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Lefroy lin To Barrie 8TOQ© MARGINAL NOTES \ 44" 15© Mapping was begun and completed during the summer of 1972 by the authors with the assistance of K. Girard, H, Lohse, and B. Tittley. Field techniques consisted of the examination of natural and man-made exposures. Air photographs at a scale of 1:40,000 were used.

Bedrock Geology: Bedrock is exposed only near Rosemont in the extreme western part of the Alliston map-area. Ontario Here blue-gray shales and interbedded limestone of the Division o1 Mines Georgian Bay Formation and red shales of the overlying Queenston Formation, both of Upper Ordovician age, are found in several outcrops (Hewitt 1972; Liberty 1969). Three other units occur within the map-area but are not HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources exposed at the surface. These are the Verulam and W. Q, MACNEE, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources Lindsay Formations which are limestones of Middle Ordo C. A. Jewett. Executive Director. Division of Mines E. G. Pye, Director, Geological Branch vician age, and gray and black shale of the Whitby Formation of Upper Ordovician age. Other than the few outcrops near Rosemont and southwest of Hockley, in the Alliston area, bedrock is covered by 30 to 140 metres (100 to 450 feet) of Quaternary sediments (Deane 1950; PRELIMINARY MAP P. 835 Sibul and Choo-Ying 1971). GEOLOGICAL SERIES Glacial Deposits: Till: All the Quaternary sediments exposed in the QUATERNARY GEOLOGY map-area were deposited during or after the Port Bruce Stadial (Dreimanis and Karrow 1972) of the Late Wiscon ALLISTON AREA sinan Substage i.e., within the last 15,000 years. SOUTHERN ONTARIO Four till formations constitute the framework of the exposed stratigraphic succession (Gwyn 1972). Three of Scale 1:50.000 the tills (northern till) were deposited by the south ward and southwestward flowing Georgian Bay-Lake Simcoe Lobe, The fourth till unit (southern till) was deposi 2000i " ted by a northward flowing segment of the Ontario Lobe.

The Bogarttown Till Is the oldest northern till (Gwyn 1972, p.145). It is a pebbly (5 percent), sandy silt till, dark brown In colour (10 YR 3/3, Munsell). In its five exposures within the area, it is massive, NTS Reference: 31 D/4 very compact,and has a strong vertical joint set. The unit is 2 to 4 metres (6 to 12 feet) thick and overlies ice-contact sand and gravel, but it does not occur at the surface. Parts of this publication may be quoted If credit is given to The Newmarket Till overlies the Bogarttown Till. the Ontario Division of Mines and the material is properly It is a sand to silty sand till containing 10 percent referenced. pebbles and is light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4). It is usually very compact and massive but develops a fissile structure after being exposed at the surface. This is the most prominent till in the map-area, having LEGEND been traced from the Niagara Escarpment through the Newmarket area 65 kilometres (40 miles) east to Lake CENOZOIC Scugog. The unit ranges from 0.5 metre to 12 metres QUATERNARY thick (1.5 to 40 feet), and most commonly overlies RECENT outwash sand and gravel though in four locations it directly overlies Bogarttown Till. The Newmarket Till Modern alluvium; unsubdivided is the ©lower northern till 1 of White (1971). He concluded that the Newmarket ice built both the Sing- Bog deposits; peat, muck, and marl hampton and Gibraltar Moraines in the Bolton area. If this Is correct, the Newmarket Till is possibly correl Windblown deposits; sand and silt ative with till ©N© of Karrow (1971), which was tentatively traced to the flank of the Singhampton Older alluvium; unsubdivided Moraine northwest of Dundalk (Cowan 1972, p.149). PLEISTOCENE The last northern till deposited, the Kettleby Till, is usually a brown coloured (7.5YR5/2), clayey Glaciolacustrine beach, bar, and spit; gravel silt to silt till containing l percent pebbles. It is moderately compact and has a blocky structure. The till Glaciolacustrine shallow water; sand unit ranges from 0.5 metre to 12 metres thick (1.5 to 40 9b Lake Algonquin deposits feet). It typically overlies laminated or varved silt 9a Schomberg Ponds deposits and clayey silt, from which it was derived, although in several sections the Newmarket Till is directly beneath Glaciolacustrine deep water; stratified to varved it. Evidence was found for two minor advances of silt and clay Kettleby ice. Several sections contain a thin (l metre) 8b Lake Algonquin deposits unit of varved silts within the Kettleby Till. Kettleby Sa Schomberg Ponds deposits Till is the ©upper northern till© of White (1971), and it appears that the Ice advanced up to but did not Glaciofluvial deposits; sand and minor gravel override the Oak Ridges Moraine. Glaciofluvial deposits; gravel and minor sand The last till (southern till) to be deposited by the Ontario Lobe In the Newmarket map-area Is the Halton Ice-contact stratified drift; sand and gravel (upper Leaside) Till. It is silt to sandy silt till containing 5 percent pebbles, usually moderately compact©, Kettleby Till; silt to clayey silt till and weathers to a yellowish brown colour ClOYR 5/6), No direct evidence was found to indicate the age relation Halton Till; silt to sandy silt tilla ship between northern and southern tills. However, the ^ relationship suggested by White (1971, p. 217) that the "S, Newmarket Till; sand to silty sand till Halton Till is slightly older than the Kettleby Till appears correct.

Following the deposition of the Bogarttown Till the Newmarket ice first advanced to construct the Singhamp Bedrock 11 ton Moraine and advanced again to build the Gibraltar Iqu Queenston Formation Moraine (White 1971). During the retreat of Newmarket Igb Georgian Bay Formation Ice pro-glacial lakes developed between the ice front and the drainage divide to the south. This episode was Till-Bedrock Complex ended by the advance of Kettleby Ice up to the Oak Ridges Moraine. However It appears that it did not override the moraine. Note: Deposits less than three feet thick are not shown as separate units. The Oak Ridges Moraine is a broad interlobate- moraine complex extending from Schomberg in the Bolton S1 a. Occurs only in the Newmarket map-area. map-area (White and Karrow 1968) across the southern l b. Occurs only in the Alliston map-area. part of tne Newmarket area for 140 kilometres (90 miles) eastward to Colborne. The last ice to override the Oak Ridges Moraine was the Ontario Lobe during which Halton Till was deposited up to the crest of the moraine complex. The maximum extent of this advance is clearly marked by the Palgrave Moraine (White 1971) which is composed mainly of Halton Till, It was developed on the flank of the Oak Ridges Moraine and forms a part of the, moraine complex.

Ice-Contact Stratified Drift: Ice-contact sand and SYMBOLS gravel deposits in the Alliston and Newmarket areas can, In general, be divided into two categories based on Geological boundary (actual or interpreted). texture. The first group comprises small deposits composed mainly of crushable material. Included are X l Small bedrock outcrop. two eskers in the Newmarket area, one east of Ravenshoe and one west of Blackwater, and scattered small deposits Y l Sand or gravel pit. associated with drumlins, or deposits stratigraphically underlying till. The second category is typified by ~^ Glacial fluting in till. extensive areas of medium-grained to fine-grained silty sand with only occasional bodies of gravel. These large- Drumlin. deposits are found in the southwestern part of the Alliston area and the southern half of the Newmarket Esker (arrowheads show current direction). area (Uxbridge and Whitchurch Townships). There is evidence that gravel is concentrated along the northern River terrace escarpment or wave-cut bluff. edge of the Halton Till sheet and that there is a general decrease in grain size northward in this deposit Three dimensional orientation diagram of long axis of (P.B. Duckworth, University of Toronto, personal commu till pebbles, showing sense of plunge; 100 pebbles nication). This agrees with the general northwest trend were measured for each diagram. of paleocurrent indicators. In Uxbridge and whitchurch Townships the deposit has the appearance of an outwash Unit in which pebble orientation was measured. plain laid down in front of the Palgrave Moraine. The sand and gravel is directly associated with Halton Till. However, deformation structures of an ice-contact nature are ubiquitous in the sediments, and for this reason they are mapped as ice-contact stratified drift.

The sediments in the southwestern part of the Alliston area appear to have a somewhat different origin. There is no discernable trend in the distribution of sand and gravel bodies. The sediments are mainly fine silty sand to sandy silt with scattered small gravel bodies. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Further, a knob and kettle topography is well developed. This is thought to be an area where the ice stagnated, Geology by Q.H.J. Gwyn and S. White and assistants, 1972. and ponds formed in which the fine-grained sediments Topography from Map 31 D/4 of the National Topographic Series. were deposited. Aerial Photography, National Air Photo Library, Ottawa.

Outwash Sand and Gravel: Outwash sediments are found Issued 1973. throughout the map-area. The largest deposits occur along the western border of the Alliston area where they form a pitted outwash plain at 975 feet above sea level. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to In several sections they overlie Kettleby Till. It has the Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference since been partially dissected especially northwest of to this map be made in the following form: Everett. The material is predominantly medium-grained to fine-grained sand with small amounts of pebbly sand. Gwyn, Q.H.J., and White, S. Gravel is rarely found at the surface, usually occurr 1973: Quaternary Geology ing under a blanket of silty sand. Other moderate sized of the Alliston Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. deposits of outwash gravel in the Alliston area occur Mines, Prelim. Map P.835, Geol. Ser. , scale 1:50,000. north of Sharps Hill, south of Beeton, and south of The Geology 1972. Hollows. In the Newmarket area, the only economically important outwash sand and gravel occur in the Oak " Ridges Moraine. The outwash in the valleys north of S the moraine In the Newmarket area is typically silty o sand. Numerous small outwash gravel bodies are associ- ~ ated with drumlins and drumlinoid forms. The origin of these deposits has been discussed by Deane (1950),

Lacustrine and Beach Deposits: Glac i al lake silt and silty sand are widespread and most of it was deposited during the retreat of the Newmarket and Kettleby ice, The oldest sediments were laid down in ponds, known as References: early Schomberg Ponds, formed between the tee margin Wind-Blown Deposit^: Wind-blown fine-grained sand is Bog and Marsh Deposits: Peat, marl, and organic rich Sand and gravel are the principal mineral resources, and the northern flank of the Oak Ridges Moraine, during granular material, and that the reserves of such Bedrock Geology and Topography Quaternary Geology Gwyn, Q ,H.J. common throughout the map-area. Well developed dunes silts are important recent deposits in the map-area. and clearly the most important deposits are in the Oak Pedology Middleton, R.S. the retreat of Newmarket ice. They have been found up material are not as great as might be expected in a Hewitt, D.F. Cowan, W.R, 1972 Quaternary Geology of the Alliston- D.W., Wicklund, R.E., and Richards, N.R. Large areas of the larger bogs have been developed for Ridges Moraine. Less extensive, but locally important landform of this type and proportion. Most of the Hoffman, 1971a: Uxbridge, Whitchurch, and Markham to 1,000 feet above sea level and a maximum of 90 verves are present on the outwash plain in Nottawasaga River 1972: Paleozoic Geology of Southern Ontario; 1972: Quaternary geology. Orangeville Area, West Newmarket Area, Southern Ontario; p.144-147 Soil Survey of Simcoe County; Rept. No.29 deposits, occur throughout the area. In 1970, the 1962: Townships (parts of), York and Ontario have been counted. The early Schomberg sediments were Valley, especially north of Dunns Hill, and on the market gardening and sod production, especially in the exploration work should be concentrated in Uxbridge and Ontario Div. Mines, GR105, L8p. Accom Half, and Palmerston Area, East Half, in Summary of Field Work, 1972, by the of the Ontario Soil Survey, 109p. overridden by Kettleby Ice, and upon Its retreat late lacustrine sand plain west of Baxter in the Alliston Alliston map-area. Very few of the bogs exceed 2 to 3 reported production from Uxbridge and Whitchurch Whitchurch Townships. Regional mapping and airborne panied by Map 2254, scale l inch to 16 Southern Ontario; p. 148-151 ijn Summary of Geological Branch, edited by V.G. Milne and Counties, Airborne Broadcast-Band Townships, which straddle the Oak Ridges Moraine, was Accompanied by 2 maps. E-PhaseR Survey Apparent Resistivity Schomberg Ponds formed and massive, laminated, and area. Some of the dunes in the Nottawasaga River Valley metres in depth, however, a notable exception is the resistivity surveys (Middleton 1971a,b) have been done. miles. Field Work, 1972, by the Geological Branch, D.F. Hewitt, Ontario Div. Mines, MP53, 165p. A.B., Wicklund, R.E., and Richards, N.R. bog directly west of Husselman Lake in the Newmarket just over 5 million tons. In contrast, the combined It would now be useful to do detailed mapping followed Olding, Contours; Ontario Dept. Mines and Northern varved silts were deposited in the ponds. These sedi were formed before the river had cut down to Its present Liberty, B.A. edited by V.G. Milne and D.F. Hewitt, Ontario Karrow, P.F. 1957 Rept. No.23 of the Ontario Soil Survey, area. It lies at the very edge of the Halton Till sheet reported production in the other 12 townships, wholly or Affairs, Prelim. Map P.725, Geophys. Ser. ments range in elevation from 750 feet and 1,150 feet level and possibly while Lake Algonquin still existed. by a drilling program. 1969: Paleozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe Area. Div. Mines, MP53, 165p. 1971: Quaternary Geology of the Stratford- 60p. Accompanied by l map. and it exceeds 3 metres In depth. partly within the map-area, was 0.8 million to©ns. The scale l inch to 2,640 feet. Survey 1970.© above sea level. It is not known whether the glacial Low dunes and an associated wind-blown fine-grained Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Memoir 355, Deane, R.E. Conestogo Area, Ontario; Geol. Surv, Canada, Industrial Minerals producing deposits are both outwash and ice-contact The following comments can be made concerning | 197lb: Uxbridge, Whitchurch, and Markham lakes were lowered to the level of Glacial Lake sand blankets a large area of the Lake Algonquin plain, 201p. Accompanied by Map 1228A, scale 1950: Pleistocene Geology of the Lake Simcoe. Paper 70-34, lip. Accompanied by 4 maps. Guillet G.R. Mineral Resources: The exposed bedrock units have not stratified drift, and most of the production in the Oak reserves in the parts of the townships within the map- Townships (parts of), York and Ontario Algonquin gradually, or in stages. However, no shore L mile northeast of Alder in the Newmarket area. Thin l inch to 4 miles. District, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, White, O.L. 1967 The Clay Products Industry of Ontario; Ridges Moraine is from deposits buried under Halton Counties, Airborne VLF E-PhaseR Survey line features were found in the map-areas other than sheets of wind-blown sand are present in scattered been exploited as building materials In the Alliston area. Sufficient reserves, for local needs only, were Sibul, U., and Choo-Ying, A.V. Memoir 256, 108p. Accompanied by 4 maps. 1971: Pleistocene Geology of the Bolton Area Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR22, 206p. area, although the Queenston shale is used by several Till, Although there is an enormous amount of granular found in Essa, Georgina, East Gwillimbury, North Apparent Resistivity Contours; Ontario those associated with Lake Algonquin at 740 feet. At areas burying what appear to be well developed recent 1971: Water Resources of the Upper Nottawasaga Dreimanis, A., and Karrow, F.F. (30M-13), Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Accompanied by Maps 2130 and 2131, scale brick making firms in the Hamilton-Toronto region. material, most of it is silty sand and only a small pro Dept. Mines and Northern Affairs, Prelim this elevation well developed beaches, spits, and off soil profiles. Gwillimbury, West Gwilllrnbury, Scott, Tecumseth, and River Drainage Basin; Ontario Water 1972: Glacial History in the Great Lakes-St. Mines and Northern Affairs, OFR5067, 249p. l inch to 16 miles. Because of differences in composition and degree of portion is crushable material. The gravel deposits have Map P.726, Geophys. Ser., scale l inch to shore bars are present as well as prominent wave-cut Tosorontio Townships. Both Adjala and Brock Townships Resources Commission, Water Resources Lawrence Region, the Classification of the Accompanied by 2 maps. Hewitt, D.F. weathering, selective quarrying Is possible to obtain a localized and irregular distribution rather than being 2,640 feet. Survey 1970. bluffs. have sufficient gravel to support small commercial Report 3, 128p. Wisconsin(an) Stage, and its Correlatives; White, O.L., and Karrow, P.F. 1969 Industrial Mineral Resources of the various colouring effects using this bedrock unit widespread sheetlike bodies. This Implies that consid operations. Only Reach, Uxbridge, and Whitchurch Internat©l. Geol. Congress, 24th Session, 1968: Pleistocene Geology of the Bolton Area, Markham-Newmarket Area; Ontario Dept. (Guillet 1967). Except for the extreme western part of erable systematic exploration must be done for coarse Townships have sand and gravel supplies to sustain Section 12, p.5-15. Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines, Mines, IMR24, 41p. Accompanied by Map the Alliston area, the overlying drift is usually more several large operat ions. Prelim. Map P.477, Geol. Ser., scale 2124. scale l Inch to l mile. than 15 metres thick, 1:50,000. Geology 1962,1963,1964,1965. ODM 4984