DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison of the Home Care System for the Elderly in Japan and Korea: Towards an Advanced Home Care System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison of the Home Care System for the Elderly in Japan and Korea: Towards an Advanced Home Care System Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing (2001) Vol. 31, No. 7 Comparison of the Home Care System for the Elderly in Japan and Korea: Towards an Advanced Home Care System Jeung-im Kim, RN, PhD1, Sachiyo Murashima, PhD, RN, PHN2 The purpose of this study is to provide the directions for the further development of the home care services in Korea, through comparison of the home care system and visiting nursing activities for the elderly in Japan and with those of Korea. The results of this study were summarised as follows: The major difference between the two countries was that Japan emphasised the development of home services by visiting nurse service stations (VNSS), especially in the community. In contrast, Korea has emphasised provid- ing hospital based home care services and assuring the quality of services through the preparation of home care nurses before beginning services. And many elderly in Korea have used a public health center when they have health problems. According to the result, the establishment of a VNSS system and activation of a public health center in the com- munity must be considered as the direction to advance home care systems for the elderly. Key Words: Home care; Elderly; Korea; Japan toward a home care system (HCS) for the elderly more INTRODUCTION pressing and has triggered the need for changes to make the health care system more available and more conve- The number of elders in the population is increasing all nient in both countries. over the world; it first occurred in Europe, and now also The most prominent change of the care environment has become a reality in Asia. Coping with ageing and in Japan is that the “Home” has been accredited as a changing the social system appropriately is one of the field in 1994, and home visit service is now covered by big issues in the world today. health insurance. In Korea, home care has been provided Japan and Korea are both Asian countries located in from 1990 at the public level guaranteeing health care to the far-eastern part of Asia. Both confronted the ageing the elderly at home. And it also “home” has been ac- of their societies earlier than other Asian countries. The credited as a field in April 2000 (Medical law, 2000). percentage of elderly people in 1999 in Japan was 16.7 However, there are differences between the systems percent the largest among Asian countries (JHWSA, for home care services in the two countries. Though 1999a). In Korea, it was seven percent in 2000 (KNSO, home visiting nursing was started at the hospital level, it 2000), a point had reached by Japan in 1970. Korea is has been expanded to the community level in Japan, projected to be an ‘Aged Society’ by 2022 (KNSO, while Korea has advocated home care at the hospital lev- 1997). el as a problem solving strategy. These differences reflect This rapid change has made the importance of moving differences in the social, cultural and demographic char- 1. Department of Women’s Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University 2. Department of Community Health Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Corresponding author: Jeung-im Kim, PhD, RN. Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing Soonchunhyang University Tel: 8241-530-1357 Fax: 8241-574-3860 E-mail: [email protected] Received September 3, 2001 ; Accepted December 21, 2001 Kim et al. Comparison HCS Japan and Korea 1167 acteristics of each country but there is still a need to find vere disability to patients who then need care for ADL. the directions to provide home care services. This report is aimed to provide the directions for the 2. Health Care Law for the Elderly and Development further development of the home care services in Korea, of a Visiting Nursing System through comparison of the home care system and visit- To improve the level of welfare for the elderly in ing nursing activities to the elderly in Japan and Korea. Japan, the Welfare Law for the Aged was created in 1963, in which the roles of home-helper, nursing home METHODS and special nursing home were addressed. But the num- ber of elderly who occupied hospital beds increased To compare the differences and similarities in each rapidly. People over age 65 occupied 46 percent of all country, a review was done of official materials such as hospital beds and had a 50-day average length of stay Health and Welfare Statistics, the Health and Welfare (Ikegami & Campbell, 1995). This rose to 63.5 percent White Paper, Social Indicators, and literature on commu- in 1996 (JHWSA, 1999a). The reason for the increase nity health nursing related to the care of the elderly and was that elders and their families preferred hospitals to to welfare services. For clarity, pertinent information is welfare institutions. This is the so-called social hospital- tabulated and includes; health care policy and social wel- ization of the elderly (Tatara, et al. 1993) and it in- fare facilities for the elderly. creased the cost of health care for the elderly. In order to reduce social hospitalization, the Japanese RESULTS government developed measures for both institutional care and home care on both the welfare side and the 1. General Characteristics health care side. On the health care side, the Health and The average life expectancy in Japan is higher than any Medical Service Law for the Aged (HMSLA) enacted in other country in the world (KNSO, 2000). The life ex- 1983, enabled visiting nursing services from hospitals to pectancy in Korea is also becoming longer, it was 71 be paid through the insurance system. Through a revi- years for men and 78.6 years for women in 1998 sion of the HMSLA in 1992, the Visiting Nurse Service (KHWWP, 2000). Although Japanese live longer than Station (VNSS) was established in 1992 as a new re- Koreans, the differences have narrower over the past 20 source in the community. The VNSS made it possible for years, from 10 years in 1985 to 4 years in 1998. nurses to become heads of health care organizations, a The number of elderly living with one of their children truly innovative act for nursing in Japan (Murashima, et decreased from 79 percent in 1980 to 54.4 percent in al. 1998 a). 1995 in Japan (JHWSA, 1997), but it is still a large pro- To promote health and welfare services for the elderly, portion. It was 58.3 percent in Korea in 1998 (KIHASA, the Japanese government started the Gold Plan in 1990 1998). The average number of people per household has (It was named as Gold Plan to mean Ten-year Strategy decreased to 2.79 in Japan and 3.22 in Korea in 2000. on Promotion of Health and Welfare Services for the From these phenomena, it is possible to conclude that it Elderly. It set goals to increase both institutional care will be difficult to provide good care for the well elderly and home care services). The Gold Plan was revised in if only family members provide care. 1994 as the New Gold Plan (JMHW, 2000b), to establish Next, many elderly have a chronic disease for which the VNSS as one of the essential agencies in the commu- they need help. In Korea, 86.7 percent of the elderly nity. Recently, a group home for demented elders was have chronic degenerative diseases and 34 percent have formally introduced under the Gold Plan 21. difficulty in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (KHWWP In Korea, the Welfare Law for Elderly was enacted in 2000). The proportion of people with dementia has in- 1981, and the law to provide home care was enacted in creased in both countries, to 7.2 percent in Japan, and 1990. At that time the government emphasised hospital- 8.3 percent in Korea (JHWSA 1999 a; KHWWP 2000). based home care and over the past 7 years hospital While the most common causes of death at age 65 years based home care projects have been developed in 44 and over in both countries are malignant diseases, cere- hospitals (KIHASA, 1997a). This has now been extend- brovascular diseases (CVA), and heart diseases (JMHW, ed to hospitals nation wide under the Home Care Law 2000 b; KNSO 2000), CVA also frequently causes se- (Medical Law, 2000). The law included details on home 1168 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol. 31, No. 7 care services, home care nurse qualifications, definitions The major difference between home care services and of service user, service process and prescription, person- visiting nursing services is that home care is provided to nel for home care, and documentation. Through the law patients who have been discharged from the hospital and home care can be reimbursed through the government contains a major medical component. Visiting nursing insurance program (Table 1). provides rehabilitative and preventive care to people with chronic diseases or disabilities in the community. 3. Home Care Service and Visiting Nursing Service In Japan, there are hospital based home care services In comparison to 1970, care of elderly with chronic and community based home care services. Hospital diseases or disabilities has become a big problem in based home care services are aimed to shorten the hos- modern Japan and will become a problem in Korea in pital stay period and community based home care ser- the near future. The background demographics show vices are intended to care people with chronic diseases that the present informal service is no longer adequate at three level of agencies, that is, ward(Ku in Korea), and formal services must be considered in both coun- health center and VNSS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japan's Secretive Death Penalty Policy
    Japan’s Secretive Death Penalty Policy: Contours, Origins, Justifications, and Meanings♦ David T. Johnson I. ABSTRACT...................................................................................................62 II. “REIKO IN WONDERLAND” .....................................................................63 A. SECRECY AND SILENCE ..............................................................................70 III. ORIGINS .......................................................................................................76 A. MEIJI BIRTH ...............................................................................................76 B. THE OCCUPATION’S “CENSORED DEMOCRACY” ........................................80 C. POSTWAR ACCELERATION..........................................................................87 IV. JUSTIFICATIONS ........................................................................................97 V. MEANINGS.................................................................................................109 A. SECRECY AND LEGITIMACY......................................................................109 B. SECRECY AND SALIENCE ..........................................................................111 C. SECRECY AND DEMOCRACY.....................................................................117 D. SECRECY AND LAW ..................................................................................119 VI. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................123
    [Show full text]
  • Nursing 1 Nursing
    Nursing 1 Nursing For other uses, see Nursing (disambiguation). "Nurse" redirects here. For other uses, see Nurse (disambiguation). Nurse A British nurse caring for a baby in 2006 Occupation Names Nurse Occupation type Healthcare professional Activity sectors Nursing, Health care Description Competencies Caring for general well-being of patients Education required Qualifications in terms of statutory regulations according to national, state, or provincial legislation in each country Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in a wide diversity of practice areas with a different scope of practice and level of prescriber authority in each. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has come to shape the historic public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings depending on training level. In the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing. Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. In the U.S. (and increasingly the United Kingdom), advanced practice nurses, such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies, depending on individual state regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9888279n Author Everhart, Edwin Keely Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Edwin Keely Everhart 2018 © Copyright by Edwin Keely Everhart 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies by Edwin Keely Everhart Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Paul V Kroskrity, Chair This dissertation investigates the practices by which local language activists and college students in the Touhoku (Tōhoku 東北) region reproduce and challenge stigma toward local language (“dialect,” “accent”). Touhoku has for decades been a source of labor and other resources for the national economy of Japan which favors the urban core, and language standardization reinscribes Touhoku speakers as belonging to a periphery. People of this region, subject to metropolitan cultural hegemony in the post-war period, often came to bear an inferiority complex about local culture due to linguistic discrimination and cultural marginalization. Registers of local language here tend to absorb weighty meaning from social relations of power, as emblems of shameful backwardness, tourist appeal, political resistance, and fashionable authenticity by turns. Following the last “dialect boom” (1980s-90s), local language activists (“dialect activists”) have pursued projects of language documentation, language valorization, and language revitalization in a spirit of renewal after the triple disasters of March 11, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1997 and 1998 in Japan
    Incidence Survey of Kawasaki Disease in 1997 and 1998 in Japan Hiroshi Yanagawa, MD*; Yosikazu Nakamura, MD, MPH‡; Mayumi Yashiro‡; Izumi Oki, MD‡; Shizuhiro Hirata, MD‡; Tuohong Zhang, MD§; and Tomisaku Kawasaki, MDʈ ABSTRACT. Objective. To describe the results of a been finalized. This article reports the basic analysis nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease of the survey. for the 2-year period 1997 and 1998. Design. We sent a questionnaire to all hospitals with METHODS 100 beds or more throughout Japan (2663 hospitals) re- The participants of this survey are KD patients who were questing data on patients with Kawasaki disease. Study diagnosed at hospitals with 100 beds or more during the 2-year items included name, sex, date of birth, date of initial study. A questionnaire form was sent to the hospitals with a hospital visit, diagnosis, address, recurrence, sibling pamphlet describing the diagnostic criteria of the disease includ- cases, gammaglobulin treatment, and cardiac lesion in ing color pictures of typical lesions of the skin, eyes, hands, and the acute stage or 1 month after onset. feet. The mailing list of the hospitals for this survey was obtained Results. Of the 2663 hospitals, 68.5% responded, re- from the 1998 hospital directory edited by the Ministry of Health porting 12 966 patients—7489 males and 5477 females. Of and Welfare of the Japanese Government. The number of hospitals the total patients reported, 6373 (incidence rate of 108.0 thus obtained was 2663. per 100 000 children <5 years old) occurred in 1997, and Items included in the questionnaire were name, sex, date of birth, date of initial hospital visit, diagnosis, address, recurrence, 6593 (111.7) in 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Chapter 1 Introduction Key Questions The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, a Japanese business daily, reported on Janu- ary 26, 2003, an interesting episode regarding the ongoing phenomenon of nonprofi t organization (NPO) incorporation following the 1998 NPO Law (formally the Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities, enacted in 1998) in Japan. The paper said that one of the most profi t- able industries in the currently sluggish Japanese economy is the hanko business. Hanko is a seal that is symbolic of formal approval among both individuals and corporations in Japanese society. Its function is equivalent to that of the signature in Western countries. The number of franchise shops manufacturing hanko has nearly doubled in the past three years. Traditionally, making hanko required high-level engraving skills. Today, however, the introduction of the computer in the hanko industry has streamlined production. In Japanese society, hanko is often required in the administrative procedures of the government. According to the newspaper article, individuals usually have only fi ve hanko over a lifetime. The current demand should therefore be limited. If this is the case, then why is the business thriving? The business daily attributed the surge to the dramatically increasing number of NPOs created under the 1998 NPO Law. Since the law’s enactment, more than 30,000 NPOs have been incorporated (as of March 31, 2007), as Figure 1.1 shows, and the number is still increasing at a relatively constant and consistent pace across the country.1 In the process of gaining recognition as an NPO, an organization is required to submit documents to the government with a hanko.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Issues and Trends in Nursing in Japan Akiko Kondo* School of Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing, Tokyo Women’S Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
    Nursi of ng al & rn C u a o r e J Kondo, J Nurs Care 2013, S5 Journal of Nursing and Care DOI: 10.4172/2167-1168.S5-e001 ISSN: 2167-1168 Editorial Open Access Professional Issues and Trends in Nursing in Japan Akiko Kondo* School of Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Current important topics in nursing care and medical society in advanced practice registered nurses and the related issues and obstacles Japan are cancer care, elder care, and effective use health care resources of introducing nurse practitioner system in Japan [8]. in an aging society as well as in the general population in the same Japanese adolescents giving birth to their babies are increasing fashion as other developed countries. This special issue includes 6 although the rate is low. They chose to give birth more often instead of articles related to these topics, from elders to children, focusing on abortion than in past years. It is important to encourage having children specific care, administration and the nurses’ work environment. in order to relieve the aging population. However, it is sometimes hard One of the highest causes of death currently in Japan is cancer, for teenagers to be good parents and to interact with their children. especially for those from 40 to 89 years of age [1]. Among cancer, Komoto et al. [9] examined the adolescent mother-infant interaction, lung cancer has the highest fatality, and the mortality of lung cancer is maternal self-esteem, and parenting stress, which affects child increasing [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Leaving the Parental Home in Post-War Japan: Demographic Changes, Stem-Family Norms and the Transition to Adulthood
    Demographic Research a free, expedited, online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse Str. 1, D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY www.demographic-research.org DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 20, ARTICLE 30 PAGES 731-816 PUBLISHED 19 JUNE 2009 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol20/30/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.30 Research Article Leaving the parental home in post-war Japan: Demographic changes, stem-family norms and the transition to adulthood Setsuya Fukuda This publication is part of the proposed Special Collection "Strong Family Ties and Demographic Dynamics" edited by Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna and Laura Bernardi. © 2009 Setsuya Fukuda. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Table of Contents 1 Introduction 732 2 Leaving home in industrialized countries 734 3 Living arrangements of young adults in Japan 738 4 The patterns of leaving home in Japan 742 5 Determinants of leaving home in Japan 746 5.1 Demographic changes 747 5.2 Changes in socio-economic status of family of origin 750 5.3 Changing patterns of the transition to adulthood 754 5.3.1 Schooling 754 5.3.2 Employment 757 5.3.3 Marriage 761 6 Data and variables 763 6.1 Data 763 6.2 Definitions
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Programme Wednesday, 26. June 2019 Student Assembly
    International Council of Nurses Congress 2019, 27 June - 1 July 2019, Marina Bay Sands, Singapore Scientific Programme Wednesday, 26. June 2019 Side meeting 08:30 - 17:00 Academia Student Assembly The ICN Congress Nursing Student Assembly will be held on Wednesday, 26 June from 09:00 to 17:00 at the Academia at the Singapore General Hospital. Registration will begin at 08:30. Simultaneous interpretation will be provided in English, French and Spanish. The Assembly provides nursing students the opportunity to connect, explore and collaborate on priority issues. Registration to the event 08:30 - 09:00 Welcome, Presentation and Introduction by the Singapore Nurses 09:00 - 09:10 Association, ICN Ice breaker 09:10 - 09:30 ICN – The Global Voice of Nursing 09:30 - 09:43 Nursing Now 09:43 - 09:56 State of the World’s Nursing 09:56 - 10:10 Care To Go Beyond 10:10 - 10:40 Break 10:40 - 11:00 Lost in Transition – Newly qualified Registered Nurses and their 11:00 - 11:20 transition to practice journey Developing the next generation – Lessons learnt from the Emerging 11:20 - 11:50 Nurse Leader Programme Hashtags & Healthcare: Social media and its relationship to mental 11:50 - 12:20 health Q&A 12:20 - 12:40 The future of student engagement at ICN 12:40 - 13:00 Lunch 13:00 - 14:00 Group Work (Breakout rooms) 14:00 - 15:30 Break 15:30 - 15:45 Reports of the group work 15:45 - 16:30 Conclusions of the Assembly 16:30 - 16:45 Page 1 / 168 International Council of Nurses Congress 2019, 27 June - 1 July 2019, Marina Bay Sands, Singapore Scientific Programme Thursday, 27.
    [Show full text]
  • JAWW NGO Report for Beijing+25
    Preliminary JAWW NGO Report for Beijing+25 JAWW (Japan Women’s Watch) December 2019 i We, the members of the JAWW, dedicate this Report to the late Hiroko Hara. ii Table of Contents Preface ASANO, Mariko 1 A. Women and Poverty ABE, Aya 3 B. Education and Training of Women KAMEDA, Atsuko 5 C. Women and Health TSUGE, Azumi 9 YAKAHASHI, Sakino D. Violence against Women KAINO, Tamie 11 E. Women and Armed Conflict MOTOYAMA, Hisako 13 F. Women and the Economy SAITO, Etsuko 17 G. Women in Power and Decision-making MIURA, Mari 19 H. Institutional Mechanisms for the IWAMOTO, Misako 22 Advancement of Women I. Human Rights of Women OMI, Miho 25 J. Women and the Media TANIOKA, Rika 28 SANO, Atsuko K. Women and the Environment DOMOTO, Akiko 31 ODA, Yukiko L. The Girl-child ABE, Maki 34 P Youth KAWAI, Chihiro 37 Q. Women and Work NAITO, Shino 40 KOBAYASHI, Mitsuko R. Migrant Women YAMAGISHI, Motoko 43 OGAYA, Chiho S. Women with Disabilities DPI Women’s Network Japan 46 U Older Women KAMOZAWA, Saori 49 V. Agricultural, fishing and forestry NAKAMICHI, Hitomi 52 Women W. Minority JAPAN Alliance for LGBT Legislation 55 X. Disaster Risk Reduction Japan Women’s Network for Disaster 58 Risk Reduction (JWNDRR) List of Contributors 61 iii Preface Coming 2020 is a very special year for those involved in some form of gender equality and empowerment of women and girls. This is the 25th year since the 4th World Conference on Women (Beijing Conference) held in 1995. From the end of the 63rd United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (hereinafter CSW) held in March 2019 (New York), various assessment work is underway by governments, UN agencies, CSOs/NGOs and others with the key topics of “Bejing+25”.
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes Vol. 3
    United States Society on Dams Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes Volume III February 2014 United States Society on Dams Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes Volume III Volume III February 2014 Prepared by the USSD Committee on Earthquakes U.S. Society on Dams Vision To be the nation's leading organization of professionals dedicated to advancing the role of dams for the benefit of society. Mission — USSD is dedicated to: · Advancing the knowledge of dam engineering, construction, planning, operation, performance, rehabilitation, decommissioning, maintenance, security and safety; · Fostering dam technology for socially, environmentally and financially sustainable water resources systems; · Providing public awareness of the role of dams in the management of the nation's water resources; · Enhancing practices to meet current and future challenges on dams; and · Representing the United States as an active member of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD). The information contained in this report regarding commercial products or firms may not be used for advertising or promotional purposes and may not be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the United States Society on Dams. USSD accepts no responsibility for the statements made or the opinions expressed in this publication. Copyright © 2014 U. S. Society on Dams Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-884575-65-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014932950 U.S. Society on Dams 1616 Seventeenth Street, #483 Denver, CO 80202 Telephone: 303-628-5430 Fax: 303-628-5431 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ussdams.org FOREWORD In July, 1992, the U. S.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Issues in the Japanese Labor Market – an Era of Variety, Equity and Efficiency Or an Era of Bipolarization? –
    IMES DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Structural Issues in the Japanese Labor Market – An era of variety, equity and efficiency or an era of bipolarization? – Toshiaki Tachibanaki, Hiroshi Fujiki, Sachiko Kuroda Nakada Discussion Paper No. 2000-E-22 INSTITUTE FOR MONETARY AND ECONOMIC STUDIES BANK OF JAPAN C.P.O BOX 203 TOKYO 103-8660 JAPAN NOTE: IMES Discussion Paper Series is circulated in order to stimulate discussion and comments. Views expressed in Discussion Paper Series are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Japan or the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies. IMES Discussion Paper Series 2000-E-2000-E-2222 August 2000 Structural Issues in the Japanese Labor Market – An era of variety, equity and efficiency or an era of bipolarization? – Toshiaki Tachibanaki*, Hiroshi Fujiki**, Sachiko Kuroda Nakada*** Abstract This paper describes several structural changes in the Japanese labor market and related institutional factors with special emphasis on the labor supplies of women, older workers, youths and discouraged workers. We also discuss the implications of such structural changes on the conduct of monetary policy and necessary reforms in the labor market. Key Words: part-time worker, discouraged worker, Japanese employment system, unemployment JEL Classification: J21, J31, E58, H55 * Professor, Kyoto Institute for Economic Research, Kyoto University ** Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies and Financial Markets Department, Bank of Japan (E-mail: [email protected]) *** Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan (E-mail:sachiko.kuroda @boj.or.jp <new address>) This paper was presented at the conference on “The Role of Monetary Policy under Low Inflation: Deflationary Shocks and their Policy Responses” on July 3-4, 2000 at the Bank of Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Japanese Anime Series "The Big O"
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses October 2017 FORGETTING TRAUMATIC WAR MEMORY: A CASE STUDY OF THE JAPANESE ANIME SERIES "THE BIG O" NAOMI CHIBA University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2 Part of the Japanese Studies Commons Recommended Citation CHIBA, NAOMI, "FORGETTING TRAUMATIC WAR MEMORY: A CASE STUDY OF THE JAPANESE ANIME SERIES "THE BIG O"" (2017). Masters Theses. 554. https://doi.org/10.7275/10133978 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/554 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORGETTING TRAUMATIC WAR MEMORY: A CASE STUDY OF THE JAPANESE ANIME SERIES THE BIG O A Thesis Presented by By NAOMI CHIBA Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS September 2017 Japanese Copyright © by Naomi Chiba 2017 All Rights Reserved FORGETTING TRAUMATIC WAR MEMORY: A CASE STUDY OF THE JAPANESE ANIME SERIES THE BIG O A Thesis Presented By NAOMI CHIBA Approved as to style and content by: __________________________________________ Amanda Seaman, Chair __________________________________________ Bruce Baird, Member _____________________________________________ David K. Schneider, Program Director East Asian Languages and Cultures _____________________________________________ William Moebius, Department Head Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chief committee member Professor Amanda Seaman.
    [Show full text]