Geological Periods in Order
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Modernism and the Issue of Periodization
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 7 (2005) Issue 1 Article 3 Modernism and the Issue of Periodization Leonard Orr Washington State University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <[email protected]> Recommended Citation Orr, Leonard. "Modernism and the Issue of Periodization." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.1 (2005): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1254> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field. The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 6557 times as of 11/ 07/19. -
Islamic Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Islamic calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -at اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي :The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to 2007) Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form ( [In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ("Before the Hijra").[2 .(ﻫـ abbreviated , َﺳﻨﺔ ﻫِ ْﺠﺮﻳّﺔ The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017.[3] Contents 1 Months 1.1 Length of months 2 Days of the week 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 3.2 Prohibiting Nasī’ 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical -
Assessing the Chronostratigraphic Fidelity of Sedimentary Geological Outcrops in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Red Crag Formation, Eastern England
Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Research article Journal of the Geological Society Published online August 14, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-056 | Vol. 176 | 2019 | pp. 1154–1168 Where does the time go? Assessing the chronostratigraphic fidelity of sedimentary geological outcrops in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Red Crag Formation, eastern England Neil S. Davies1*, Anthony P. Shillito1 & William J. McMahon2 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK 2 Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3584 CB, Netherlands NSD, 0000-0002-0910-8283; APS, 0000-0002-4588-1804 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is widely understood that Earth’s stratigraphic record is an incomplete record of time, but the implications that this has for interpreting sedimentary outcrop have received little attention. Here we consider how time is preserved at outcrop using the Neogene–Quaternary Red Crag Formation, England. The Red Crag Formation hosts sedimentological and ichnological proxies that can be used to assess the time taken to accumulate outcrop expressions of strata, as ancient depositional environments fluctuated between states of deposition, erosion and stasis. We use these to estimate how much time is preserved at outcrop scale and find that every outcrop provides only a vanishingly small window onto unanchored weeks to months within the 600–800 kyr of ‘Crag-time’. Much of the apparently missing time may be accounted for by the parts of the formation at subcrop, rather than outcrop: stratigraphic time has not been lost, but is hidden. The time-completeness of the Red Crag Formation at outcrop appears analogous to that recorded in much older rock units, implying that direct comparison between strata of all ages is valid and that perceived stratigraphic incompleteness is an inconsequential barrier to viewing the outcrop sedimentary-stratigraphic record as a truthful chronicle of Earth history. -
Golden Spikes, Transitions, Boundary Objects, and Anthropogenic Seascapes
sustainability Article A Meaningful Anthropocene?: Golden Spikes, Transitions, Boundary Objects, and Anthropogenic Seascapes Todd J. Braje * and Matthew Lauer Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 June 2020; Accepted: 7 August 2020; Published: 11 August 2020 Abstract: As the number of academic manuscripts explicitly referencing the Anthropocene increases, a theme that seems to tie them all together is the general lack of continuity on how we should define the Anthropocene. In an attempt to formalize the concept, the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) is working to identify, in the stratigraphic record, a Global Stratigraphic Section and Point (GSSP) or golden spike for a mid-twentieth century Anthropocene starting point. Rather than clarifying our understanding of the Anthropocene, we argue that the AWG’s effort to provide an authoritative definition undermines the original intent of the concept, as a call-to-arms for future sustainable management of local, regional, and global environments, and weakens the concept’s capacity to fundamentally reconfigure the established boundaries between the social and natural sciences. To sustain the creative and productive power of the Anthropocene concept, we argue that it is best understood as a “boundary object,” where it can be adaptable enough to incorporate multiple viewpoints, but robust enough to be meaningful within different disciplines. Here, we provide two examples from our work on the deep history of anthropogenic seascapes, which demonstrate the power of the Anthropocene to stimulate new thinking about the entanglement of humans and non-humans, and for building interdisciplinary solutions to modern environmental issues. -
Calculating Percentages for Time Spent During Day, Week, Month
Calculating Percentages of Time Spent on Job Responsibilities Instructions for calculating time spent during day, week, month and year This is designed to help you calculate percentages of time that you perform various duties/tasks. The figures in the following tables are based on a standard 40 hour work week, 174 hour work month, and 2088 hour work year. If a recurring duty is performed weekly and takes the same amount of time each week, the percentage of the job that this duty represents may be calculated by dividing the number of hours spent on the duty by 40. For example, a two-hour daily duty represents the following percentage of the job: 2 hours x 5 days/week = 10 total weekly hours 10 hours / 40 hours in the week = .25 = 25% of the job. If a duty is not performed every week, it might be more accurate to estimate the percentage by considering the amount of time spent on the duty each month. For example, a monthly report that takes 4 hours to complete represents the following percentage of the job: 4/174 = .023 = 2.3%. Some duties are performed only certain times of the year. For example, budget planning for the coming fiscal year may take a week and a half (60 hours) and is a major task, but this work is performed one time a year. To calculate the percentage for this type of duty, estimate the total number of hours spent during the year and divide by 2088. This budget planning represents the following percentage of the job: 60/2088 = .0287 = 2.87%. -
IDS AWG – Paris – March 26-27, 2014 Issue: 1.0 Date: Apr.07, 2014
IDS Reference: - Meeting minutes IDS AWG – Paris – March 26-27, 2014 Issue: 1.0 Date: Apr.07, 2014 Participants: Z. Altamimi (IGN/LAREG), R. Biancale (CNES), H. Capdeville (CLS), X. Collilieux (IGN/LAREG), A. Couhert (CNES), P. Ferrage (CNES), D. Gambis (Obs. Paris), J. Gazeaux (IGN), E. Jalabert (CNES), F. Lemoine (NASA), J.M. Lemoine (CNES), F. Mercier (CNES), G. Moreaux (CLS), M. Otten (ESA), S. Rudenko (GFZ), J. Saunier (IGN), E. Shrama (TUD), L. Soudarin (CLS), P. Stepanek (GOP), S. Grey (UCL), C. Tourain (CNES), P. Willis (IGN), M. Ziebart (UCL) Distribution (Participants+): S. Kuzin (INASAN), P. Schaeffer (CLS), N. Zelensky (SGT) Written by: Approved by: Names: G. Moreaux Signature: [Approver] (Visa or ref.) Agenda (optional): 1. Context ...................................................................................... 3 2. Day 1 – March 26th ........................................................................ 3 2.1. ITRF2008 vs ITRF2013 .............................................................. 3 2.2. Analysis of DORIS map corrections using phase measurements ............. 3 2.3. Status of ITRF2013 preparation ................................................... 3 2.4. Doris ground antennas Radio Frequency characterization Status .......... 3 2.5. ITRF2013 reprocessing status from the ACs .................................... 4 ESA ............................................................................................................... 4 GOP ............................................................................................................. -
A Template for an Improved Rock-Based Subdivision of the Pre-Cryogenian Timescale
Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Perspective Journal of the Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222 A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale Graham A. Shields1*, Robin A. Strachan2, Susannah M. Porter3, Galen P. Halverson4, Francis A. Macdonald3, Kenneth A. Plumb5, Carlos J. de Alvarenga6, Dhiraj M. Banerjee7, Andrey Bekker8, Wouter Bleeker9, Alexander Brasier10, Partha P. Chakraborty7, Alan S. Collins11, Kent Condie12, Kaushik Das13, David A. D. Evans14, Richard Ernst15,16, Anthony E. Fallick17, Hartwig Frimmel18, Reinhardt Fuck6, Paul F. Hoffman19,20, Balz S. Kamber21, Anton B. Kuznetsov22, Ross N. Mitchell23, Daniel G. Poiré24, Simon W. Poulton25, Robert Riding26, Mukund Sharma27, Craig Storey2, Eva Stueeken28, Rosalie Tostevin29, Elizabeth Turner30, Shuhai Xiao31, Shuanhong Zhang32, Ying Zhou1 and Maoyan Zhu33 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK 2 School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 3 Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 5 Geoscience Australia (retired), Canberra, Australia 6 Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil 7 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 8 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, -
Small-Scale Post-Noachian Volcanism in the Martian Highlands? Insights from Terra Sirenum P
45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1104.pdf SMALL-SCALE POST-NOACHIAN VOLCANISM IN THE MARTIAN HIGHLANDS? INSIGHTS FROM TERRA SIRENUM P. Brož1,2 and E. Hauber3 1Institute of Geophysics ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected], 2Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology, Charles University, Czech Republic 3Institute of Planetary Research, DLR, Berlin, Germany, [email protected]. Introduction: Volcanism was globally widespread on Mars in the early history of the planet, but focused with ongoing evolution on two main provinces in Tharsis and Elysium [1]. On the other hand, evidence for post-Noachian volcanism in the Martian highlands is rare outside some isolated regions (e.g., Tyrrhena and Hadriaca Montes) and, to our knowledge, few, if any, such volcanic edifices have been reported so far. It is generally thought that highland volcanism oc- curred early in Mars` history and stopped not later than ~1 Ga after planet formation [2, 3]. Several candidate locations were suggested as volcanic centers in western Gorgonum and south-eastern Atlantis basins [4], where extensive accumulations of possible volcanic deposits exist, however, these volcanic centers were not con- firmed by later studies [5, 6]. Based on our observations we report several prom- ising edifices in Terra Sirenum that might change this view. The study area is situated south of Gorgonum Fig. 1: Themis-IR day-time (upper image), night-time (mid- basin and is about 150x50 km wide. It contains two dle), and interpretational map of the study area. The thermal spectacular cones with outgoing flow-like features and contrast between the two upper images suggests the presence 3 dome-like structures (Fig. -
Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America
OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN NORTH PALEONTOLOGY GEOLOGY AND VERTEBRATE Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America Edited By Xiaoming Wang and Lawrence G. Barnes Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler WANG | BARNES 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 41 May 28, 2008 Paleocene primates from the Goler Formation of the Mojave Desert in California Donald L. Lofgren,1 James G. Honey,2 Malcolm C. McKenna,2,{,2 Robert L. Zondervan,3 and Erin E. Smith3 ABSTRACT. Recent collecting efforts in the Goler Formation in California’s Mojave Desert have yielded new records of turtles, rays, lizards, crocodilians, and mammals, including the primates Paromomys depressidens Gidley, 1923; Ignacius frugivorus Matthew and Granger, 1921; Plesiadapis cf. P. anceps; and Plesiadapis cf. P. churchilli. The species of Plesiadapis Gervais, 1877, indicate that Member 4b of the Goler Formation is Tiffanian. In correlation with Tiffanian (Ti) lineage zones, Plesiadapis cf. P. anceps indicates that the Laudate Discovery Site and Edentulous Jaw Site are Ti2–Ti3 and Plesiadapis cf. P. churchilli indicates that Primate Gulch is Ti4. The presence of Paromomys Gidley, 1923, at the Laudate Discovery Site suggests that the Goler Formation occurrence is the youngest known for the genus. Fossils from Member 3 and the lower part of Member 4 indicate a possible marine influence as Goler Formation sediments accumulated. On the basis of these specimens and a previously documented occurrence of marine invertebrates in Member 4d, the Goler Basin probably was in close proximity to the ocean throughout much of its existence. -
Some Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan History*
Some Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan History* Bryan J. Cuevas (Florida State University, USA) istory is always expressed as a narrative, a story about the past. To Hwrite a story out of the events of the past, historians must give those events a coherent meaning and plot those meaningful events as chapters in a larger narrative. This means that the method of writing history is not simply the recording of a series of past events, or a set of dates. Such a record would not be a history but a mere chronology, and history is never just a chronicle of dates. Historiography, the study of history and the methods employed in how individuals, or a community of people, or a culture come to understand the past and articulate that understanding, presupposes that history by necessity, whether we prefer this or not, is always written in chapters. Periodization — the breaking-up of the past into chapters, or “periods” — is one necessary way historians make sense of the past and also write history. The question of periodization, however, is one of those topics in historiography that generates fierce debates and can create, and certainly has created, much controversy. The problem of periodization is precisely this problem of how best to characterize and interpret the chapters in a coherent story of the past. As many insightful historians have warned over the years, the articulation of historical periods may indeed be arbitrary and artificial, but rarely is such articulation a neutral, unambiguous, and value- free enterprise. Having heeded this warning, I choose in this brief essay — perhaps unwisely — to charge headlong into this academic mine-field where success is not only risky, but far from guaranteed. -
The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a New Unit of the Global Standard Chronostratigraphic Scale
82 by D. Rio1, R. Sprovieri2, D. Castradori3, and E. Di Stefano2 The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale 1 Department of Geology, Paleontology and Geophysics , University of Padova, Italy 2 Department of Geology and Geodesy, University of Palermo, Italy 3 AGIP, Laboratori Bolgiano, via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato M., Italy The Gelasian has been formally accepted as third (and Of course, this consideration alone does not imply that a new uppermost) subdivision of the Pliocene Series, thus rep- stage should be defined to represent the discovered gap. However, the top of the Piacenzian stratotype falls in a critical point of the evo- resenting the Upper Pliocene. The Global Standard lution of Earth climatic system (i.e. close to the final build-up of the Stratotype-section and Point for the Gelasian is located Northern Hemisphere Glaciation), which is characterized by plenty in the Monte S. Nicola section (near Gela, Sicily, Italy). of signals (magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, etc; see further on) with a worldwide correlation potential. Therefore, Rio et al. (1991, 1994) argued against the practice of extending the Piacenzian Stage up to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and proposed the Introduction introduction of a new stage (initially “unnamed” in Rio et al., 1991), the Gelasian, in the Global Standard Chronostratigraphic Scale. This short report announces the formal ratification of the Gelasian Stage as the uppermost subdivision of the Pliocene Series, which is now subdivided into three stages (Lower, Middle, and Upper). Fur- The Gelasian Stage thermore, the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Gelasian is briefly presented and discussed. -
Formal Ratification of the Subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch
Article 1 by Mike Walker1*, Martin J. Head 2, Max Berkelhammer3, Svante Björck4, Hai Cheng5, Les Cwynar6, David Fisher7, Vasilios Gkinis8, Antony Long9, John Lowe10, Rewi Newnham11, Sune Olander Rasmussen8, and Harvey Weiss12 Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/ subseries 1 School of Archaeology, History and Anthropology, Trinity Saint David, University of Wales, Lampeter, Wales SA48 7EJ, UK; Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DB, UK; *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario LS2 3A1, Canada 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA 4 GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Sölveg 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden 5 Institute of Global Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi 710049, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 6 Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada 7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 615, Canada 8 Centre for Ice and Climate, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Julian Maries Vej 30, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark 9 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 10