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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8717653 Tai Lue of Xishuangbanna in China’s Yunnan Province: Description and a study of the OV order in the?AU construction Jagacinski, Ngampit, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Jagacinski, Ngampit. All rights reserved. UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check maik ^ 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ 3. Photographs with dark background____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements _____ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine ______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s)_______lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)______seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received_______ 16. Other _______________ ___________________________________ University Microfilms International TAI LUE OF WSHUAMGBAMMA IN CHINA'S YUNNAN PROVINCE: DESCRIPTION AND A STUDY OF THE OV ORDER IN THE ÎQ1L CONSTRUCTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ngampit Jagacinski, B.A., M.A. » • » K The Ohio State University 1967 Dissertation Committee. ^ Approved by Timothy Light Eugene Ching Feng-sheng Hsueh Advisers Brian Joseph Department of East Asian Gong-jin Zhang Languages and L iteratu res Copyright by Ngampit Jagacinski 1987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere appreciation to the members of my committee. Professors Timothy Light (Chairman, and adviser), Feng-sheng Hsueh and Eugene Ching (East Asian Languages and L ite ra tu re s ), Brian Joseph (Linguistics), and Gong-jin Zhang (Central Institute of Nationalities), for their suggestions and support throughout the writing of the dissertation. I am very grateful to Professors Gong-jin Zhang and Brian Joseph for their generous and extensive help and comments in their specialties. I would like to express my gratitude to my teachers in China whose kind help made it possible fo r me to begin my research on the Lue of Xishuangbanna; Prefessor Xue-xun Van of the South Central Institute of Nationalities, Professors Shi-xun Gao, Qiu-sheng Zhang and Ling-yun Vu of Yunnan In s titu te o f N ationalities Also special thanks to frien d s in Kunming and Jinhong: li Xanksu and her wonderful family whose hospitality I cherished, li In, li Xa^long, Ai Xam, Ai Xamping, and Ai Vuntan. Without the Ohio State-Wuhan University Exchange Program and the generosity of the staff of Central Institute of Nationalities in Beijing and Yunnan institute of Nationalities, my research would not have materialized. My further thanks go to Dr. John Hartmann whose help and support are greatly appreciated; Drs Gérard Diffloth, John Grima and David Strecker for references in Tai Linguistics; Dr. Dudley Childress for generously making available his computer system; Dr. H. Y. Tien and Josephine Matthews for Chinese references. Finally, to my husband, Richard I am deeply grateful for his patience and understanding. ii VITA January 6, 1947 .......................................... Born, Nakorn Phanom, Thailand 1968 ............................................................... B.A., Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand 1968-1970 ...................................................... Instructor in History Department, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand 1970-1972 .......................................................Japanese Studies at the University of Michigan 1974-1977 ...................................................... Japanese and Chinese language courses under continuing education at the Ohio State University 1977-1979 ...................................................... M.A. in Chinese Linguistics, the Ohio State University 1983-1984 ...................................................... Ohio State - Vuhan University exchange student doing research in The People’s Republic of China 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................... ii V ITA ............................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................. v iii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................................................................6 II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION I .............................................................................. 19 Classification ....................................................................................... 20 Phonology ............................................................................................. 24 Morphology .......................................................................................... 34 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 50 III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION I I .............................................................................. 81 W ritin g .................................................................................................... 82 Lue and Other Tais ......................................................................... 96 IV. THE REVERSED OV ORDER: THE IfilL CONSTRUCTION................................ 108 The ?au Usages in L u e............................................................................. 109 Analysis of the ?au Construction ................................................. 116 The ?au Construction in Other Tai Groups............................... 123 Historical Examples of ? a u .............................................................. 127 IV V. COMPARING THE TAI ?Qü TO THE CHINESE M CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................133 Historical Background of b a . .......................................................... 133 ba Usages in ModernStandard Chinese....................................... 136 Comparative Analyses of the ba. and the ?au Constructions .............................................................................. 138 Summary .................................................................................................. 153 VI. IMPLICATIONS................................................................................................. 156 FOOTNOTES........................................................................................................................168 APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................... 173 LIST OF REFERENCES................................................................................................. 182 LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE 1. Vovel system ..................................................................................................25 2. Consonant system ....................................................................................... 27 3. Sample words for in itial and final consonants ..................................................................................................... 28-29 4. Tonal system .................................................................................................... 30 5. Examples of consonant
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