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Dissertation View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Menschenbilder“ Genderidentitäten in den Filmen australischer Regisseurinnen Verfasserin Mag. phil. Claudia N. Skopal angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl: A 092 317 Dissertationsgebiet: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hilde Haider Dank an (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge) Alfred Barthofer, Professor an der University of Newcastle, Australien Meredith Garlick, Filmproduzentin, Australien Ben Goldsmith, Leiter des “Centre for Screen Studies and Research” der AFTRS, Australien Hilde Haider-Pregler, Universitäts-Professorin und Betreuerin der vorliegenden Arbeit, Universität Wien Laleen Jayamanne, Dozentin, University of Sydney, Australien Martin Skopal Paul und Hildegard Weinhapl Nicole Wolf 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I. Einleitung I.1. Forschungsfragen S. 5 I.2. Recherche und Materiallage, Methodik S. 5 I.3. Gliederung der Arbeit S. 7 I.4. Was einen australischen Film ausmacht S. 8 II. Identität II.1. Was ist Identität? S. 12 II.2. Identität und Hautfarbe bzw. Körper S. 17 II.3. Identität und Namen S. 18 II.4. Identität und gesellschaftliche Veränderungen S. 18 II.5. Identität und Globalisierung S. 19 II.6. Identität und Herkunft S. 19 II.7. Identität und Pilgerreise S. 21 III. Genderidentitäten III.1. Identität und Feminismus S. 23 III.2. Feministische Filmtheorien S. 25 III.2.1. Feministische Filmtheorie – 1960er Jahre S. 26 III.2.1.1. Freud/Lacan – Psychoanalyse als Referenzrahmen S. 27 III.2.1.1.1. Spiegelstadium und Phallus S. 28 III.2.1.1.2. Kritik an der Psychoanalyse, an Freud und Lacan S. 29 III.2.1.2. Kino und Spiegel, Kino und Traum S. 31 III.2.2. Feministische Filmtheorie von den 1970ern bis heute S. 33 III.3. Einblicke in feministische (Film-) Theorien S. 35 III.3.1. Simone de Beauvoir, Frankreich S. 35 III.3.2. Claire Johnston und Laura Mulvey, Groß Britannien S. 39 III.3.3. Anette Kuhn, Groß Britannien S. 44 2 III.3.4. Mary Ann Doane, USA S. 47 III.3.5. Teresa de Lauretis, Italien/USA S. 50 III.3.6. Gertrud Koch, Deutschland S. 54 III.3.7. Judith Butler, USA S. 56 III.3.8. Barbara Creed, Australien S. 58 III.3.9. Heide Schlüpmann, Deutschland S. 60 III.3.10. Christina von Braun, Deutschland S. 62 III.3.11. E. Ann Kaplan, USA S. 65 III.3.12. bell hooks, USA S. 69 Exkurs: Die Darstellung von Farbigen im Film und Farbige als Zuseher S. 72 IV. Feminismus in Australien IV.1. Frauen in der australischen Gesellschaft S. 75 IV.2. Germaine Greer und Anne Summers S. 76 IV.2.1. Germaine Greer S. 77 IV.2.1.1 The Female Eunuch S. 78 IV.2.1.2 Sex and Destiny: The Politics of Human Fertility S. 81 IV.2.1.3 Shakespeare S. 82 IV.2.1.4 The Change: Women, Ageing, and the Menopause S. 83 IV.2.1.5 The Whole Woman S. 84 IV.2.1.6 The Beautiful Boy S. 87 IV.2.2. Anne Summers S. 89 IV.2.2.1. Damned Whores and God’s Police S. 89 IV.2.2.2. The End of Equality S. 92 IV.2.2.3. Equality for Women, at Work and Everywhere S. 93 IV.3. Zusammenfassung S. 95 3 V. Identitätsbilder in australischen Filmen V.1. Frauen in der Filmindustrie: ein historischer und aktueller Überblick S. 97 V.2. Auswahl der analysierten Filme S. 104 V.2.1. Kriterienkatalog S. 106 V.3. Filmanalyse S. 108 V.3.1. 1979: My Brilliant Career, Gillian Armstrong S. 108 V.3.2. 1999: Holy Smoke, Jane Campion S. 124 V.3.3. 2000: Looking for Alibrandi, Kate Woods S. 142 V.3.4. 2003: Japanese Story, Sue Brooks S. 155 V.3.5. 2005: Look both Ways, Sarah Watt S. 170 VI. Schlusswort S. 185 VII. Quellenverzeichnis S. 188 VIII. Anhang S. 200 I. Begriffserklärung Gender/Geschlecht II. Schwarzer Feminismus als Gegenkonzept III. Die Geschichte des australischen Films IV. Querschnitt Filmindustrie: Daten und Fakten rund um Festivals, Filmschulen und Film-Funding in Australien. Zusammenfassung S. 228 Abstract S. 229 Lebenslauf S. 231 4 I. Einleitung I.1. Forschungsfragen Welche Identitätsbilder finden sich in den Filmen australischer Regisseurinnen? Welche Frauenfiguren schaffen sie in ihren Filmen? Welches Verhältnis zwischen den Geschlechtern? Wie stellen sie die australische Familie dar? Gibt es Generationskonflikte? Thematisieren sie rassistische Vorurteile? Wie gehen sie mit dem Thema Immigration um? Welche ist ihre Einstellung gegenüber den Ureinwohnern Australiens? Spielt Religion eine Rolle? Wenn ja, welche? Welches Bild der australischen Gesellschaft vermitteln sie in ihren Filmen? I.2. Recherche und Materiallage, Methodik Im Herbst 2004 erfolgte zunächst eine Recherche über die australische Kultur und Gesellschaft, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Arbeitsmöglichkeiten für Frauen, der australischen Filmindustrie und der Geschichte des australischen Films. Im Frühjahr 2005 konnte ein durch das Stipendium für kurzfristiges wissenschaftliches Arbeiten der Universität Wien teilfinanzierter Forschungsaufenthalt an der University of Sydney, Australien durchgeführt werden. Folgende Forschungseinrichtungen wurden während des Aufenthalts herangezogen: 5 State Library Fisher Library Schaeffer Fine Arts Library Bibliothek der Australian Film Television and Radio School (AFTRS) University of Newcastle Library Das umfangreiche Material von Screen Sound konnte leider aus Zeitgründen nicht in die Arbeit einbezogen werden, da das Copyright der Bestände bei unterschiedlichen Besitzern liegt und das australische Copyrightgesetz Arbeitskopien nicht erlaubt. An der University of Sydney erlaubte die FIAF Datenbank (International Film Archive Database) den Zugriff auf Artikel verschiedener Filmzeitschriften über einige der in dieser Arbeit analysierten Filme. Filmkritiken, Artikel über die Filme, Analysen und Interviews mit den Regisseurinnen fanden sich auch im Sydney Morning Herald. Zugriff erhielt ich über die Zeitschriftensammlung der State Library. Monographien über den australischen Film gibt es vorwiegend zur Filmgeschichte, aber derzeit noch keine über australische Regisseurinnen außer über Jane Campion und Gilian Armstrong. Ein Großteil des benötigten Filmmaterials konnte in Österreich, Großbritannien, USA, Australien und Neuseeland als Kauf-DVD oder als Arbeitskopie erworben werden. Aufgrund des strengen Copyright Gesetzes in Australien durfte die AFTRS Library keine Arbeitskopien von jenen Filmen, die anders nicht verfügbar sind, anfertigen, weshalb sie in diese Arbeit nicht aufgenommen wurden. 6 Den Referenzrahmen der Arbeit bilden Theorien über Identität, insbesondere Genderidentitäten. Die Filmanalysen erfolgen nach einem Kriterienkatalog, der unter anderem den Handlungsrahmen, die Inszenierung von Körperlichkeit (Kleidung, äußerliche körperliche Merkmale, Inszenierung durch Kamera und daraus resultierende Blicke), das psychologische Profil der Figuren, die Interaktion der Figuren, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und soziale Kontexte umfasst. I.3. Gliederung der Arbeit Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden verschiedene Identitätstheorien vorgestellt und besprochen. Da es sich bei den Identitätsbildern in den analysierten Filmen vorwiegend um die Darstellung von Frauenfiguren handelt, ist es notwendig, im Theorieteil besonders auf Genderidentitäten und Theorien zur Darstellung von Frauen im Film einzugehen. Um die Vielfältigkeit und die Widersprüche innerhalb der Filmtheorien herauszuarbeiten, werden die Arbeiten von Theoretikerinnen und ihre fachliche Weiterentwicklung der letzten 30 Jahre vorgestellt. Anschließend soll die Stellung der Frauen innerhalb der australischen Gesellschaft unter Verwendung der Konzepte zweier wichtiger australischer Feministinnen, Anne Summers und Germaine Greer, porträtiert werden. Ein historischer Überblick über das Wirken von Frauen in der Filmindustrie der letzten 100 Jahre und aktuelle Zahlen und Fakten zur Filmindustrie heute geben Aufschluss über die Möglichkeiten, die Regisseurinnen in Australien offen stehen bzw. verwehrt werden. 7 Anschließend folgen die Analysen fünf ausgewählter Filme anhand eines Kriterienkatalogs. Im Abschluss sollen diese Filme unter Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Ästhetiken, Themen und Stilmittel in einen möglichen Zusammenhang gestellt werden. Im Anhang finden sich außerdem ausführlichere Kapitel zu I. Begriffserklärung Gender/Geschlecht II. Schwarzem Feminismus als Gegenkonzept III. Geschichte des australischen Films IV. Querschnitt Filmindustrie: Daten und Fakten rund um Festivals, Filmschulen und Film-Funding in Australien. Die Tradition, aus der diese Dissertation stammt, ist eine europäische und nicht australische. Um eine einfache Lesbarkeit des Textes zu gewährleisten, gelten männliche Formulierungen für beide Geschlechter. I.4. Was einen australischen Film ausmacht Obwohl Hollywood den australischen Markt dominiert und Australier lieber amerikanische Filme sehen, besitzt Australien eine Vielfalt an Filmen, die sich mit den unterschiedlichsten Themen auseinandersetzen. “Australia is a social bond uniting (and excluding) diverse people. Australian cinema serves as a vehicle of popular socialization and as a forum for telling uncomfortable truths about its society. Australian films and film institutions negotiate cleavages of ethnicity, gender, race, class and nation. [...] It is a domain of problem solving [...].” 1 1 Tom O’Regan, Australian National Cinema, S. 10. 8 Mit Hilfe des Mediums Film identifizieren Regisseure soziale Probleme, schlagen Brücken zu anderen Kulturen und zeigen Australiens Ähnlichkeiten, aber auch seine Andersartigkeit zum Rest der Welt.2 Tom O’Regan sieht die Aufgabe des Australischen
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