DOCSLIB.ORG

Noachian Crater Modification on Mars: Evidence for Cold-Based Crater Wall Glaciation and Endorheic Basin Formation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Noachian Crater Modification on Mars: Evidence for Cold-Based Crater Wall Glaciation and Endorheic Basin Formation EPSC Abstracts Vol. 14, EPSC2020-976, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2020-976 Europlanet Science Congress 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Noachian Crater Modification on Mars: Evidence for Cold-Based Crater Wall Glaciation and Endorheic Basin Formation Benjamin Boatwright and James Head Dept. of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA 1. Introduction.Mars is currently characterized by a hypothermal, hyperarid climate that is thought to have persisted throughout the Amazonian [1]. The distribution of water ice on Mars has changed over time due to periodic variations in spin axis obliquity [2]. During periods of relatively higher obliquity than present, water ice is mobilized from the poles and deposited as snow and ice in the mid-latitudes, producing cold-based glacial landforms (Fig. 1A-B) [3-6]. Geologic evidence suggests that the ambient climate in the Noachian was significantly different. Fluvial and lacustrine features have been interpreted to indicate the presence of a warm and wet climate [7-8]. However, global climate models predict Noachian temperatures well below those required to sustain liquid water at the surface [9-10]. These models also predict that the distribution of water ice will mostly be controlled by altitude rather than latitude. Supporting geomorphic evidence for this hypothesis has been elusive because glaciation in such an environment is predicted to be cold-based and, as in the Amazonian, melting is limited to top-down (supraglacial) sources [11]. We can search for characteristic cold-based glacial morphologies preserved in high-altitude terrains in order to better assess the character of potential cold-based glacial processes in the Noachian [12]. 2. Geology of Crater B.We report on the geology of a 54-km Noachian-aged crater in the southern highlands that displays evidence for cold-based glaciation. The crater is located in ~800 km northwest of the Hellas basin rim in Terra Sabaea. In a study of eroded crater floors in the same region, Irwin et al. [13] noted that the interior of this crater, which they designated “B,” contains a characteristic dark-over-light stratigraphy that is repeated in many other nearby craters. Inverted ridges are preserved in the more erodible dark unit and are likely fluvial in origin. On the basis of this previous work, we mapped the interior of this crater in detail using CTX and HiRISE visible images. These data reveal an ensemble of additional features (Fig. 1C, 2) not previously described in Noachian-aged craters that indicate a history of cold-based glaciation and top-down melting. A series of arcuate, upslope-facing scarps occurs near the base of the crater wall; each segment typically corresponds to a single upslope alcove. These scarps are positive relief features consistent with the deposition of moraines originating from cold-based glaciers flowing downslope from the alcoves. The heads of the inverted fluvial ridges closely follow the orientation of the scarps as they bend around the alcoves. A thin debris apron consistent with proglacial sedimentation occurs along the base of the crater wall, superposing the scarps and inverted ridge heads. We derive a lower limit crater age date of ~3.5 Ga, or Late Noachian–Early Hesperian (LN–EH), for the ensemble of cold- based glacial features in the crater based upon the superposition of the debris apron over the other units. The largest system of inverted fluvial ridges extends 45 km circumferentially around the northeastern crater floor and terminates near the modern topographic low point of the crater. A second, smaller system of inverted ridges originates from the southern crater wall and terminates at the margin of a smaller deposit that sits ~30 m higher than the first basin. 3. Discussion and Conclusions.We interpret the alcove-scarp-ridge system (Fig. 1C) as the result of top-down melting of a cold-based crater wall glacier, leading to proglacial outwash in the form of fluvial channels that transported glacially derived sediment into multiple low-lying basins in the crater floor. The fine-grained channel effluent was likely removed by eolian erosion, which could also have modified the paleotopographic surface such that a slight difference exists between the current elevation of the two depositional basins. Outcrops of a lighter-toned indurated substrate are coincident with the lowest and most extensively deflated areas of the crater floor. The endorheic crater B basin, with completely internal drainage, lies in contrast to the similarly-aged open- and closed-basin lakes on Mars [14-15]. The lack of significant exterior drainage into crater B argues against an origin for the inverted ridges as the depositional remnants of fluvial valley networks derived from areally distributed rainfall and runoff. Likewise, groundwater sapping is unlikely to produce the dense, high stream-order ridges we observe. We hypothesize that a brief period of atmospheric warming caused top-down melting of cold-based crater wall glaciers during the transition from Noachian climate conditions to conditions typical of the later Hesperian and Amazonian. Recognition and documentation of these features provides specific criteria to search for other examples of past glaciation in the southern highlands in order to further test hypotheses of Mars climate evolution. References.[1] Carr M.H., Head J.W. (2010) EPSL 294; [2] Laskar J. et al. (2004) Icarus 170; [3] Berman D.C. et al. (2005) Icarus 178; [4] Jawin E.R. et al. (2018) Icarus 309; [5] Berman D.C. et al. (2009) Icarus 200; [6] Fassett C.I. et al. (2010) Icarus 208; [7] Craddock R.A., Howard A.D. (2002) JGR 107; [8] Ramirez R.M., Craddock R.A. (2018) Nature Geo. 11; [9] Forget F. et al. (2013) Icarus 222; [10] Wordsworth R. et al. (2013) Icarus 222; [11] Fastook J.L., Head J.W. (2015) PSS 106; [12] Marchant D.R., Head J.W. (2007) Icarus 192; [13] Irwin R.P. et al. (2018) JGR 123; [14] Fassett C.I., Head J.W. (2008) Icarus 198; [15] Goudge T.A. et al. (2015) Icarus 260. Fig. 1.(A) Amazonian cold-based glacial morphologies in an unnamed crater in Terra Sirenum. Moraine scarps mark former locations of glacial lobes. (B) Amazonian glaciofluvial valleys in the crater Greg have been inverted into ridges on the crater floor. (C) Degraded remnants of lobes and scarps are still preserved in crater B. The scarps are closely associated with the position of the debris apron and inverted ridge heads. Fig. 2.CTX mosaic of crater B and sketch map overlay showing the major geologic features within crater B. Inverted tributary ridges begin near the crater wall base in association with upslope-facing scarps and debris apron and terminate in two depositional basins. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Small-Scale Post-Noachian Volcanism in the Martian Highlands? Insights from Terra Sirenum P
    45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1104.pdf SMALL-SCALE POST-NOACHIAN VOLCANISM IN THE MARTIAN HIGHLANDS? INSIGHTS FROM TERRA SIRENUM P. Brož1,2 and E. Hauber3 1Institute of Geophysics ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected], 2Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology, Charles University, Czech Republic 3Institute of Planetary Research, DLR, Berlin, Germany, [email protected]. Introduction: Volcanism was globally widespread on Mars in the early history of the planet, but focused with ongoing evolution on two main provinces in Tharsis and Elysium [1]. On the other hand, evidence for post-Noachian volcanism in the Martian highlands is rare outside some isolated regions (e.g., Tyrrhena and Hadriaca Montes) and, to our knowledge, few, if any, such volcanic edifices have been reported so far. It is generally thought that highland volcanism oc- curred early in Mars` history and stopped not later than ~1 Ga after planet formation [2, 3]. Several candidate locations were suggested as volcanic centers in western Gorgonum and south-eastern Atlantis basins [4], where extensive accumulations of possible volcanic deposits exist, however, these volcanic centers were not con- firmed by later studies [5, 6]. Based on our observations we report several prom- ising edifices in Terra Sirenum that might change this view. The study area is situated south of Gorgonum Fig. 1: Themis-IR day-time (upper image), night-time (mid- basin and is about 150x50 km wide. It contains two dle), and interpretational map of the study area. The thermal spectacular cones with outgoing flow-like features and contrast between the two upper images suggests the presence 3 dome-like structures (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America
    OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN NORTH PALEONTOLOGY GEOLOGY AND VERTEBRATE Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America Edited By Xiaoming Wang and Lawrence G. Barnes Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler WANG | BARNES 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 41 May 28, 2008 Paleocene primates from the Goler Formation of the Mojave Desert in California Donald L. Lofgren,1 James G. Honey,2 Malcolm C. McKenna,2,{,2 Robert L. Zondervan,3 and Erin E. Smith3 ABSTRACT. Recent collecting efforts in the Goler Formation in California’s Mojave Desert have yielded new records of turtles, rays, lizards, crocodilians, and mammals, including the primates Paromomys depressidens Gidley, 1923; Ignacius frugivorus Matthew and Granger, 1921; Plesiadapis cf. P. anceps; and Plesiadapis cf. P. churchilli. The species of Plesiadapis Gervais, 1877, indicate that Member 4b of the Goler Formation is Tiffanian. In correlation with Tiffanian (Ti) lineage zones, Plesiadapis cf. P. anceps indicates that the Laudate Discovery Site and Edentulous Jaw Site are Ti2–Ti3 and Plesiadapis cf. P. churchilli indicates that Primate Gulch is Ti4. The presence of Paromomys Gidley, 1923, at the Laudate Discovery Site suggests that the Goler Formation occurrence is the youngest known for the genus. Fossils from Member 3 and the lower part of Member 4 indicate a possible marine influence as Goler Formation sediments accumulated. On the basis of these specimens and a previously documented occurrence of marine invertebrates in Member 4d, the Goler Basin probably was in close proximity to the ocean throughout much of its existence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a New Unit of the Global Standard Chronostratigraphic Scale
    82 by D. Rio1, R. Sprovieri2, D. Castradori3, and E. Di Stefano2 The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale 1 Department of Geology, Paleontology and Geophysics , University of Padova, Italy 2 Department of Geology and Geodesy, University of Palermo, Italy 3 AGIP, Laboratori Bolgiano, via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato M., Italy The Gelasian has been formally accepted as third (and Of course, this consideration alone does not imply that a new uppermost) subdivision of the Pliocene Series, thus rep- stage should be defined to represent the discovered gap. However, the top of the Piacenzian stratotype falls in a critical point of the evo- resenting the Upper Pliocene. The Global Standard lution of Earth climatic system (i.e. close to the final build-up of the Stratotype-section and Point for the Gelasian is located Northern Hemisphere Glaciation), which is characterized by plenty in the Monte S. Nicola section (near Gela, Sicily, Italy). of signals (magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, etc; see further on) with a worldwide correlation potential. Therefore, Rio et al. (1991, 1994) argued against the practice of extending the Piacenzian Stage up to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and proposed the Introduction introduction of a new stage (initially “unnamed” in Rio et al., 1991), the Gelasian, in the Global Standard Chronostratigraphic Scale. This short report announces the formal ratification of the Gelasian Stage as the uppermost subdivision of the Pliocene Series, which is now subdivided into three stages (Lower, Middle, and Upper). Fur- The Gelasian Stage thermore, the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Gelasian is briefly presented and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Formal Ratification of the Subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch
    Article 1 by Mike Walker1*, Martin J. Head 2, Max Berkelhammer3, Svante Björck4, Hai Cheng5, Les Cwynar6, David Fisher7, Vasilios Gkinis8, Antony Long9, John Lowe10, Rewi Newnham11, Sune Olander Rasmussen8, and Harvey Weiss12 Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/ subseries 1 School of Archaeology, History and Anthropology, Trinity Saint David, University of Wales, Lampeter, Wales SA48 7EJ, UK; Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DB, UK; *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario LS2 3A1, Canada 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA 4 GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Sölveg 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden 5 Institute of Global Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi 710049, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 6 Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada 7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 615, Canada 8 Centre for Ice and Climate, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian Maries Vej 30, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark 9 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 10
    [Show full text]
  • A Fast-Growing Basal Troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A fast‑growing basal troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the latest Cretaceous of Europe Albert G. Sellés1,2*, Bernat Vila1,2, Stephen L. Brusatte3, Philip J. Currie4 & Àngel Galobart1,2 A characteristic fauna of dinosaurs and other vertebrates inhabited the end‑Cretaceous European archipelago, some of which were dwarves or had other unusual features likely related to their insular habitats. Little is known, however, about the contemporary theropod dinosaurs, as they are represented mostly by teeth or other fragmentary fossils. A new isolated theropod metatarsal II, from the latest Maastrichtian of Spain (within 200,000 years of the mass extinction) may represent a jinfengopterygine troodontid, the frst reported from Europe. Comparisons with other theropods and phylogenetic analyses reveal an autapomorphic foramen that distinguishes it from all other troodontids, supporting its identifcation as a new genus and species, Tamarro insperatus. Bone histology shows that it was an actively growing subadult when it died but may have had a growth pattern in which it grew rapidly in early ontogeny and attained a subadult size quickly. We hypothesize that it could have migrated from Asia to reach the Ibero‑Armorican island no later than Cenomanian or during the Maastrichtian dispersal events. During the latest Cretaceous (ca. 77–66 million years ago) in the run-up to the end-Cretaceous mass extinc- tion, Europe was a series of islands populated by diverse and distinctive communities of dinosaurs and other vertebrates. Many of these animals exhibited peculiar features that may have been generated by lack of space and resources in their insular habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Dating the Origin of Dinosaurs COMMENTARY Hans-Dieter Suesa,1
    COMMENTARY Dating the origin of dinosaurs COMMENTARY Hans-Dieter Suesa,1 The Triassic subclades, sauropodomorphs and theropods, and In 1834, the salt-mining expert Friedrich von Alberti a nondinosaurian dinosauriform (7). This unexpected applied the name “Trias” to a succession of sedimentary diversity indicates that the origin and initial evolutionary rocks in Germany, which (from oldest to youngest) are the radiation of dinosaurs clearly predated the deposition of Buntsandstein (“colored sandstone”), Muschelkalk (“clam the Ischigualasto Formation. The Agua de la Peña Group limestone”), and Keuper (derived from a word for the also encompasses several other Triassic-age continental characteristic marls of this unit) (1). The Buntsandstein and deposits, one of which, the Chañares Formation, has Keuper each comprise predominantly continental sili- yielded a diverse assemblage of tetrapods including ciclastic strata, whereas the Muschelkalk is made up of a variety of archosaurs closely related to dinosaurs carbonates and evaporites deposited in a shallow epi- (Dinosauriformes) (8). The latter are small-bodied forms continental sea. Alberti’s threefold rock succession more with long, slender hindlimbs suitable for cursorial locomo- or less corresponds to the standard division of the tion and comprise Marasuchus (formerly “Lagosuchus”), Triassic into Lower, Middle, and Upper Triassic series. Pseudolagosuchus, and Lewisuchus (9). The Chañares Later researchers used fossils of marine invertebrates to correlate carbonate units exposed along the
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas. Recent fieldwork in the K–Pg interval of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, continental Greece, shed new light on forgotten fossil assemblages and allowed for the collection of a diverse, but fragmentary sample of actinopterygians from both late Maastrichtian and Paleocene rocks. Late Maastrichtian assemblages are dominated by Aulopiformes (†Ichthyotringidae, †Enchodontidae), while †Dercetidae (also Aulopiformes), elopomorphs and additional, unidentified teleosts form minor components. Paleocene fossils include a clupeid, a stomiiform and some unidentified teleost remains. This study expands the poor record of body fossils from this critical time interval, especially for smaller sized taxa, while providing a rare, paleogeographically constrained, qualitative glimpse of open-water Tethyan ecosystems from both before and after the extinction event. Faunal similarities Submitted 21 September 2020 Accepted 9 December 2020 between the Maastrichtian of Eurytania and older Late Cretaceous faunas reveal a Published 20 January 2021 higher taxonomic continuum in offshore actinopterygian faunas and ecosystems Corresponding author spanning the entire Late Cretaceous of the Tethys.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Stratigraphic Code1
    NORTH AMERICAN STRATIGRAPHIC CODE1 North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION FOREWORD TO THE 1983 CODE By design, the North American Stratigraphic Code is The 1983 Code of recommended procedures for clas- meant to be an evolving document, one that requires change sifying and naming stratigraphic and related units was pre- as the field of earth science evolves. The revisions to the pared during a four-year period, by and for North American Code that are included in this 2005 edition encompass a earth scientists, under the auspices of the North American broad spectrum of changes, ranging from a complete revision Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. It represents of the section on Biostratigraphic Units (Articles 48 to 54), the thought and work of scores of persons, and thousands of several wording changes to Article 58 and its remarks con- hours of writing and editing. Opportunities to participate in cerning Allostratigraphic Units, updating of Article 4 to in- and review the work have been provided throughout its corporate changes in publishing methods over the last two development, as cited in the Preamble, to a degree unprece- decades, and a variety of minor wording changes to improve dented during preparation of earlier codes. clarity and self-consistency between different sections of the Publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide in Code. In addition, Figures 1, 4, 5, and 6, as well as Tables 1 1976 made evident some insufficiencies of the American and Tables 2 have been modified. Most of the changes Stratigraphic Codes of 1961 and 1970. The Commission adopted in this revision arose from Notes 60, 63, and 64 of considered whether to discard our codes, patch them over, the Commission, all of which were published in the AAPG or rewrite them fully, and chose the last.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Lower Cambrian (Provisional Cambrian Series 2) Trilobites from Northwestern Gansu Province, China
    Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 123–143 doi: 10.3176/earth.2014.12 Upper lower Cambrian (provisional Cambrian Series 2) trilobites from northwestern Gansu Province, China a b c c Jan Bergström , Zhou Zhiqiang , Per Ahlberg and Niklas Axheimer a Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 5007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 438 East You Yi Road, Xi’an 710054, Peoples Republic of China; [email protected] c Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; [email protected], [email protected] Received 7 March 2014, accepted 24 June 2014 Abstract. Upper lower Cambrian (provisional Cambrian Series 2) trilobites are described from three sections through the Shuangyingshan Formation in the Beishan area, northwestern Gansu Province, China. The trilobite fauna is dominated by eodiscoid and ‘corynexochid’ trilobites, together representing at least ten genera: Serrodiscus, Tannudiscus, Calodiscus, Pagetides, Kootenia, Edelsteinaspis, Ptarmiganoides?, Politinella, Dinesus and Subeia. Eleven species are described, of which seven are identified with previously described taxa and four described under open nomenclature. The composition of the fauna suggests biogeographic affinity with Siberian rather than Gondwanan trilobite faunas, and the Cambrian Series 2 faunas described herein and from elsewhere in northwestern China seem to be indicative of the marginal areas of the Siberian palaeocontinent. This suggests that the Middle Tianshan–Beishan Terrane may have been located fairly close to Siberia during middle–late Cambrian Epoch 2. Key words: Trilobita, taxonomy, palaeobiogeography, lower Cambrian, Cambrian Series 2, Beishan, Gansu Province, China.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geologic Time Scale Shows Earth's Past
    KEY CONCEPT The geologic time scale shows Earth’s past. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Rocks and fossils give clues • That Earth is always changing about life on Earth and has always changed in • Layers of sedimentary rocks the past show relative ages • How the geologic time scale • Radioactive dating of igneous describes Earth’s history rocks gives absolute ages VOCABULARY EXPLORE Time Scales uniformitarianism p. 732 How do you make a time scale of your year? geologic time scale p. 733 PROCEDURE MATERIALS • pen 1 Divide your paper into three columns. •sheet of paper 2 In the last column, list six to ten events in the school year in the order they will happen. For example, you may include a particular soccer game or a play. 3 In the middle column, organize those events into larger time periods, such as soccer season, rehearsal week, or whatever you choose. 4 In the first column, organize those time periods into even larger ones. WHAT DO YOU THINK? How does putting events into categories help you to see the relationship among events? Earth is constantly changing. OUTLINE In the late 1700s a Scottish geologist named James Hutton began to Remember to start an question some of the ideas that were then common about Earth and outline in your notebook for this section. how Earth changes. He found fossils and saw them as evidence of life forms that no longer existed. He also noticed that different types of I. Main idea A. Supporting idea fossilized creatures were found in different layers of rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2018/07 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 U/L Meghalayan 0.0042 Holocene M Northgrippian 0.0082 Tithonian Ediacaran L/E Greenlandian 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 Upper 0.0117 Famennian Neo- 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic ~ 720 Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 Quaternary Gelasian 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 Bathonian 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Bajocian 170.3 ±1.4 Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Devonian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.63 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic Neogene Sinemurian Langhian 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- 2050 Burdigalian Hettangian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 27.82 Gorstian
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Periods in Order
    Geological Periods In Order If reparative or chesty Ravil usually decommission his cheddite parallelizing gratuitously or moderates begrudgingly and favourably, how wanton is Emile? Sanatory Tallie sometimes snecks his purple vehemently and bunches so valiantly! Bud is acrimoniously aeolian after betraying Cobb propitiate his probables vernacularly. Toward the case, true age are stable Deep joint image, showing many different far, wall away galaxies; in most cases, it took billions of years for the light than these galaxies to enjoy Earth. Period Epoch From To millions of years ago Duration millions of years. This period is. Why our geologic period in order to break up terrestrial planets are geologically recent geologic time scale shown above? How are Geological Periods Determined The Geological. The geological time scale Wat on Earth University of Waterloo. If radiometric dating relationships of these details about visiting our website works at high density state. Some periods are divided into epochs. Put worth, the rock records the long saga of spot on Earth. Induan age in geologic period saw that having knowledge and gradually cooled ever since an error bars on geologically recent organisms and shallow seas. Where their concomittent shoreline changes in order in geological period we find out by. Geological clock interactive simulations eduMedia. Which the phylogeny and in order of the. Geologic Time Historical Geology OpenGeology. This time scale is today as the order in? This was estimated that results in numbers included on when all but it are fossils may have been agreed upon cyclical changes that they represented along with. The order in overlying mesozoic era and dating? The current epoch is dust as the Holocene.
    [Show full text]