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Sveučilište U Zadru Odjel Za Povijest SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU ODJEL ZA POVIJEST Mr. sc. Mateo Bratanić Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 1943.-1946. Doktorski rad Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mithad Kozličić Zadar, 2009. 1. UVOD U ratnim okolnostima ljudi uvijek pate. Bez obzira je li riječ o onima koji su uključeni u vojne operacije, ili se pak radi o nenaoružanom življu koji nema aktivne uloge u ratu, tragedija rata zahvaća jedne i druge. Posljedice ratnih zbivanja ostavljaju trajne ožiljke na svima onima koji su u ratu sudjelovali, ili su ga samo svjedočili. Jedna od težih posljedica ratova svakako su seljenja stanovništva usred ratnih operacija, opasnosti od neprijateljskog napada ili opće nesigurnosti života uzrokovane glađu, bolestima i ostalim nedaćama. Pored različitih elementarnih nepogoda, ratna zbivanja ostaju do danas najvažniji uzročnik premještanja stanovništva. Tragedija napuštanja domova i seljenje u druge nepoznate krajeve s nadom da će se u budućnosti ostvariti povratak kući dio je sličnog obrasca koji se ponavlja u gotovo svim ratnim vremenima. Takvo kolektivno povijesno događanje, koje također ima društveni karakter, u žiži je interesa ove disertacije. Cilj disertacije je integralni i znanstveni prikaz pojave koja se zbila u tijeku Drugog svjetskog rata, a obuhvaća višestruke zbjegove hrvatskog stanovništva s područja južne Hrvatske, ali i šire. Višeznačnost imenice "zbjeg" omogućuje da se koristi pri opisivanju kretanja stanovništva na određenom prostoru u smislu sklanjanja pred ratnom opasnošću, zatim kao skupinu izbjeglog življa koja je negdje smještena, tj. nalazi se u fazi nekretanja, ali taj prostor nije njihov domicilni teritorij. Dakle, više manjih zbjegova koji se u različito vrijeme kreću prema nekoj destinaciji zahtijeva korištenje gramatičke množine ove imenice, dok statičnost izbjeglog stanovništva koje trenutačno boravi na jednom prostoru zahtjeva da govorimo o zbjegu u jednini promatrajući ga kao kompaktnu cjelinu. Iz tog razloga u naslovu disertacije koristi se množina kojom se obuhvaća kretanja više skupina izbjeglica, njihova statičnost na mjestu gdje su privremeno smješteni, a na kraju i njihov povratak, kada se zbjegovi pretvaraju u tzv. repatrijacijske skupine koje se vraćaju na mjesto s kojeg su pošle u zbjeg. Okvirno razdoblje u kojom se promatraju zbjegovi obuhvaća razdoblje od kraja 1943. do početka 1946. kada su se posljednje izbjeglice vratile i zbjeg se u potpunosti završio. U nešto više od dvije godine ostalo je zabilježeno jedinstveno kretanje stanovništva s hrvatskih područja u druge, prekomorske, krajeve, njihov boravak i život u izbjeglištvu, i, na kraju, povratak u domovinu. To razdoblje hrvatskih zbjegova iznimno je i specifično u odnosu na prethodna kretanja stanovništva. Naime, nikad prije nije zabilježeno kretanje tolikog broja hrvatskog pučanstva u iznimno organiziranom sustavu 2 dislokacije koja je zahtijevala aktivno sudjelovanje većeg broja raznih čimbenika. Višestruki naleti zbjegova, nekoliko transportnih dionica, tri kontinenta, i više država na kojima se proces vrši, samo su neki elementi koji govore o iznimnosti ove pojave ne samo u hrvatskoj, već i svjetskoj povijesti. U različite etape zbjegova uključeno je više ratnih i politički zainteresiranih strana, od partizanskog pokreta s Josipom Brozom Titom na čelu, preko britanskih vojnih snaga na Sredozemlju, kao i američkih Saveznika, rojalističkih elemenata Kraljevine Jugoslavije koji pokušavaju ostati involvirani u cjelokupan proces, do lokalnog življa koje se pojavljuje na pojedinim dionicama zbjegova. Proces kretanja zbjegova iz Dalmacije započinje uslijed lokalnih ratnih operacija koje su uslijedile nakon kapitulacije Italije u rujnu 1943. godine. Na prostor koji je do tada kontrolirala talijanska vojska ulaze partizanske postrojbe i, uz potporu lokalnog stanovništva, oduzimaju oružje, hranu i ostali materijal od Talijana. Zamašnjak partizanskog pokreta na prostoru Dalmacije neće potrajati dugo. Zbog njemačke ofenzive, koja je u studenom i prosincu krenula prema osvajanju cjelokupne Dalmacije, došlo je do masovnih zbjegova stanovništva, koje se s partizanskim snagama povlači s kopna na srednjodalmatinske otoke, a uslijed daljnjih napada na otok Vis. Kada je situacija postala kritična, na samom kraju 1943., započelo je prebacivanje izbjeglica na prostor južne Italije, što je učinjeno ponajviše zaslugom britanskih Saveznika, koji su od jeseni 1943. aktivno pomagali partizanski pokret u naoružanju i hrani. Najveći intenzitet zbjegova prema južnoj Italiji zabilježen je u siječnju 1944. Od tada zbjegovi postaju manji ali i dalje redovito pristižu u Italiju sve do jeseni 1944. godine. Prostor južne Italije na kojemu se akumuliralo izbjeglo stanovništvo bio je izrazito životopisan, jer su se, pored hrvatskih zbjegova, tu nalazile savezničke postrojbe koje su se spremale za prodor prema sjeveru Italije, brojno internirano stanovništvo koje su Talijani prethodnih godina dovodili s osvojenih teritorija, kao i izbjeglice, koje su zbog istih razloga kao i hrvatske, pobjegle iz Grčke. Kompleksnu situaciju dodatno su pogoršavale pristalice kraljevske vlade u egzilu koje su unosile nemir i pomutnju među hrvatske zbjegove koji su većinom podržavali partizansku liniju. U takvim okolnostima prostor južne Italije nije bio dovoljan za smještaj svih hrvatskih zbjegova pa se tražila alternativa. Saveznici su predložili premještanje većine zbjegova na prostor Egipta koji je u to vrijeme bio izvan ratnih zbivanja, a postojali su već formirani logori britanske vojske koji su se prethodnih godina koristili uslijed ratnih operacija u sjevernoj Africi. Prva polovica 1944. bilježi transporte hrvatskih zbjegova prema Egiptu i njihovo naseljavanje u sinajskoj pustinji u logoru El Shatt na istočnoj strani Sueskog kanala. 3 Kasnije se otvaraju dodatni logori u El Khatatbi i Tolumbatu, budući da su kapaciteti El Shatta bili prepunjeni. Nove životne okolnosti hrvatskih izbjeglica, koji su se našli u drugačijim klimatskim i prostornim uvjetima u odnosu na one u domovini, obilježje su dvogodišnjeg boravka u Egiptu. U okruženju pustinje i pod utjecajem teških vremenskih uvjeta, životi izbjeglica poprimaju novu dimenziju koja će se pretvoriti u borbu za opstanak i život u iznimno surovim okolnostima. Pored prostorno-klimatskih problema, zbjegovi su se morali suočiti s iskušenjima u suradnji s britanskim Saveznicima koji su upravljali logorima, kao i s utjecajima kraljevske vlade u egzilu koja je htjela preuzeti kontrolu nad logorima. Unutar logora prevladavala je dominantna politika pod utjecajem KPJ i antifašističkog pokreta, koji su svoje obrasce ponašanja i djelovanja preslikali na logorski život. Ustrojstvo samouprave po uzoru na narodnooslobodilačke odbore u domovini bilo je prisutno na svim razinama, od logora do svakog rajona i šatora. Na takav način željelo se postići što veću unificiranost naroda, kako u političkom opredjeljenju, tako i u njegovanju želje za što brži povratak u domovinu. Sa smanjivanjem ratnih operacija u domovini početkom 1945. i oslobođenjem južne Hrvatske pristupilo se, u suradnji sa Saveznicima, procesu repatrijacije iz Italije i Egipta. Dok je taj proces iz Italije prema Dalmaciji funkcionirao bez većih poteškoća, repatrijacija iz Egipta produžila se na više od godinu dana, zbog toga što se organizacija transporta u domovinu prebacila iz djelokruga britanske vojske na brigu civilnoj organizaciji UNRRA-i. Duži zastoji između pojedinih repatrijacijskih transporta uzrokovali su nervozu među pučanstvom zbjega u egipatskim logorima, pa su brojni mislili da se nikada neće vratiti u domovinu. Međutim, pored svih problema u ožujku 1946. okončan je proces repatrijacije za sve one koji su se htjeli vratiti u domovinu, a pojedinci koji su ostali u Egiptu odselili su u druge zemlje ili su ostali i dalje živjeti u Egiptu. Ljude koji su se vratili u domovinu, u većini slučajeva, dočekao je srušen ili barem opljačkan dom, što je zahtijevalo ulaganje novih napora u procesu izgradnje i obnove. Ovako kompleksan proces hrvatskih zbjegova u Egipat, od 1943. do 1946. god., zahtjeva višestruki pristup historijskom istraživanju, analizi i interpretaciji. Raznovrsnost elemenata zbjega, vojne operacije, transporti, smještaji, društveni odnosi, kulturne pojave, geografske determinacije, zdravstveni uvjeti, izbjeglički standardi, kao i ostali brojni fenomeni koji će se analizirati u ovoj disertaciji, čine ovu temu kompleksnom i zahtjevnom. Do sada nisu provedena neka važnija istraživanja, a sve što je napisano o ovoj temi ima pečat marksistički ideologizirane historiografije, kakva je dominirala u 4 poslijeratnom razdoblju na prostoru socijalističke Jugoslavije. Premda i takvi radovi imaju korisnih informacija i zaključaka, njihovo usmjerenje na ideološke elemente onemogućilo je uvid u širu sliku hrvatskih zbjegova u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Također, historiografija se od tog vremena bitno razvila pa je, pored političkog i vojnog okvira, moguće upotrijebiti neke nove pristupe historiografskom istraživanju, kao što su nova kulturna historija, antropologija i oralna historija, koji nam pomažu da dobijemo pouzdaniji, realniji i cjelovitiji uvid u proces hrvatskih zbjegova u Egipat. Također, u ovoj disertaciji po prvi put se koristi arhivska građa inozemne provenijencije, koja u ranijim istraživanjima uopće nije konzultirana. Takva građa omogućuje drugačiji pogled, a onemogućava da se istraživač oklizne u pripovijedanju i analizi radeći samo na domaćim izvorima koji su, ipak, nastali pod utjecajem specifičnih ideoloških i političkih premisa. Važnost istraživanja ove teme prvenstveno treba gledati
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