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Utjecaj Digitalnih Tv Kanala (Dvb-T) Na Postojeûu Analognu Tv Mrežu U Republici Hrvatskoj

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Utjecaj Digitalnih Tv Kanala (Dvb-T) Na Postojeûu Analognu Tv Mrežu U Republici Hrvatskoj Sveuþilište u Zagrebu Fakultet elektrotehnike i raþunarstva Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, HRVATSKA UTJECAJ DIGITALNIH TV KANALA (DVB-T) NA POSTOJEûU ANALOGNU TV MREŽU U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ Zagreb, veljaþa 2004. Ugovor: Ugovor o izradi studije: UTJECAJ DIGITALNIH TV KANALA (DVB-T) NA POSTOJEûU ANALOGNU TV MREŽU U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ zakljuþen je kao ugovor broj HZT-16/03, FER 0114-24/163-2003. od 02. prosinca 2003. godine, izmeÿu Hrvatskog zavoda za telekomunikacije, Jurišiüeva 13, Zagreb i Fakulteta elektrotehnike i raþunarstva Sveuþilišta u Zagrebu, Unska 3, Zagreb. Voditelj projekta: prof.dr.sc. Branka Zovko-Cihlar Radna skupina: prof.dr.sc. Branka Zovko-Cihlar prof.dr.sc. Sonja Grgiü doc.dr.sc. Tomislav Kos doc.dr.sc. Mislav Grgiü Željko Tabakoviü, dipl.ing. Teo Schönbaum Sadržaj Sadržaj 1. Uvod 1 2. Tehnologija digitalnog radiodifuznog odašiljaþa 6 2.1. Arhitektura DVB-T sustava 6 2.1.1. DVB-T odašiljaþ - pobudni stupanj 7 2.1.2. DVB-T odašiljaþ - izlazni stupanj 8 2.1.3. Glavne karakteristike i prednosti DVB-T sustava 10 2.2. Parametri koji utjeþu na kvalitetu izvedbe DVB-T 10 2.3. Rezultati mjerenja polja digitalnog TV odašiljaþa Sljeme 11 3. Postupak MPEG kodiranja 22 3.1. MPEG-2 video kodiranja 22 3.1.1. Digitalni prikaz videosignala 22 3.1.2. MPEG postupak za kodiranje videosignala 24 3.1.3. MPEG-2 kodiranje videosignala 29 3.1.3.1. Opüe karakteristike 29 3.1.3.2. Profili i razine 30 3.1.4. MPEG-2 sustav 31 3.1.4.1. Oblikovanje paketa programskog toka podataka 33 3.1.4.2. Oblikovanje paketa prijenosnog toka podataka 33 3.2. MPEG-2 audio kodiranja 35 3.2.1. Postupci kodiranja 35 3.2.1.1. Banka filtara 36 3.2.1.2. Psihoakustiþki model 37 3.2.1.3. Proces alokacije bita 38 3.2.1.4. Kodiranje stereo-signala s uklanjanjem redundancije 38 3.2.2. Dekodiranje MPEG-2 toka podataka audiosignala 39 Sadržaj 3.2.3. Razine kompresije 39 3.2.3.1. Razina I 40 3.2.3.2. Razina II 40 3.2.3.3. Razina III 41 3.2.4. Formiranje toka podataka 43 3.2.5. Dodatne moguünosti sadržane u MPEG-2 normi 43 4. Modulacijski postupak OFDM 45 4.1. QAM - kvadraturna diskretna modulacija amplitude (digitalna QAM) 45 4.2. Postupak dobivanja QAM signala 47 4.3. Modulacija ortogonalnog multipleksiranja signala s frekvencijskom podjelom kanala (OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 48 4.4. Kodirana ortogonalna modulacija multipleksa s frekvencijskom podjelom kanala (COFDM, Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) 52 5. Zahtjevi za linearnost DVB-T sustava 56 6. Optimizacija analogne TV mreže u RH sukladno Zakonu o telekomunikacijama 62 6.1. Uvod 62 6.2. Frekvencijska podruþja za radiodifuziju televizijskih programa 63 6.3. Tehniþke norme za analogne televizijske sustave 65 6.4. Televizijski kanali u Republici Hrvatskoj 67 6.5. Planiranje sustava za radiodifuziju analognih televizijskih programa 69 6.5.1. Minimalne propisane jakosti elektromagnetskog polja 70 6.5.2. Radiofrekvencijski zaštitni omjeri 71 6.5.2.1. Istokanalna interferencija 72 6.5.2.2. Interferencija sa susjednim kanalima 73 6.5.3. Svojstva prijamnog antenskog sustava 73 6.5.4. Znaþajke referentnog televizijskog prijamnika 74 6.6. Analiza i optimizacija analogne TV mreže u RH 75 7. Moguüe metode planiranja digitalne TV mreže 79 7.1. Ograniþenja pri planiranju digitalnih radiodifuznih veza 80 7.1.1. Naþin planiranja s najveüim ograniþenjem 80 7.1.2. Naþin planiranja sa manjim ograniþenjima 81 7.1.3. Naþin planiranja sa malim ograniþenjima 82 7.1.4. Naþin planiranja bez ograniþenja 82 7.2. Metode pri planiranju DVB-T 82 7.2.1. Planiranje po metodi dodjele frekvencije radijskoj postaji na odreÿenoj lokaciji (assignements) za zemaljsku digitalnu televiziju 84 7.2.2. Planiranje po metodi dodjele frekvencije odreÿenom geografskom podruþju (allotments) za zemaljsku digitalnu televiziju 84 7.2.3. Planiranje koje podliježe koordinaciji 85 7.2.4. Parametri zaštite analognih televizijskih postaja 85 Sadržaj 7.3. Definicije mjernih toþaka 86 7.3.1. Izraþun položaja mjernih toþaka koje predstavljaju odreÿenu pokrivenu površinu 86 7.3.2. Metode planiranja za digitalne sustave na principu dodjele frekvencije odreÿenoj postaji na odreÿenoj lokaciji (assignments) 87 8. Utjecaj digitalnih TV kanala na analogni TV kanal 88 8.1. Uvod 88 8.2. Zaštita postojeüih analognih TV kanala 89 8.3. Radiofrekvencijski zaštitni omjeri za nositelj slike analognog TV kanala koji je pod utjecajem interferencije s digitalnim TV kanalom 90 8.3.1. Postupak za subjektivnu usporedbu koji se rabi u mjerenju zaštitnih omjera za sluþaj kada je željeni signal analogni TV signal 91 8.3.2. Istokanalni zaštitni omjeri 93 8.3.3. Zaštitni omjeri od interferencije sa susjednim donjim (N-1) i gornjim (N+1) kanalom 93 8.3.4. Zaštitni omjeri od interferencije s kanalom slike 94 8.3.5. Zaštitni omjeri od interferencije s digitalnim kanalom koji se preklapa s željenim analognim kanalom 95 8.4. Radiofrekvencijski zaštitni omjeri za nositelj tona analognog TV kanala koji je pod utjecajem interferencije sa smetajuüim digitalnim TV kanalom 96 8.5. Radiofrekvencijski zaštitni omjeri za digitalni TV kanal koji je pod utjecajem interferencije s analognim TV kanalom 98 8.6. Spektralne maske i potiskivanje neželjenih emisija 100 8.7. Rezultati mjerenja utjecaja istokanalne smetnje signala digitalne televizije na signal analogne televizije 103 9. Eksperimentalni rezultati u europskim zemljama 108 9.1. Projekt VALIDATE 108 9.2. Projekt MOTIVATE 111 9.3. Rezultati ispitivanja DVB-T parametara 112 9.3.1. Moguüe prednosti hijerarhijskih modova u DVB-T specifikaciji 118 9.4. Problemi kod mobilnog prijama DVB-T signala 120 9.5. Poþeci DVB-T prijenosa u Europi 122 10. Zakljuþak 128 Prilog A Prilog B Prilog C 1. Uvod 1 1. Uvod Potpuno je jasno da je digitalna tehnologija u radiodifuznom odašiljanju televizije prisutna u svijetu te možemo ustvrditi da je to sveprisutna želja i tendencija da bude i kod nas u Hrvatskoj. Razlog takvog razmišljanja je konvergencija izmeÿu radiokomunikacijske, telekomunikacijske, mobilne i raþunarske tehnologije što je vidljivo iz brojnih inicijativa koje se primjenjuju u raznim dijelovima svijeta. Sa stanovišta odašiljanja digitalnog televizijskog signala putem satelitskog prijenosa, kabelskom televizijom, zemaljskom televizijom te u mobilnoj primjeni odašiljanja slike - UMTS sustavom, javila se potreba da se sve te tehnologije odašiljanja mogu povezati zajedno i þiniti zajedniþku globalnu tehnologiju povezivanja. Da bi se to ostvarilo važno je uspostaviti maksimalnu povezanost izmeÿu svih standarda za razliþite primjene. Postoje razni procesi koji su zajedniþki za sve digitalne televizijske usluge. Proces digitalizacije video signala sastoji se od tri koraka: uzrokovanja, kvantizacije i kodiranja. Frekvencija uzorkovanja odreÿena je Nyquist teoremom i treba biti veüa ili jednaka onoj koju propisuje Nyquistov teorem. 1980 god. CCIR (danas ITU-R 600) je propisao standard za digitalnu televiziju. Taj standard propisuje sve relevantne parametre važne pri pretvorbi analognog u digitalni televizijski signal, omoguüujuüi kompozitno kodiranje video signala. Istovremeno postignut je znatan napredak u tehnologiji komponiranja video signala, na što se koncentrirala ITV studijske grupe MPEG specijalno osnovane za odašiljanje digitalnog video signala. 1990. god. zapoþeo je razvoj odašiljanja digitalnog video signala u Europi DVB-T. Prva važna odluka je bila da se utvrdilo da üe se primijeniti MPEG-2 postupak kodiranja izvora za audio i video odašiljanje na ulazu digitalnog odašiljaþa. Europski telekomunikacijski Institut za standarde definirao je radiodifuzno odašiljanje digitalnog video signala kao DVB-T kao službene standarde za multimedijsku primjenu. Distribucija televizijskog signala putem zemaljske mreže odašiljanja pretstavlja "Klasiþnu" tehniku televizijske difuzije. Dosadašnji analogni naþin odašiljanja (standard PAL, 1. Uvod 2 SECAM, NTSC) nakon višegodišnje primjene, postao je ograniþavajuüi faktor kako u pogledu poboljšanja kvalitete primljene slike, tako i u pogledu ekonomiþnog korištenja frekvencijskog spektra. Višestruki prijem odašiljaþkog signala kao posljedica refleksije od razliþitih objekata, degradira kvalitetu slike stvarajuüi sjene, poveüanu zrnatu strukturu i sliþno, uslijed interferencije signala. Buduüi da svaki program zahtjeva poseban kanal, poveüanje broja programa dovelo je do zasiüenosti frekvencijskog spektra, te svaka daljnja raspodjela frekvencijskih kanala dovodi do novih izvora smetnji. Istovremeno, francuski istraživaþki laboratorij CCETT (Centre Commun d'Etudes en Télédiffusion et Télécommunication) prouþavao je kako upotrijebiti tu tehnologiju za digitalni prijenos informacija u komercijalnoj radiodifuziji. Kao rezultat toga rada definiran je modulacijski postupak COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex), kojemu je osnovna znaþajka otpornost na utjecaje razliþitih smetnji kao što su višestruke propagacije signala i meÿusobne interferencije, a takoÿer je spektralno ekonomiþan, buduüi da omoguüava u odašiljaþkoj mreži istovremeno odašiljanje više televizijskih programa samo na jednom kanalu (SFN, Single Frequency Network Operation). COFDM postupak je bio osnova pri donošenju evropskog standarda za digitalnu radio difuziju (DAB, Digital Audio Broadcasting) godine 1994 te digitalnu televizijsku difuziju (DVB-T, Digital Video Broadcasting) godine 1997. Prednosti DVB-T u odnosu na analognu TV su višestruke od kojih treba spomenuti: x izvrsnu rezoluciju slike za danu širinu frekvencijskog podruþja (prijenos jednog HDTV programa - High Definition TV) x prijenos 4 SDTV programa (Standard
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