attention to its message. you come to passages like Psalm 8. In verse © Jones & BartlettIt’s Learning,the story about LLC two siblings who couldn’t © 4,Jones the psalmist & Bartlett asks the Learning,majestic Lord, LLC “What NOT FOR SALE ORget along, DISTRIBUTION we tell ourselves. But wait—this is NOTis man FOR that SALE you are ORmindful DISTRIBUTION of him, and the more than just another bad day in paradise! son of man that you care for him?” The author After Cain takes the life of Abel, God then provides the answer: “Yet you have made calls Cain to account for what happened. God him a little lower than the heavenly beings asks, “Where is Abel your brother?” Cain’s re- and crowned him with glory and honor. You ply to God in© verse Jones 9: “I do& notBartlett know; am Learning, I my have LLC given him dominion over the© Jonesworks of & Bartlett Learning, LLC brother’s keeper?”NOT FORThat is SALE a profound OR DISTRIBUTIONques- your hands; you have put all thingsNOT under FOR his SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tion. The Lord replies, “What have you done? feet” (ESV). The voice of your brother’s blood is crying to In other words, God has shared His dig- me from the ground.” In other words, the nity with humankind. He has crowned us with dignity of Abel has been violated. Of course glory and honor. We are created a little lower © Jonesyou are & your Bartlett brother’s Learning, keeper, and LLC you have than the heavenly© Jonesbeings, but & higherBartlett than Learning, the LLC NOTtaken FOR his SALE life. OR DISTRIBUTION animal world (whichNOT FORalso has SALE value ORand forDISTRIBUTION Don’t miss the significance of this story. which we are to care). This psalm is helpful be- At the beginning of the Bible, God signals that cause it lays out an order of being in God’s cre- we have a responsibility for the person next to ated world and reminds us that we must think us. All people are created in the image of God, rightly about ourselves, according to the Scrip- © Jones & Bartlettand Learning, we are to care LLC for our neighbor. This mes- © tures,Jones not &according Bartlett to the Learning, latest trend inLLC polit- NOT FOR SALE ORsage DISTRIBUTIONis amplified in Leviticus, where God com- NOTical correctnessFOR SALE (i.e., ORspeciesism). DISTRIBUTION mands, “you shall not stand up against the Radical animal rights activists no lon- life of your neighbor” (Leviticus 19:16, En- ger recognize the unique dignity of humans, glish Standard Version [ESV]) and “you shall but instead argue that humans have no higher love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord” value than animals. Animals and humans are (Leviticus 19:18,© Jones ESV). & Bartlett Learning,both LLC part of the created order and ©to beJones treated & Bartlett Learning, LLC EchoingNOT the teaching FOR ofSALE Genesis OR 1, in DISTRIBUTION Ex- humanely. But the Scriptures are clearNOT that FOR hu- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION odus we find a fascinating account of the He- mans, though lower than the angels, are given brew midwives. A new Pharaoh noticed that stewardship and dominion over the animals. the people of Israel were rapidly multiplying in The peak of creation comes when humans Egypt. In response, Pharaoh issued a decree to are created and assigned their tasks by God. © Jonesthe Hebrew & Bartlett midwives Learning, that when a Hebrew LLC boy God was free to© giveJones meat &to Bartlettthe Israelites Learning, in LLC NOTwas FOR born, SALE they were OR to DISTRIBUTION kill him. The baby girls the wilderness NOT(Exodus FOR 16). JesusSALE was OR free DISTRIBUTIONto could live, but not the sons. Exodus 1:17 tells eat fish, and he openly proclaimed that hu- us, “but the midwives feared God and did not mans are of more value than the birds of the air

(Matthew 6:26 and 10:31). Peter’s vision in Acts Mark 12:29–31 after the great commandment 10 . . © . Moreover,Jones & erasing Bartlett the distinction Learning, be- LLCto “love the Lord, your God© with Jones all your & heart, Bartlett Learning, LLC tweenNOT people FOR and animals SALE leads OR to AnimalDISTRIBUTION Farm and with all your soul, andNOT with all FOR your mindSALE OR DISTRIBUTION absurdities—legally, socially, and practically. and with all your strength,” Jesus proclaims In Psalm 139, David says, “O Lord, you another commandment like it: “You shall love have searched me and known me. . . . [You] are your neighbor as yourself” (ESV). acquainted with all my ways.” In the middle of In Luke 6:36, Jesus says to his followers, © Jones &this Bartlett psalm, he Learning,says, LLC “be merciful,© Jones even as &your Bartlett Father is Learning, merciful.” LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In Luke NOT10, we FORfind his SALE parable OR of theDISTRIBUTION Good For you formed my inward parts; you Samaritan. Who responds appropriately to the knitted me together in my mother’s victim who was violently attacked on the Jer- womb. I praise you, for I am fearfully icho road? Not the priest and not the Levite, and wonderfully made. . . . My frame “but a Samaritan.” This traveler was the one © Jones & Bartlett Learning,was not LLC hidden from you, when I was© Joneswho & took Bartlett pity on Learning, the man and LLC bandaged his NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbeing made in secret, intricately wo-NOT FORwounds, SALE put himOR on DISTRIBUTION a donkey, and took him ven in the depths of the earth. Your to an inn to take care of him. Jesus stunned his eyes saw my unformed substance. audience when he said, “You go and do like- wise.” He said, “do this and you will live.” You Thus, God was acquainted with this human are to take this Samaritan helper/healer as being© before Jones birth. & HeBartlett had great Learning, value and LLCyour model. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC worthNOT before FOR he left SALEthe womb. OR David’s DISTRIBUTION power- In Matthew 25, Jesus says,NOT “I wasFOR sick SALE and OR DISTRIBUTION ful passage also informs our understanding of you visited me” (verse 36). Then he adds, “as how we are to understand ourselves and oth- you did it to one of the least of these my broth- ers, and how we are to treat others. ers, you did it to me” (verse 40). In the New Testament, early on in the Collectively, these texts testify that Jesus © Jones &Gospels Bartlett we see Learning, Jesus as he LLCenters his public cared about© Jones the soul, & obviously, Bartlett because Learning, he is LLC NOT FORministry. SALE WhatOR doesDISTRIBUTION he do? Matthew 4:23 tells Savior. ButNOT he alsoFOR cared SALE about OR the bodyDISTRIBUTION and us that Jesus went throughout Galilee teaching the physical needs of people he met on his path. in the synagogues, preaching the good news of He commissioned his disciples to do the same. the kingdom, and healing every disease and As we pull all of these texts together, we sickness among the people. In other words, essentially come up with an outline of a © Jones & Bartlett Learning,along with LLC being a preacher of the gospel,© heJones worldview—a & Bartlett Christian Learning, worldview LLC that should NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONministered to physical needs. Along withNOT be- FORguide SALE every believer, OR DISTRIBUTION including those who are ing the Savior, Jesus was a healer. called to nursing as ministry. All four Gospels tell us that Jesus had compassion for the sick. When he trained his 12 disciples, Luke 9:2 tells us Jesus sent them ▸▸ A Theology of Nursing: out to© do Jones the same & thing. Bartlett They were Learning, to preach LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the kingdomNOT FOR of God SALE and heal OR the sick.DISTRIBUTION Later in A Christian WorldviewNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION his ministry, Luke 10:9 tells us Jesus sent out an even larger group—72 followers. As before, he for Nursing charged them to go out, preach the kingdom of God, and heal the sick. Creation © Jones & BartlettClearly, Jesus’s Learning, own ministry, LLC and the dis- A Christian© Jones worldview, & Bartlett or what Learning,we might LLC NOT FORciples’ SALE ministry, OR DISTRIBUTION testify to his work of heal- call a “theologyNOT FOR of nursing,”SALE OR should DISTRIBUTION have ing. In addition, Jesus’s teaching constantly four parts. Its foundation is God the creator instructed his followers to care for others. In and the people made in His image. Every

person we are asked to care for is created in Consummation the image and© Joneslikeness of& God.Bartlett They areLearning, im- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC age bearers.NOT For this FOR reason, SALE we areOR to DISTRIBUTION view In the Bible, then, we have a theologyNOT of FOR cre- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION them with dignity and respect. We are called ation, a theology of the fall, and a theology to care for them because of who God created of redemption. But there is one more piece: them to be. consummation. Jesus promised to return and make all things new. When he returns, there © JonesFall & Bartlett Learning, LLC will be a new heaven© Jones and earth. & Bartlett Meanwhile, Learning, as LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Paul writes in RomansNOT FOR 8, all SALEcreation ORgroans DISTRIBUTION The second part of this worldview involves and awaits its day of delivery. the reality of human sin and what theologians As a caregiver, you will hear this groaning sometimes call “the fall.” Through Adam and more than most people. You will see the real- Eve, humankind rebelled against its maker. ities of human frailness and brokenness more © Jones & BartlettSin Learning, entered their LLC hearts; evil twisted every- © thanJones most. & IBartlett saw it as aLearning, pastor. Pastors, LLC like NOT FOR SALE ORthing DISTRIBUTION and there was brokenness and sickness NOTnurses, FOR are SALEoften called OR into DISTRIBUTION emergencies: We and death. All of us feel this brokenness; we often arrive when people are in the emergency all will experience it. The world is radically room, and we stand with our flock in the midst out of joint. The messes that we see in the of suffering. Like you, we see a lot. And like emergency room (ER) or in the hospital room you, we long for that future day, when “he will shouldn’t surprise© Jones us really & Bartlettbecause we Learning, know wipe LLC every tear from their eyes, and© death Jones shall & Bartlett Learning, LLC that things areNOT not theFOR way SALE that they OR were DISTRIBUTION sup- be no more, neither shall there beNOT mourning, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION posed to be. nor crying, nor pain any more, for the former things have passed away” (Revelations 21:4). Redemption © JonesNow comes & Bartlett the good Learning, news: The third LLC part of So What? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTthis FOR worldview SALE involves OR DISTRIBUTION redemption. God has Is this worldviewNOT familiar FOR to you?SALE I hope OR it DISTRIBUTIONis. initiated a rescue operation. He broke into our But perhaps you are saying to yourself, “Well, sin-weary world in the person of His Son. Je- so what?” What difference does it make? I be- sus came to bring salvation—you might say, to lieve it makes a world of difference. put Humpty Dumpty back together again. It is my conviction that this worldview © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Jesus made salvationLLC possible by means © bestJones describes & Bartlett the human Learning, experience, andLLC that NOT FOR SALE ORof his DISTRIBUTION own intentional, loving, substitution- NOTit resonates FOR SALEwith the deepestOR DISTRIBUTION questions we have ary atoning death on the cross for sinners. Je- about life. Think about it: Why do we feel as sus died so that we might live. He bore our sins if we have significance and should be treated in his body and offers us a new standing with with dignity? The nihilist’s worldview answers God by faith. We can be forgiven, justified (i.e., that because we came from nothing and will declared not© guilty), Jones because & Bartlett “for our sakeLearning, he return LLC to nothing, then we have ©no Jones ultimate & Bartlett Learning, LLC [God] madeNOT him [Christ] FOR toSALE be sin ORwho knewDISTRIBUTION significance. No lives really matter.NOT We FORare a SALE OR DISTRIBUTION no sin, so that in him we might become the microscopic blip in the cosmos—dust in the righteousness of God” (2 Corinthians 5:21). wind. The Christian worldview, however, an- Jesus’s suffering was redemptive—but swers that we feel special because we have been that’s not where the story ends. He did not stay created in the image of God. © Jonesdead, but& Bartlett rose from theLearning, grave. He isLLC alive. The A second ©basic Jones question & Bartlettall people haveLearning, LLC NOTpowers FOR ofSALE sin and OR death DISTRIBUTION have been broken. Je- is, “What’s wrongNOT with FOR the world, SALE and OR what’s DISTRIBUTION sus conquered the grave. wrong with me?” Do you ever ask that? I do.

We know that things are not the way they ought is the extraordinary impact that Jesus had, and to be.© The Jones older we & get, Bartlett the more Learning,we realize that LLCthe ways in which his coming© Jones transformed & Bartlett so Learning, LLC we areNOT all wearing FOR out. SALE We know OR that DISTRIBUTION someday many dimensions of humanNOT life— FOReduca SALEtion, OR DISTRIBUTION our hearts will stop beating and our brainwaves science, art, music, health care, government, will cease. That is not a pleasant thought, but morality, economics, the family, how we think the Christian worldview is not naïve about the of time, and so on. As discussed in this sec- world. There is a realism about it. tion, the coming of Christ unleashed a vast © Jones & BartlettBut then Learning,we ask a third LLC basic question: humanitarian© Jones impulse & that Bartlett continues Learning, to reson- LLC NOT FOR“Given SALE what OR is wrong,DISTRIBUTION can anyone fix it?” The ate today.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bible answers that there is one who came into Consider the area of language and lit- this world—Jesus Christ—to save us and to eracy. Countless people groups all over the rescue us from our ER world. world had no written language, until someone This prompts a final basic question that brought them the gospel. When they learned © Jones & Bartlett Learning,we all ask: LLC“Is there any hope for the future?”© Jones about & BartlettGod’s love Learning,in Jesus Christ, LLC those peo- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe Christian worldview answers affirmaNOT- FORple suddenlySALE ORwanted DISTRIBUTION to know more. They tively: Christ promised to come again, and wanted to know God’s book. So missionar- when he does there will be a new heaven and ies helped them write down a language, and earth. This is why we are people of hope. taught them to read so they could under- Many worldviews are naïve about evil, or stand the Bible in their own tongue. Yet they cannot© explain Jones goodness, & Bartlett or have Learning, no adequate LLCstill wanted to know more.© JonesSo missionaries & Bartlett Learning, LLC groundingNOT for FOR human SALE dignity, OR or offer DISTRIBUTION no hope. founded schools for their NOTchildren, FOR and SALEthen OR DISTRIBUTION In this way, the Christian worldview is differ- secondary schools, and later colleges and uni- ent, powerfully different. It not only answers our versities. This pattern played out not only in basic questions but also provides a theology for Western history but all over the world, every- nursing that gives the whole profession meaning. where that missionaries went. Sadly, this story © Jones & BartlettGrounded Learning, in this worldview, LLC you will not has been© forgotten, Jones or & deliberately Bartlett ignored,Learning, in LLC NOT FORbe SALE surprised OR by DISTRIBUTION the beauty of a person and the WesternNOT world. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the intricacy of the way our bodies were de- Jesus’s effect on education has been ex- signed, nor will you be surprised by the bro- traordinary. The university world of which I’m kenness and the mess that you see. Yet you will a part owes a deep debt to the Christian im- not be hopeless, because you know someone pulses that got it all started. There would be © Jones & Bartlett Learning,has come to LLC help and is there to be called upon.© Jones no &Christian Bartlett universities—let Learning, aloneLLC Oxford, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONYou will be both realistic and hopeful asNOT you FORthe Sorbonne,SALE OR Cambridge, DISTRIBUTION or Harvard—if it enter people’s lives and provide compassion, weren’t for Jesus Christ. care, and healing. There would probably be no nursing profession if it weren’t for Jesus. Let me unpack this rather bold statement for you. Think about © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCthe Greco-Roman world. As© Jonesbrilliant as& theyBartlett Learning, LLC ▸▸ TheNOT Extraordinary FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION were, Aristotle and Plato arguedNOT that FOR most SALE hu- OR DISTRIBUTION man beings are by nature slavish, and suitable Impact of Jesus Christ for slavery. According to these philosophers, on the World most people don’t have natures worthy of free- dom or dignity. Christianity rebukes this mes- © Jones &For Bartlett part of my Learning, career, I’ve had LLC the privilege of sage; it says© Jones that every & singleBartlett human Learning, being is LLC NOT FORteaching SALE studentsOR DISTRIBUTION about church history. One made inNOT God’s FORimage SALEand of immense OR DISTRIBUTION worth thing that fascinates me about church history and dignity.

Prior to the coming of Christ, in most Bible’s teaching on the image of God helped to places, life was© Jones very cheap. & Bartlett Jesus and hisLearning, fol- undermine LLC the legitimacy of slavery.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC lowers had aNOT revolutionary FOR SALE message: OR Perhaps DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION we ought to treat our children differently; perhaps we shouldn’t sacrifice our children or abandon unwanted infants as many Romans ▸▸ The Christian Roots of did. Perhaps we should instead save children. © JonesMaybe & abortion Bartlett is not Learning, a good thing. LLC Maybe we the Hospital/Nursing© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTought FOR to SALEfind orphanages OR DISTRIBUTION to care for unwanted MovementNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION children. An early Christian writer, Diognetus, put The church had much more influence on the it this way: “Christians marry, as do all. They history of health care than we realize. In fact, beget children, but they do not destroy their the modern hospital movement can be traced © Jones & Bartlettoffspring” Learning, (Curtis, LLC 2010, para 2). This idea was © directlyJones back & Bartlett to ancient Learning,and medieval LLC Chris- NOT FOR SALE ORlater DISTRIBUTIONcodified into law by Justinian, who out- NOTtian institutions.FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lawed both infanticide and abortion. Of course, it’s not that no one else cared for And what of the treatment and elevation the sick in the ancient world. The Hippocratic of women? One major misconception is that Oath, for example, requires physicians to swear Christianity has kept women down. The his- by the healing gods to uphold a certain code of torical record© shows Jones that & in Bartlettthe ancient Learning, world, medical LLC ethics. The original text ©is Jonesassociated & Bartlett Learning, LLC a woman’s lifeNOT was veryFOR cheap. SALE She was OR consid DISTRIBUTION- with Hippocrates, a Greek physician,NOT who FOR is SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ered to be the property of her husband. Lit- sometimes called the father of modern medicine. tle girls were especially abandoned (exposed Some ancient cultures had medical facil- to the elements) in culture after culture out ities, but they were primarily for royalty, the of a preference for boys. When missionar- wealthy, or the military. In ancient Greece, the © Jonesies arrived, & Bartlett they pointed Learning, out the injusticeLLC of sick went for healing© Jones at the &Ascelpian Bartlett temples Learning, LLC NOTthis FOR practice. SALE Little OR girls DISTRIBUTION also have dignity and (associated withNOT the god FOR Asclepios). SALE In ORthe Ro DISTRIBUTION- worth because they are made in the image of man Empire, infirmaries were established for God. Husbands are to love their wives sacrifi- the military. Nevertheless, even this kind of cially, just as Christ loved the church. rudimentary care was reserved for the elite, Something similar happened with slaves. rather than being available to the population © Jones & BartlettAll Learning, early empires LLCmade extensive use of slave © atJones large. Compassion & Bartlett was Learning, not a well-developed LLC NOT FOR SALE ORlabor, DISTRIBUTION and no one objected to the practice. But NOTvirtue FOR among SALE the Romans OR DISTRIBUTION and Greeks; mercy then Jesus introduced a revolutionary concep- was discouraged. tion of moral equality in the eyes of God. The But with the coming of Christ came a new idea that slavery was sinful was an idea unique attitude toward babies, the sick, the disabled, to Christianity and Judaism. It led the church and the dying. The ministry of medical care to treat slaves© differently Jones &and Bartlett eventually Learning, to ban in LLCearly Christianity was church ©based. Jones Each & Bartlett Learning, LLC the enslavementNOT of ChristiansFOR SALE and Jews, OR whichDISTRIBUTION church established an organized NOTministry FOR of SALE OR DISTRIBUTION effectively led to the abolition of this practice. mercy, usually led by deacons and deaconesses. Thus, you might say that Christianity helped A second-century church document called abolish slavery twice—once in the Middle The Didache (“The Teaching,” circa 96 A.D.) de- Ages, and a second time in the 19th century scribes early Christian ethics and practices. No- © Jonesthrough & Bartlettthe efforts Learning,of William WilberforceLLC tably, it states that© JonesChristians & are Bartlett not permitted Learning, LLC NOTand FOR others SALE in England. OR DISTRIBUTION Certainly, some Chris- to procure abortionsNOT or FOR commit SALE infanticide. OR DISTRIBUTION tians sought to justify this evil enterprise or Rodney Stark (1997), in his book The Rise pushed back on its abolition. Nevertheless, the of Christianity, writes about how early Christians

in the first and second centuries responded to Christianity and then the Council of Nicaea in some ©of Jonesthe devastating & Bartlett plagues Learning, in the west- LLC325, suddenly we see a major© Jones council &issuing Bartlett Learning, LLC ern provincesNOT FOR of the SALE Roman OR Empire. DISTRIBUTION Quoting decrees not only on doctrinalNOT issues FOR such asSALE the OR DISTRIBUTION early Christian sources, he describes how pa- trinity, but also on practical issues—specif ically, gans would push sufferers away, throwing them directing every city with a cathedral to also have into the roads before they were even dead. They a hospital to nurse and heal the sick. would often leave town when a major epidemic In the eastern Roman Empire, the first © Jones &struck. Bartlett Christians’ Learning, response was LLC different: They Christian© hospital Jones was & founded Bartlett by SaintLearning, Basil, LLC NOT FORtended SALE to stay OR in theDISTRIBUTION cities and nurse the stricken, a monk, NOTin Cappadocia. FOR SALE Subsequently, OR DISTRIBUTION many providing food, water, and basic sanitation. Not hospitals were founded based on the example all the people they helped were cured, and some of Basil’s great Basileum and overseen by the of the Christians who helped them died. Bishop of Constantinople. Stark quotes Dionysius, the bishop of Al- In the western Roman Empire, the first © Jones & Bartlett Learning,exandria, whoLLC described what happened: © Joneshospital & Bartlett was started Learning, by a wealthy LLC Christian NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORwidow, SALE a disciple OR of DISTRIBUTION Saint Jerome named Fabi- Most of our brother Christians ola. Other hospitals eventually began emerg- showed unbounded love and loyalty, ing from religious orders tied to monasteries. never sparing themselves in think- For example, Benedict of Nursia founded ing only of one another. Heedless of the monastery at Monte Cassino in 526. Ben- danger,© Jones they took& Bartlett charge of Learning, the sick, LLCedict’s rule emphasized ©hospitality Jones &to Bartlettthe Learning, LLC attendingNOT FOR to their SALE every OR need, DISTRIBUTION min- stranger. Soon, he orderedNOT that every FOR monas SALE- OR DISTRIBUTION istering to them in Christ, and with tery in his order establish an infirmary. At its them they sometimes departed this height, the Benedictine order claimed it over- life serenely happy for they were in- saw 37,000 monasteries throughout Europe. fected by others with a disease draw- The Benedictine monastery in Salerno, Italy, © Jones & Bartletting on themselves Learning, the sickness LLC of their founded ©the Jones oldest and & Bartlettmost famous Learning, medical LLC NOT FOR SALEneighbors OR DISTRIBUTIONand cheerfully accepting school. TheNOT first FOR Spanish SALE hospital OR was DISTRIBUTION founded their pains. (Stark, 1997, p. 82) by Catholics in 580. In 651, the Hôtel-Dieu (“Hotel of God”) hospital was founded in Paris Stark believed that this outcome left a num- by the bishop of Paris, Saint Landry. ber of surviving pagans who owed their lives In 800, Charlemagne, King of the Franks © Jones & Bartlett Learning,to their Christian LLC nurses in an interesting situa© Jones- and & Holy Bartlett Roman Emperor,Learning, and consideredLLC the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtion. They began asking: Why were these ChrisNOT- FORFather SALE of Europe, OR decreedDISTRIBUTION that hospitals that tians able to survive in greater numbers than had fallen into disrepair should be restored. He others? Did they enjoy special favor with God? also asserted that every cathedral should have According to Stark, one reason many people a school, a monastery, and a hospital. were attracted to Christianity in those early The first hospital in the New World was centuries© Jones is because & ofBartlett the fact thatLearning, when the LLCthe Hospital San Nicolas de© Bari,Jones founded & Bartlett by Learning, LLC plaguesNOT broke FOR out, Christians SALE wereOR thereDISTRIBUTION to care. the Spanish in Santo DomingoNOT (now FOR the SALEcapi- OR DISTRIBUTION By the fourth century, proto-hospitals had tal of the Dominican Republic). The first hos- emerged that were founded and funded by re- pital in North America, the Jesus of Nazareth ligious orders or through the philanthropy of Hospital (note the name) in Mexico City, was Christian donors. Before the legalization of founded in 1524. © Jones &Christianity, Bartlett ChristianLearning, church LLC buildings were The© first Jones hospital & Bartlettin what isLearning, now the LLC NOT FORforbidden. SALE OR Consequently, DISTRIBUTION out-in-the-open in- United StatesNOT was FOR established SALE in OR St. Augustine, DISTRIBUTION stitutionalized care was rare in that kind of en- Florida, in 1598, the hospital of Our Lady of vironment. But with the greater toleration of Solitude. In the American colonies, the first

hospital was established by Benjamin Franklin woman to run a field hospital. Later, Nightin- and the Quakers—Pennsylvania© Jones & Bartlett Hospital. Learning, The gale LLC founded a school of nursing© in Jones London & Bartlett Learning, LLC Red Cross, forNOT its part, FOR was SALE started byOR an DISTRIBUTIONevan- and lifted the art of nursing to aNOT whole FOR new SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gelical Christian. level. She revolutionized hospital methods in In 1931, American missionaries started England. She was consulted by kings, queens, a short-wave radio station in Quito, Ecuador, and presidents. Despite her fame, she stead- called HCJB, The Voice of the Andes. In the fastly maintained that it was God who had © Jones1950s, &they Bartlett added a hospital Learning, to its mission. LLC To- called her into this© Jones service. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTday, FOR that SALE hospital ORis one DISTRIBUTION of the premier hospi- Many of theNOT leading FOR hospitals SALE inOR cities DISTRIBUTION tals in the whole country. It, too, was inspired throughout the world today are products of by the ongoing influence of Jesus Christ. Christian medical or missionary charity. Be- Probably the most famous nurse in his- sides many Catholic hospitals, many hospitals tory was Florence Nightingale (BOX 1-1). in North America were founded by Protestant © Jones & BartlettA devotedLearning, Christian, LLC she felt called to go to © denominations—byJones & Bartlett Seventh Learning, Day Adventists, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORCrimea DISTRIBUTION to nurse British soldiers wounded in NOTBaptists, FOR Episcopalians, SALE OR Lutherans,DISTRIBUTION Method- the Crimean War. There, she became the first ists, and Presbyterians.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC BOX 1-1 NOTOutstanding FOR NurseSALE Leader: OR FlorenceDISTRIBUTION Nightingale NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), known as the mother of nursing, also became known as the “Lady with the Lamp,” a name given to her by the soldiers she served in the Crimean War. In her famous book Notes on Nursing, Nightingale discussed what © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCshe believed nursing was. She considered© Jones it to be & much Bartlett like Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION“mothering,” focusing on clean air,NOT fresh water, FOR clean SALE bedding, OR light, DISTRIBUTION a calm environment, and the like (Nightingale, 1859). Through her introduction of hand-washing principles during the Crimean War, infection rates in hospitals were dramatically reduced. The Nightingale Pledge is still recited at nursing graduations © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC throughout the© country.Jones Here & isBartlett the 1935 version: Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION I solemnly pledgeNOT myself FOR before SALE God and OR in the DISTRIBUTION presence

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division LC-DIG-ppmsca-037769 and Photographs Prints Library of Congress of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping, and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice© Jones of my calling. & Bartlett With loyalty Learning,will I endeavor to LLC aid the physician in his work, and as© a Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC “missionerNOT of health” FOR I will SALE dedicate OR myself DISTRIBUTION to devoted service to human welfare. (Crathern, 1953)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nightingale stated, “If I could give you information of my life it would be to show how a woman of very ordinary ability has been led by God in strange and unaccustomed paths to do in His service what He has done in her. And if I could tell you all, you would see how God has done all, and I nothing. I have worked hard, very hard, that is all; and I have never refused God anything” (Nightingale, n.d.). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCrathern, SALEA. T. (1953). For OR the sick. DISTRIBUTION In In Detroit courage was the fashion: The contribution of women to the NOTdevelopment FOR of Detroit fromSALE 1701 to 1951 OR DISTRIBUTION (pp. 80–81). Detroit, MI: Wayne University Press.

today, there is hope as well. I thought, “Wow, ▸▸ Conclusion© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCthat cross in the hospital makes© Jones a difference & Bartlett for Learning, LLC NursingNOT is a FORstrategic SALE discipline OR that DISTRIBUTION gives stu- people who are in the midstNOT of the FORvalley of SALE suf- OR DISTRIBUTION dents opportunities to serve the Lord and de- fering and are looking for a shred of hope.” velop a lifetime habit of service. But nursing is If you are ever on the receiving end of hos- also ministry: It prepares people for a noble call- pital care (as I have been), it makes a big dif- ing that extends the influence of Jesus Christ. ference if you are surrounded by that kind of © Jones & BartlettAs a young Learning, pastor in northernLLC Illinois, hope. It also© Jones makes a &big Bartlett difference ifLearning, you have LLC NOT FORI wouldSALE often OR go DISTRIBUTION to the city of Waukegan for a doctor NOTor a nurse FOR who SALE will pray OR for DISTRIBUTION you. It hospital visits. At the time, the city had two makes a great difference if you have a nurse prominent hospitals: One had no religious af- who will give you excellent care because he or filiation, and the other was Catholic. she is working for more than a paycheck. Such One day, I was visiting a young boy from a nurse is serving a higher purpose and often © Jones & Bartlett Learning,our church LLC who had been run over by a tractor.© Jones sees & his Bartlett or her work Learning, as a calling LLC in obedience NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHe was in the ER and was a mess, in horribleNOT FORto Jesus SALE Christ. OR DISTRIBUTION condition. In the ER, there was just no sign of You want those kinds of nurses; you don’t hope anywhere—no scripture or anything else want the kind who are checking social media to lift the spirits. and thinking about 100 other things. You want the kind who are devoted and focused. Sometime© Jones later, & BartlettI remember Learning, going to the LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC other hospital for a similar emergency pastoral We often talk about training nurses in the visit. ItNOT seemed FOR as if SALEevery room OR had DISTRIBUTION a crucifix. spirit of Florence NightingaleNOT (BOX FOR 1-2). At SALE the OR DISTRIBUTION Evangelicals are not big on crucifixes, be- end of her life, when she was asked how she cause we emphasize that Jesus is no longer on wanted to be remembered, Nightingale said, “I the cross, but rather has risen. Even so, I came want to be known as a woman who held nothing back from Jesus.” She understood that her © Jones &to reallyBartlett appreciate Learning, the presence LLC of a crucifix in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a hospital room because it pointed to the one role in nursing was as an ambassador of Jesus. NOT FORplace SALE in history OR DISTRIBUTIONwhere the pain was extraordi- I chargeNOT you FOR not SALEonly to seeOR nursing DISTRIBUTION as nary, but it was not pointless, but rather redemp- ministry, but also to serve in the name of Jesus, tive. Through the agony of the cross came rescue to be motivated by the love of Jesus, to stand and hope to a lost and broken world. And to in the great Christian tradition of health care anyone who happens to look to Christ crucified that was started by Jesus, and, like Florence © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

BOX 1-2 Evidence-Based Practice Focus

Nightingale© Jones was the& firstBartlett nursing theorist,Learning, even though LLC she probably would not have© considered Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC herself one. She defined 13 canons of environment that included ventilation, light, noise, cleanliness of theNOT room FOR and bed, SALE personal OR cleanliness, DISTRIBUTION and food. By using the basic concepts of herNOT theory, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION researchers can manipulate the environment, testing various aspects included in the theory, and examining their effects on health and wellness. For example, researchers have looked at the effects of light on infants in the NICU, the influence of color on mood, and the effect of noise in the ICU on patient recovery (BOX 1-3). Nightingale’s theory guided the provision of holistic care to persons during © Jones & herBartlett own time, Learning, but is still applicable LLC today. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Modified from Pirani, S. A. (2016). Application of Nightingale’s theory in nursing practice. Annals of Nursing and Practice, 3(1), 1040.

BOX 1-3 ©Research Jones Highlight & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Researchers in this study wanted to examine the difference in auditory function at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge, comparing high-risk infant cases that were exposed to the noise of hospital construction and those not exposed. A retrospective descriptive cohort design was used in a sample of 540 infant cases where babies were exposed to hospital construction © Jonesnoise. & Newborn Bartlett hearing Learning, screening wasLLC done by automated auditory© brainstem Jones evoked & Bartlett response Learning, LLC (ABER). The difference in auditory function was not statistically significant. The authors concluded NOT FORthat more SALE research OR is neededDISTRIBUTION to understand whether or not constructionNOT noise FOR affects SALE high-risk OR DISTRIBUTION infants’ hearing.

Modified from Willis, V. (2018). The relationship between hospital construction and high-risk infant auditory function at NICU discharge: A retrospective descriptive cohort study. Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(2), 124–136. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nightingale, to hold nothing back from Je- you get assigned to a particular hospital, look sus. And if you do, you will make a world of for the cornerstone. Don’t look at the new difference. buildings, but rather go to the oldest build- ing and look for the cornerstone that was laid © Jones & Bartlett Learning,when LLC it was built. Often, though© not Jones always, & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONyou will find a plaque of someNOT sort toFOR the SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ▸▸ Clinical Reasoning glory of God, to the care of needy people, or something like that, in the service of God or Exercises Christ. In Denver, you might go to Swedish Medical Center. Or go to Littleton Adventist, © Jones1. &What Bartlett part of theLearning, history of nursing LLC or Porter Adventist,© Jones or Saint & Anthony, Bartlett or Learning,Lu- LLC NOT FORas SALE ministry OR in this DISTRIBUTION chapter most theran MedicalNOT Center. FOR Why SALE were they OR orig DISTRIBUTION- impressed you? Most surprised you? inally founded? Nor simply to heal people, 2. Discuss how believing that all people but to do so out of a very specific Christian are made in the image of God would motivation. They are there because of the in- influence your view of even the most fluence of Jesus Christ. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,challenging LLC of people to care for. © JonesTry this & Bartlettlittle experiment. Learning, Ask the LLC hospi- 3. Have you thought much about your NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTtal staff FOR or SALEhistorian: OR Do DISTRIBUTIONyou have a corner- own worldview? How does it influence stone? They may think you’re crazy. Tell them your nursing practice? that you are interested in the history, and then 4. If you had to sum up your worldview see what you find. Alternatively, ask for a writ- in a one-minute speech, what ten history of the hospital. would© that Jones sound like?& Bartlett Review the Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC UnderstandingNOT FOR Worldview SALE to MinisterOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION More Effectively chapter for help. References Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2019). Occupational outlook handbook: Registered ▸▸ Personal Reflection nurses. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC care/registered-nurses.htm © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Exercises Crathern, A. T. (1953). For the sick. In In Detroit courage NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION was the fashion:NOT The contribution FOR SALE of women ORto the DISTRIBUTIONde- As a nurse, you may be involved in a hospi- velopment of Detroit from 1701 to 1951 Detroit, MI: tal in any of many different cities. But when Wayne University Press.

Curtis, K. (2010). Epistle of Diagnetus quote. Retrieved from© Joneshttps://www.christianity.com/church/church & Bartlett Learning, LLCRecommended Readings© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -history/timeline/1-300/epistle-of-diognetus-quote Fowler, M. D. (1984). Ethics and nursing, 1893–1984: The -11629595.htmlNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONideal of service, the reality of NOThistory. DoctoralFOR SALEthesis, OR DISTRIBUTION Florence Nightingale Quotes. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes O’Brien, M. E. (2017). Spirituality in nursing. Burlington, /florence_nightingale_752502 MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Lown, B. (1999). The lost art of healing. New York, NY: Shelly, J. A., & Miller, A. B. (1999). Called to care: A © Jones & BartlettBallantine Books. Learning, LLC Christian© Jonestheology of &nursing Bartlett. Downers Learning, Grove, IL: LLC Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on nursing: What it is and InterVarsity Press. NOT FOR SALEwhat it isn’t OR. London, DISTRIBUTION UK: Harrison and Sons. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Stark, R. (1997). The rise of Christianity. San Francisco, CA: Harper.