The Neolithic Levels of the Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo Site (Trento): Preliminary Data

Preistoria Alpina

The Neolithic levels of the Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo site (Trento): preliminary data

MARTA BAZZANEUA, LUISA MosER, EusABEITA MoTIES & FRANco Nrcous

ABSTRACT - The archaeological site of Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo is located in the Adige Valley North of Trento, at approx. 250m a.s.l. Two burial sites dating to the Bronze Age and a stratigraphic sequence of settlement levels which, at the present state of research, includes a span of time from the Final Neolithic to the Early Mesolithic period have been found. The preliminary results of the excavation works conducted on the Early and Middle Neolithic levels of the Borgonuovo site are presented herein. Some general comments are included as conclusions on the Early Neolithic period in the Adige Valley.

Key words: Parole chiave: Neolithic, Settlement, Gaban Group, Square-Mouthed Pottery Culture, Trentino Neolitico, lnsediamento, Gruppo Gaban, Cultura dei Vasi a Bocca Quadrata, Trentino

Marta Bazzanella Luisa Maser - Via Parteli 5, 1-38068 Rovereto (Tn) - Universita degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Storiche, Via S. Croce Elisabetta Mottes & Franco Nicolis 65, 1-38100 Trento - Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Ufficio Beni Archeologici, Castello del Buonconsiglio, 1-38100 Trento

1. INTRODUCTION1 vian). A Mesolithic burial was discovered during the excavation campaign of 1995-1 996 (DALMERI et al., this volume). We hereby present the preliminary data regar Due to the destruction caused by excavators, only ding the Early and Middle Neolithic occupation of the 10m2 of the archaeological levels attributable to the archaeological site of Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo, si Neolithic were investigated. The lower levels of the tuated in the Adige Valley, North of Trento, at the foot Neolithic sequence carry on from the Castelnovian ones, of the rockwall of Monte di Mezzocorona, at an altitu while the upper levels continue in a limited episode of de of about 250m a.s.l. the Final Neolithic/Copper Age. Stratigraphic analysis The site was discovered by Leone Melchiori and allowed to identify two Neolithic settlement phases. Remo Carli during excavation works on the rock pro There were no elements of dwelling structures tection barrier. Most of the anthropic deposit had been in the more ancient levels that were attributed to the dug up by excavators. Research on the site started in local Gaban Group on the basis of the findings. The spring 1991. only anthropic structure of the whole area that was in Two rescue excavations carried out by the Uffi vestigated was found in the more recent levels refera cio Beni Archeologici della Provincia Autonoma di ble to the early phase of the Middle Neolithic of the Trento brought to light two Bronze Age burial areas on Square Mouthed Pottery Culture. This subhorizontal the upper surface (Nrcous, 1996) and settlement levels structured level consisted of small and medium-sized attributable to the Neolithic (BAZZANEUA et al. , 2000) stones. Underneath the ground had been levelled and and to the recent phase of the Mesolithic (Castelno- the lower levels had been partly cut into. 214

2. THE POTTERY DROTII, 1996, fig.8:4; MOSER, 2000; PEDROTII et al. ,

2000), S. Giustina di Baldaria (Verona) (SALZANI, 1986, fig.3:9), Cazzago Brabbia (Varese) (BIAGI, 1976, fig. 1), Even though the ceramic findings from the Ear VhO di Piadena, Campo Ceresole (Cremona) (BAGOLI ly Neolithic levels were not very abundant, they were NI &BIAGI, 1975a, fig.26: 10, tab.2:1), VhO di Piadena, nevertheless very significant for their chronological Campo Costiere Orefici (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1975a, aspect. A macroscopic analysis on the fabric allowed fig.6), Pianaccia di Suvero (La Spezia) (GIARDI & to distinguish three categories on the basis of the di MAoor, 1982, fig.3; MAoor, 1984, fig.92:3), Savigna mensions and the frequency of the filler: fine, medium no sul Panaro (Modena) (BERNABO BREA et al., and coarse wares. The filler visible to the eye is mainly 1990: 119, fig.4), Chiozza di Scandiano (Reggio Emi represented by fragments of mica, while limestone is lia) (BAGOLINI & BARFIELD, 1971, fig.26:7, fig.27:1), rarely used. There are granules of quartz added in the Calerno (Reggio Emilia) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1977a, coarser wares. Chamotte is also used and in some ca fig.13b ), Albinea (Reggio Emilia) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, ses ochre filler is present. No figuline ware fragments 1977a, fig.9), sito V di Miramare (Rimini) (BAGOLINI were found. et al., 1991, fig.9:3), Lugo di Romagna (DEGASPERI et Elements attributable to the local Gaban Group al., 1998:124). A recent acquisition is the sherd reco were recognized, including nail decorations (Fig.1: 1 ). vered in the Fiorano context at Casa Querciolaia (Li There are also incised lines (Fig.1:8, 10) including a vorno) (IACOPINI & GRIFONI CREMONESI, 2000). wall fragment (Fig.1: 11) which is probably part of a The sherd of a flask shaped vessel with a flat carinated cup decorated with hatched triangular moti profile is decorated with a triangular groove placed fs, comparable to the specimens found at Riparo Ga above the mark where the handle was fixed to the vase. ban (BAGOLINI, 1980a:57; 1980b, fig.47:3). The same The shape and the motif suggest it is attributable to the decorative scheme is present at VillandroNillanders Fiorano Culture (Fig.1 :6). Our sherd could be similar Plunacker in the Isarco Valley (DALRr, 1989, Taf. Ill: to the specimen found in the 1969 excavations at Chioz 1-2), San Giacomo/St. Jakob in the Bolzano basin (NIE za di Scandiano (BAGOLINI, 1972a, fig.8:2) and to a DERWANGER, 1988, Taf. 9:1-3) and at Isolino di Varese flask vase with four handles found in the settlement of (GUERRESCHI, 1977, fig.3). The incised decoration of Lugo di Romagna (VoN ELES MASI & STEFFE, 1987, the sherd in Fig.1: 10 has precise parallels with a fin fig.2:5; DEGASPERI et al., 1998:123, fig.19)3• ding from the excavations carried out in 1976 at La Among the decorated material there was also a Vela di Trento in the Early Neolithic levels2• sherd in medium ware with a fine incised chevron mo Along with these findings there are also mate tif executed when the pottery was leather hard before rials which denote contacts with the Early Neolithic firing (Fig.1 :9). The decorative scheme and the techni groups of the Po Plain. In particular there is a frag que recall characteristics usually found in the VhO ment of a flask vase in fine ware, with a long slightly Culture (BIAGI, 1995: 108) and in some contexts of the concave neck and small horizontal perforated handles Early Neolithic in Northern Italy as for example at placed under the rim (Fig.1 :3). The surface is accura Arene Candide (BERNABO BREA, 1956, tav. VIII: 6e-g), tely burnishedwhile two of the three handles that were at Alba (GAMBARI et al., 1992, fig. 6:3, fig. 5,7; VEN found have incisions on the base that can be interpre TURINO GAMBARI, 1987, tav. XIII, sp. 2:34.24; VENTU ted as functional. This type of pottery is widely diffu RINO GAMBARI et al., 1995, figg. 92-93), at Pizzo di sed in the Po Plain and Peninsular areas and is docu Bodio (BANCHIERI, 1990, fig. 2:32,35; 1995, fi g. 3:6). mented both on figuline ware and in common ware. The wall sherd with a lobe in relief on the edge Along the Adriatic area it can be seen on painted speci (Fig.1:14 ) probably belongs to a truncate cone-shaped mens of the Catignano facies (CREMONESI & Tozzr, cup and has parallels in the sites of the Adriatic Im 1987, fig.2: 18) and in the Ripoli cultural area, at the pressed Pottery of Villaggio Leopardi (Pescara) (CRE Ripoli site (CREMONESI, 1965:104, fig.5:5, fig.10:19, MONESI, 1966:30-32, fig.2:2-3, 3:2) and San Marco di fig.15: 1), in the Grotta dei Piccioni di Bolognano (CRE Gubbio (Perugia) (MALoNE& STODDART, 1992, fig.16:3, MONESI, 1976:110, fig.21:12), in the Cavernadell 'Ac 18:47-48), in the Po Plain at Lugo di Romagna (DEGA qua or del Morto in Liguria (BERNABO BREA, 1946, SPERI et al., 1998: 122, fig.13), Rivaltella (Reggio Emi tab.XLIX:8). lia) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1977a, fig.12), Albinea (Reg A specimen used for religious rituals was disco gio Emilia) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1977a, fig.9), Fiorano vered in the Grotta dei Pozzi della Piana near Titigna Modenese (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1977a, fig.2), Vho di no (Orvieto) (PASSERI, 1970, fig.6:8). Piadena, Campo Ceresole (Cremona) (BAGOLINI et al., In Northern Italy it is present in various sites 1977, fig.21 :5), Vho di Piadena, Campo Sera Mattina attributable to different cultures of Early Neolithic in (Cremona) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1975a, fig.16: 19, 17:4, cluding: Sammardenchia (Udine) (FERRARI & PESSINA, 18:3), Ostiano, Dugali Alti (Cremona) (STARNINI, 1995, 1996:55), Lugo di Grezzana (Verona) (MosER & PE- fig.12:P63), Isorella, Cascina Bocche (Brescia) (STAR- 215

NINI, 1998, fig.6: 1-2), Cas a Gazza (Travo, Piacenza) (Fig.2: 10-11), long and short endscrapers (Fig.2:3-8), (BERNABO BREA, 1991, fig. at the bottom of p.38) and truncations, borers (Fig.2:9), burins, microburins in the Monti Lessini area at Lugo di Grezzana (Vero (Fig.2:20-22), retouched blades and also burins on a

na) (MosER & PEoRom, 1996, fig.8:1). The presence side notch (Ripabianca burins) (Fig.2: 1-2) and rhom of a bowl with a strap handle and lobe-shaped raised boids (Fig.2: 12-14) typical of the Early Neolithic of brim in the settlement ofPaterno (L' Aquila) referred to the Po Plain. contacts with the Early Neolithic Groups of Northern The upper levels are characterised by the pre Italy (PESSINA, 1991:124-125, fig.6:2). sence of foliate implements including arrowheads with There are also two sherds, one of which is a stray a concave base (Fig.3 :5-7) and a pedunculate shape find, probably belonging to the same vessel, featuring (Fig.3:8), which refer to the early phase of the Square a dotted line motif (Fig. 1: 15). The same motif is docu Mouthed Pottery Culture. mented on the ceramic material at La V ela di Trento A stray find, an arrowhead with a very deep flat settlement (excavations 1976), Lugo di Grezzana (Ve retouching and shiny traces of use wear on one of the rona) (MosER, 1996), Campo Costiere di Vho di Pia two edges, is attributable to the same cultural context dena (Cremona) (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1975a, fig.2:5). (Fig.3:4). Among the non-decorated material there is a Similar findings are common at the sites of Fi sherd of a globular vessel with handles (Fig.1:7), the mon Molino Casarotto (BAGOLINIet al., 1973, fig.25: 14; remains of a drinking cup in fine ware with a slightly BARFIELD & BROGLIO, 1966, fig.4: 13), Laghetto del concave bottom (Fig.1:4-5)4 and the sherd of a straight Frassino (SPADONI, 1973, fig.2:7), Borghetto all' Adige round brim probably belonging to a deep drinking cup (BAGOLINI, 1980c, fig.14:2), Solteri di Trento (unpu

of a very fine ware (Fig.1 :2). blished), Torbiera di Bosisio Parini (DEMARINis, 1994, The mending technique carried out by making fig.7: 1-2), Spineda, localita Prebenda Parrocchiale(AN holes on the sides of the vessels for the assemblage of GHINELLI & ANGHINELLI, 1993, fig.6:15). the sherds is also attested (Fig.1: 13). In the upper levels the ceramic is highly frag mented and it was difficult to place in context. Among the scarce material recovered there were two sherds of 4. POLISHED STONE INDUSTRY a vase with straight rim and wall, probably belonging to the same square mouthed vessel (Fig.1:12). A polished stone axe was found in the Early Neolithic levels (Fig.4: 12)5. This is a very important finding as it was thought that this category of artefacts 3. THE LITHIC INDUSTRY did not belong to the cultural context of the Gaban Group (BAGOLINI, 1992:234). Polished stone artefacts (axes, rings) were also found in the Early Neolithic The chipped stone assemblage is almost entirely levels of the multilayered site of VillandroNillanders made of flint, part of which is from local sources and Plunacker in the Isarco Valley (DALRI, 1996:91, fig.63). some coming from Southern Trentino and probably fromthe Monti Lessini. Two crystal rock elements, one of which is an unfinished trapeze were found in the Early Neolithic levels (Fig.2: 19). 5. THE BONE INDUSTRY Preliminary analysis of the materials from the lower levels allowed to place the lithic assemblage in the context of the Early Neolithic of the Po Plain and The bone industry is mainly represented by the of the Alps. This can be compared to the local site of category of points. There are five specimens (Fig.4:2- VillandroNillanders-Plunacker (DALRI, 1989, Taff. 1-11), 6) from the Early Neolithic levels, fashioned out of the Dos de La Forca (BAGOLINI et al., 1987, fig. 4; MARzAn thick section of the bone, so it was not possible to ascer co, 1997, vol. I:81-91; vol. m, tavv. 8-13), Riparo Gaban tain the type of support used. Among the working tech (BAGOLINI, 1980a:58 and unpublished), Romagnano Loc niques the following methods are attested: abrasion, m (BAGOLINI, 197 1), Pradestel (unpublished), La Vela smoothing and polishing that was probably due to the (PEDROITI, 1990, fig.5:9-16 and unpublished). wear and tear. Four of the five specimens had circular The production technology is strongly represen or subcircular sections and all the far ends were bro ted by laminar materials, including many bladelet co ken off (there are no traces of the implements being res with one or more prepared platforms (Fig.3: 1-3). used after they were broken). The fifth specimen is a Elements of Castelnovian tradition are also pre point with a rectangular section, broken at the nearest sent, such as trapezes (Fig.2: 15-19), notched blades end. The very thin point suggests that it was not used 216 as an awl. Traces of abrasion can be seen on both sides tion of the prehistoric population of this important ge of the finding. ographic and cultural area. The findings of the Borgo The only instrument available for the Middle nuovo site are very significant as there is little infor Neolithic is a point that is broken at the far end, fashio mation available regarding the Early Neolithic of Tren ned out of the thick section of the diaphysis of a long tino. A preliminary analysis suggests that the industries bone with evident traces of abrasion on both sides of the Early Neolithic levels of Mezzocorona-Borgo (Fig.4:1). nuovo could refer to a recent period of the Gaban Group on the basis of the evidence of the stratigraphic sequence

of the eponymous site (BAGOLINI & BIAGJ, 1977b:227- 229). 6. ORNAMENTS On a strictly local ambit, these data integrated the knowledge on the Neolithic population of the Pia na Rotaliana6, which is based at present only on the Among the ornamental objects of the more an evidence of the site of Dos de la Forca (BAGOLINI et cient levels there are pierced atrophic canines of deer, al., 1987)1. With regard to the lithic industry of the and a pierced fi sh vertebra. Pierced Columbellae were Early Neolithic, the two sites are very similar, while found in the levels of the Middle Neolithic (Fig.4:7- l l) the scarce ceramics found on these sites are different as well as a fragment of a bead made from a Denta in typology. Considering the closeness of the two are lium shell. as, the Borgonuovo site is possibly more recent, whi ch is also confirmed by the finding of a polished stone axe and ceramics that document evident contacts with the Po Plain. With regard to this, in a wider regional 7. FAUNA context, the evidence of the influence ofthe cultures of the Early Neolithic of the Po Plain, is at present limited to the few elements present at Riparo Gaban, The preliminary faunal analysis shows that red Romagnano Ill, and La Vela8. deer were much more abundant than other species in The upper levels of Borgonuovo document as both the Neolithic levels and economy was strongly pects referable to the early phase of the Square Mou based on hunting. thed Pottery Culture, which are not attested in the Dos For the Early Neolithic levels the presence of de la Forca site but are present in other archaeological the following animals is also documented: roe deer, ibex, contexts of the region showing different settlement pat chamoix, goats/sheep, oxen, pigs, foxes, wild cats, ba terns. The materials referable to this chronological ho dgers, martors, beavers and brown bears. rizon are however too few to express further conside Generally there is a lower percentage of fauna rations on cultural aspects. in the Middle Neolithic levels that clearly means that the area was less frequented than during the Early Ne olithic. As well as red deer, which still prevail, there are roe deer, ibex, chamoix, goats/sheep, oxen, pigs, 9. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EARLY wild cats, foxes and beavers. NEOLITHIC OF THE ADIGE VALLEY It must be stressed that the material was highly fragmented indicating that all the levels were subject to trampling. With regard to domestic animals, the only The many works concerningthe issue on the ori species that is surely documented is oxen. Even though gins of the Neolithic in this geographical area, mainly goats/sheep were present in the Early Neolithic levels undertaken by Bernardino Bagolini, have underlined they cannot be clearly distinguished from the wild spe how this phenomenon came about gradually by means cies even in the Middle Neolithic levels. of an acculturation process, which determined the "ce rarnization" of the local substratum in an economic and technological background, mainly tied to the Mesoli thic tradition9• 8. CONCLUSIONS With regard to the settlement patterns, a distin guished choice of the settlements is not evident as shown by the fact that all the deposits of the Early Neolithic The Borgonuovo sequence undoubtedly recalls of the Adige V alley maintain a stratigraphic continuity those of other sites situated along the Adige Valley (Ro with Castelnovian levels both in open sites on alluvial magnano Loc, Pradestel, La Vela, Riparo Gaban, Dos cones (La Vela)10, in rockshelters (Riparo Gaban, Pra de La Forca) which symbolically synthesize the evolu- destel, Dos de La Forca) and in sites on detrital cone 21 7 deposits at the base of the rocky walls (Romagnano In our opinion, layer AAl-2 of Romagnano Ill Loc Ill and Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo). represents an early phase of Early Neolithic of the Adige Nevertheless, at the present time there is no clear Valley, as had already been noted by Bagolini & Bia picture as to the cultural and chronological development gi16. Even in the Neolithic evolution scheme of the Al of the Early Neolithic period of the Trentino territory of pine region proposed by A.Gallay, layer AA1-2 of the Adige Valley. This situation is due to many circum Romagnano is quoted as an example, of the so called stances. The main fact is that there were very few sites "phase neopionniere 2A" in NorthernItaly. According that yielded significant information and as can be seen, to the author, farming pioneers explore new territories they were situated in a restricted area, between Mezzo and come into contact with native hunting groups in corona and Romagnano. These are Dos de la Forca and this phase (GAIIAY, 1990:33-34). No remains of do Borgonuovo sites in the Comune of Mezzocorona and mestic mammals were found in this layer (BosCATO & Riparo Gaban, Romagnano and La V ela in the basin of SAIA, 1980). Levels T3-4 of the same sequence, howe Trento11. We have no other information on the remai ver, suggest a later development of the Gaban Group, ning territory apart from a few sporadic findings. This which is also confirmed by two 14C datings, which al is the case for Riparo Moletta Patone of Arco which low to place this occupational episode in the first half yielded scarce lithic material and ceramics attributable of the V millennium BC17• to the Early Neolithic (BAGOLINI et al., 1984)12. As for the other sites, for the moment it would It should also be underlined that careful atten seem that a chronological evolution within the Early tion must be paid in interpreting the archaeological Neolithic could possibly be distinguished only at Riparo evidence, due to the characteristics of the neolithic de Gaban, on the basis of the stratigraphic evidence and on posits in the Adige Valley, for example the small sur the archaeological materials recovered (BAGOLINI& BIA faces investigated, often situated next to the rock wall, GI, 1977b:227-229; BAGOLINI, 1980b: 108-109). the recurrent occupation in the same areas in diffe It has been hypothesized that the earliest Neoli rent periods and the small amount of material found, thic levels of Riparo Gaban are probably contempora above all pottery13• neous with the AA 1-2 layer of Romagnano Loc Ill The latest date relative to the Castelnovian in (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1975b:16). However, the radiome the Adige territory is documented in the Pradestel site; tric datings available for the Neolithic levels of this a charcoal sample coming from D 1 and D3 levels is site do not predate the first half of the V millennium dated 6870±50 BP (R-1148) (BRoouo & lMPROTA, BC caP8• 1 995:25, tab.1)14. The data referring to the Early Neolithic of the At the present time the most ancient evidence La V ela settlement are almost completely unpublished. with regard to the Neolithic comes from level AA 1-2 Traces of occupation regarding this chronological ho of Romagnano Ill, where Castelnovian-type lithic ele rizon are documented in the sectors Vela 11 (1975 exca ments appear, associated to a burin of Ripabianca (BRo vations)19 and Vela Ill (1976 excavations)20, while im ouo, 1971:183, fig.20) and to a few potsherds with portant structural evidence is present in the V ela VII i�pressed decorations (BRoouo, 1971:185, fig.21). A sector (1987-88 excavations) (DEGASPERI & PEDROTTI, radiometric dating obtained on a charcoal sample (R- 1997: 122-1 23). From a typological point of view, the 1136: 6480±50 BP)15, allows us to place this occupa few ceramic materials originating from the 1975 and tion episode in the second half of the VI millennium 1976 excavation campaigns would seem attributable BC in calibrated chronology. This chronological evi to a recent phase of the local Early Neolithic. The cul dence is comparable to the new 14C datings available tural findings of the 1987-88 excavations are unpu for the Central Eastern Po Plain, which date the appe blished. arance of the first farming communities to around the The outline of the situation regarding the Adige middle of the VI millennium BC in calibrated chrono V alley is highly incomplete at present, also due to the logy (lMPROTA & PESSINA, 1998). fact that in nearly all the cases the dates available refer On the basis of the study carried out on the lithic to an advanced period of the Early Neolithic. Howe assemblages, layer AA of Romagnano has been attri ver, it is possible to distinguish the phase of evolution buted to a late phase of the Castelnovian in transition in which the Early Neolithic elements appear for the to the Early Neolithic (BRoouo & KozLowsKr, first ti�e in a Mesolithic economic and cultural back 1984: 145). The same authors have also underlined that ground (Romagnano Loc Ill, level AA 1-2). It is still in the Romagnano sequence, a marked transformation difficult however to distinguish the processes that lead of the lithic industry is only found from the upper le to a first "ceramization" of the local Mesolithic sub vel, named T4 (BROGLIO & KOZLOWSKI, 1984: 145, note stratum. 12), onwards, where ceramic elements were also pre As for the advanced phases of the Early Neoli sent, documenting a Fiorano Culture influence (PERINI, thic in the Adige area, we believe that Bernardino Ba 1971:96, fig.52:11). golini's acculturation model is still valid. Nevertheless, 218

it must be underlined that, compared to this model, a process of acculturation coming from the Po Plain, ra ther than from the main centres of Balkan-Danubian 7 - Evidence of the(BAGOLIN Early NeolithicI, period was also found in the neighbouring area in the Comune di Mezzolombardo Europe is more feasible for the present. In fact fully (BAGOLINI et al., at Riparo La Rupe 1972b) and at Riparo Nogarole Neolithic communities existed as far back as the first 1 1985). half of the VI millennium BC on the Po Plain (PESSINA 8 - A cup with tubercular handles, clearly influenced by the & ROTIOLI, 1996; PESSINA, 1998; IMPROTA & PESSINA, (BAGOLINI,Fiorano Culture was found at Riparo Gaban in the levels 1998). that are attributed to the recent phase of the Early Neolithic 'I We do not agree with the theory proposed by A. 1990a, fig.5:8). Sherds of a carinated cup Pedrotti, whereby groups of humans of Neolithic cul decorated with engraved(PERINI, lines and impressed dots, clearly ture and economy "colonized" the Adige area21; the inspired by the Fiorano Culture were found in layer T4 of negligible data available and consequently the difficul Romagnano(BARFIELD Loc Ill , 1971:96, fig.52:11). In 1960 a ty in distinguishing the cultural aspects of the Adige sherd of a cup decorated with grooves was found at La Vela area and the stages of evolution must not be overloo di Trento 1970, fig.4:C1). On the basis of the ked. With regard to this, A. GAUAY ' s contribution type of fi ller used, this cup sherd was probably imported from the Fiorano Culture area. Among the ceramics found (1995) suggests that it is necessary to review the tradi in the same site during the 1975 excavations there was a tional opinion regarding the existence of Mesolithic sherds of a neck probably belonging to a flask vessel groups of hunters-gatherers on the one hand and com comparable to the analogous specimen of Fig.1 :3, found in munities of farmers on the other and consider more ar Borgonuovo, not only because of the typology but also for ticulate and complex realities that can only partly be the ceramic filler. The sherd of a neck probably of a fine detected through excavation data. ceramic flask vessel(PEDROTTI, was also found in layer A of Pradestel Apart from the obvious use of the Adige V alley and was recently published as a sherd of the neck of a as a transit route, it is legitimate to wonder what moti carinated cup 1998a: 127, fig.3:8). With regard vated the groups to move away from more fertile far to this, we would like to thank Dr.Giampaolo Dalmeri for ming areas like Po Plain, Veneto, and Friuli to what A. his constant help and for allowing us to view the lithic GAUAY (1990) would define as "ecologically margi material and ceramics from the levels attributed to the Early nal" areas. Neolithic of Pradestel, preserved inBAGOLIN the MuseoI, Tridentino di Scienze Naturali di Trento. BAGOLINI BROGLIO, 9 - See also the following works: 1980a, 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1990a, 1990b, 1992; & 1985. NOTES 10 - Archaeological levels referable to the Early and Recent

Mesolithic were uncovered(P EDROTsolelyTI, in sector Vela VIIAZZANELLA during etthe al., 19 87-88 excavations undertaken by the Ufficio Beni Archeologici di Trento 1990:222; B 1 - In this work, the general description of the site and the this volume). analysis of the industries were undertaken by E.Mottes, 11 - The other sites were placed in context on the(BAGOLINI basis of F.Nicolis and L.Moser; the study of the fauna and the bone the scarceo material available(BAGOL or evenINI, on single lithic elements industry by M.Bazzanella. The conclusions and the as was the case for (BAGOLINIBusa de l'et Adamo al., di Lizzana considerations on the Early Neolithic of the Adige Valley & Rro rn, 1975), La Rupe 1972b) and Nogarole were elaborated by E.Mottes and F.Nicolis. di Mezzolombardo 1985) or on sporadical 2 - The findings of the excavations and the recoveries at La collections(BAGOLINI, of the 19'h centuryMAAzA likenco the, material from Doss Vela di Trento in 1975, 1976 and 1977 are being studied by Trento that included a flask vessel decorated with engravings E.Mottes. 1975, fig.la; 1997, vol. I:259-260, 3 - The highly fragmented piece does not allow for an exact vol.(MAAzA Ill,nco, tav. 50:735) and lithic industry generically reconstruction of the shape. attributable to the Recent Mesolithic-Early Neolithic 4 - The typology of the base of this finding suggests(PESSINA,a certain 1997, vol. I:278-293, vol. Ill, tavv. 54-66:766- similarity with the specimen found in Structure 1 in the 926). The evidence referring to the Early Neolithic at area of Canale di Nogaredo al Torre (UD) 1993, Acquaviva di Besenello is represented by level d in which fig.8:1). "(ANGELINI ... recent et Mesolithic al., type lithic industry, stratigraphically 5 - The petrographic study of the artefact is l)eing carried associated with minute(PEDROTTI sherds, of atypical ceramic" is present out at the moment by the Dipartimento di Scienze della 1980:69). Level A at Pradestel yielded two Terra e Geologico-Ambientali of the University of Bologna. ceramicpiquant sherds triedre , 1998a:l27, fig.3:8-9; regarding 6 - The valley floor area known .as Piana Rotaliana, is n.8 cfr. note 9) and about ten lithic finds including trapezes situated about 20km North of Trento where the Noce torrent with a notched and denticulated blade, a flows into the Adige Valley. The Noce forms a wide alluvial few scrapers and some microburins. cone with Mezzocorona on the left and Mezzolombardo on 12 - In our opinion, the very position of the deposit does the right. The town of S.Michele is situated oh the left slope not assure reliability, not even for the study on the faunal CoLTORof the AdigeTI, Valley where the two rivers· meet. Here, the .l·- remains. In the conclusions of this contribution, the Authors Adige Valley faces NE-SW and is about •2km wide (cfr. say the "chronological and stratigraphical incoherence of 1994). most of the documentation under the burial level seems to 219

be attributed to the fact that the deposit was formed by to 4932-4809 BC calIMPROT 1 sigma; Gif-3766: 5650±150 BP sedimentary accumulations that slided and flowed from the corresponding to 4686-4345 BC cal et1 sigma) al., (BAGOLINI & nearby detritus cone on the slope, north of the rockshelter. BIAGI, 1990: 12-13; A & PESSINA, 1998:110, tab. l). It is only during the Mesolithic that the rockshelter itself is 19 - Preliminary report in BAGOLINI 1975:APE326DROTII-328. used as an episodic etdwelling; al., on the contrary, the Neolithic Some of the most significant ceramic and lithic findings materials infer articulate episodic settlements outside the from the 197 5 excavation were published later by shelter." (BAGOLINI 1984:124). (1990:222, fig.5). It can be deduced that the sherd of a bowl 13 - With regard to this, the sherds of the same truncated with(PEDROTII a truncated, cone-shaped body and a flat bottom in fine cone-shaped vase with heel, decorated with impressions, of black ceramic decorated with geometric scratched motifs Riparo Gaban (BAGOLINI, 1980a:61b) were found in different 1990, fi g.5:8, 1998a: 127, fig.3:21), is attributable strata attributable both to the early and to the recent phase to the typical geometric-linear aspects of the Square of Early Neolithic. Mouthed Pottery Culture from both the stratigraphic position 14 - Corresponding to 5769-5654 BC cal l sigma (BAGOLINI it was found in and the characteristics of the typology. The & BIAGI,ROT 1990:10, tab. l). paleobotanical data from Square Mouthed Pottery Culture 15 - Corresponding to 5440-5335 BC cal 1 sigma (cfr. levels of the 1975 excavations (CASTELLETII, 1977) were IMP A & PESSINA, 1998:111, tab.l). attributed to Early Neolithic levels by mistakeet al. , (PESSINA & 16 - "The most ancient "Neolithic" complex in Trentino Rorrou, 1996:93, tab.3). was found in layer AA of Romagnano Loc Ill. Ceramic 20 - Preliminary information in BAGOLINI 1976:222- represented by a few sherds, some of which were decorated 225. In sector Vela Ill the Early Neolithic deposits were with plastic cordons and nail impressions, were found here almost completely carried away by alluvium from the Vela for the fi rst time ever. The lithic industry would seem to stream. The archaeological materials are unpublished. slowly evolve from the lower AB2-l level...." (BAGOLINI & 21 - "The data available would tend to indicate that BIAGI, 1975b:15). The same authors have also observed the Neolithization took place around the end of the VIII following: "The revision already carried out on strata T3-4 beginning of the VI millennium BP as a result of the of Romagnano Ill is not the only one that should be penetration of small farming communities who settled considered in the important stratigraphic sequence of this in open-air sites at the bottom of the valleys and [ ] Trentino site. In fact, layer AA of the same deposit, once elaborated the Gaban facies in contact with the local [ ] defined as a "tardenoid complex with ceramics", turned out Mesolithic groups. ... The local communities, on the to beIA stratigraphicallyI inconsistent. In fact it has been contrary, probably still used rock-shelters. ... The local confirmed that it was part of the above layer T3-4 "(BAGOLINI groups apparently(PEDROTII accepted, only the pottery and the & B G , 1977b:229; BAGOLINI, 1980b: 111). Furthermore: Ripabianca burin and the rhomboids from the new "some of the potsherds found in layer AA belong to a vessel populations." 1998b:231). It must be stressed whose sherds were also found in the upper T4 level " that there are no important differences in the choice of (BAGOLINI & BIAGI, 1977b, note 25). settlements between the Neolithic and the Mesolithic,(NIEDER 17 - This regards the dates R-78la: 6060±50 BP (5043- WANGERboth in, the Adige area sites as already mentioned 4908 BC cal 1 IMPROTsigma) e R-781: 5810±50 BP (4764-4592 including San Giacomo/St. Jakob (Bolzano) BC cal 1 sigma) that were carried out on charcoal samples 1988) and in the open-air ones of the Isarco from level T4 ( A & PESSINA, 1998:111, tab.l). Valley, on mid-slope terraces (Villandro/Villanders 18- We refer to the following dates carried out on charcoal Plunacker) and bottom valleys (Bressanone/Brixen samples from level D2 (Bln- 1777: 6030±45 BP Stufles) (DEMEIZ, 1998). Furthermore, Po Plain elements corresponding to 4948-4848 BC cal 1 sigma; R-1777a: certified on this Adige territory up till now are too scarce 5750±60 BP corresponding to 4701-45 16 BC cal 1 sigma) to suggest that the human groups could be defined as and from level D8 (Bln-1778: 5990±45 BP corresponding "communities".

SUMMARY - The archaeological site of Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo is located in the Adige Valley north of Trento, at the foot of a rocky cliff of the Monte di Mezzocorona, at a height of app. 250 m a.s.l. In 1991, during the construction works of a boulder barrier an archaeological deposit was exposed, which had been largely damaged by the excavators. The rescue excavations carried out by the Office for Archaeological Heritage of the Provincia Autonoma di Trento exposed, on top of the deposit, two burial sites dating to the Bronze Age and a stratigraphic sequence of settlement levels which, at the present state of research, includes a span of time from the Late Neolithic/Copper Age to the Early Mesolithic period. The preliminary results of the excavation works conducted on the Early and Middle Neolithic levels of the Borgonuovo site are presented herein. The analysis of the stratigraphic evidence identified two different stages of settlement. The earliest levels seem to be attributable to late phase of Gaban Group. Among pottery together with items typical of that period of time, elements are found typical of the early Neolithic period of the Po Plain (Fiorano, Vho, etc.). In the upper level there is evidence of human presence that, based on the few remains which were found, seem to be traceable to the Early phase of the Square-Mouthed Pottery Culture. General comments on the Early Neolithic in the Adige Valley are included. 220

RIASSUNTO - 11 sito archeologico di Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo e posto in Valle dell' Adige a nord di Trento, ai piedi della e parete rocciosa del Monte di Mezzocorona, ad una quota di circa 250 metri s.l.m. Nel 1991 in seguito ai lavori per l'appre stamento di una struttura paramassi stato messo in evidenza un deposita antropico, in buona parte intaccato dai mezzi meccanici. L'intervento di emergenza effettuato dall'Ufficio Beni Archeologici della Provincia Autonoma di Trento permet teva di mettere in luce, al tetto del deposita, due aree sepolcrali dell'eta del Bronzo e una sequenza stratigrafica di livelli insediativi che allo stato attuale delle ricerche copre un arco cronologico compreso tra l'eta del Rame e il Mesolitico antico. In questa sede vengono presentati i risultati preliminari delle ricerche condotte nei livelli neolitici del sito di Borgonuovo. L'analisi delle evidenze stratigrafiche ha permesso di individuare due fasi di frequentazione. I livelli piu antichi sembrano e attribuibili ad un momento recente nell' ambito del locale Gruppo del Gaban. Tra i materiali cerarnici, in associazione a quelli tipici, sono presenti elementi che denotano contatti con le facies padane del primo Neolitico. Nei livelli superiori documentato un episodio di frequentazione che sulla base dei pochi reperti rinvenuti sembra riferibile alla fase iniziale della Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata. In conclusione vengono espresse alcune considerazioni generali sul Neolitico antico della Valle dell' Adige.

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Fig. 3 - Lithic industry from Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo (Trento). Scale 1:1. Archivio Ufficio Beni Archeologici - P.A.T.; drawings by Antonio Paolillo, Jenny Schenal (1-3) and Monica Tait (4-8). 226

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